Proto-Gabrielt nominals: Difference between revisions

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==Morphology==
==Morphology==
==Pre-Gabrielt==
==Pre-Gabrielt==
'''First Declension:''' Masculine  I, Feminine I
{|class="wikitable"
{|class="wikitable"
|-
|-
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| *k<sub>1</sub>r<sub>2</sub>ù-m-èh<sub>1</sub>sʲe
| *k<sub>1</sub>r<sub>2</sub>ù-m-èh<sub>1</sub>sʲe
| *k<sub>1</sub>r<sub>2</sub>ù-m-asʲe-h<sub>1</sub>
| *k<sub>1</sub>r<sub>2</sub>ù-m-asʲe-h<sub>1</sub>
|-
! Dative
| *k<sub>1</sub>r<sub>2</sub>ù-m-òh<sub>2</sub>ey
| *k<sub>1</sub>r<sub>2</sub>ù-m-esʲ-ey
| *k<sub>1</sub>r<sub>2</sub>ù-m-ey<sub>1</sub>tí
| *k<sub>1</sub>r<sub>2</sub>ù-m-ey<sub>2</sub>-ah<sub>1</sub>
|-
! Instrumental
| *k<sub>1</sub>r<sub>2</sub>ù-m-eyém
| *k<sub>1</sub>r<sub>2</sub>ù-m-asʲ-yém
| *k<sub>1</sub>r<sub>2</sub>ù-m-ey<sub>1</sub>mí
| *k<sub>1</sub>r<sub>2</sub>ù-m-eym<sub>2</sub>-ah<sub>1</sub>
|-
! Locative
| *k<sub>1</sub>r<sub>2</sub>ù-m-áya
| *k<sub>1</sub>r<sub>2</sub>ù-m-áy-asʲ
| *k<sub>1</sub>r<sub>2</sub>ù-m-áy<sub>1</sub>tí
| *k<sub>1</sub>r<sub>2</sub>ù-m-áy-ah<sub>1</sub>
|-
! Vocative
| *k<sub>1</sub>r<sub>2</sub>ù-m-ús
| *k<sub>1</sub>r<sub>2</sub>ù-m-ús-a
| *k<sub>1</sub>r<sub>2</sub>ù-m-ús<sub>1</sub>te
| *k<sub>1</sub>r<sub>2</sub>ù-m-ús-ah<sub>1</sub>
|-
|}
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="5" | Declension I-b (*g<sub>2</sub>ès-n-a "worm")
|-
! Case
! Singular
! Plural
! Paucal
! Collective
|-
! Nominative
| *g<sub>2</sub>ès-n-a
| *g<sub>2</sub>ès-n-asʲa
| *g<sub>2</sub>ès-n-oh<sub>2</sub>tí
| *g<sub>2</sub>ès-n-áś-ah<sub>1</sub>
|-
! Accusative-I
| *g<sub>2</sub>ès-n-am
| *g<sub>2</sub>ès-n-asʲ-am
| *g<sub>2</sub>ès-n-èh<sub>1</sub>sí
| *g<sub>2</sub>ès-n-am-eh<sub>1</sub>
|-
! Accusative-II
| *g<sub>2</sub>ès-tʰ-r<sub>1</sub>a
| *g<sub>2</sub>ès-tʰ-asʲ-ar<sub>1</sub>a
| *g<sub>2</sub>ès-tʰ-èh<sub>1</sub>r<sub>1</sub>í
| *g<sub>2</sub>ès-tʰ-r<sub>1</sub>am-eh<sub>1</sub>
|-
! Genitive-I
| *g<sub>2</sub>ès-n-òśoh<sub>2</sub>
| *g<sub>2</sub>ès-n-asʲ-oh<sub>2</sub>
| *g<sub>2</sub>ès-n-èh<sub>1</sub>tʰoh<sub>2</sub>
| *g<sub>2</sub>ès-n-oh<sub>2</sub>-eh<sub>1</sub>
|-
! Genitive-II
| *g<sub>2</sub>ès-n-ésʲe
| *g<sub>2</sub>ès-n-esʲ-oh<sub>2</sub>
| *g<sub>2</sub>ès-n-èh<sub>1</sub>sʲe
| *g<sub>2</sub>ès-n-esʲe-h<sub>1</sub>
|-
! Dative
| *g<sub>2</sub>ès-n-òh<sub>2</sub>ey
| *g<sub>2</sub>ès-n-esʲ-ey
| *g<sub>2</sub>ès-n-eytí
| *g<sub>2</sub>ès-n-ey-eh<sub>1</sub>
|-
! Instrumental
| *g<sub>2</sub>ès-n-eyém
| *g<sub>2</sub>ès-n-asʲ-yém
| *g<sub>2</sub>ès-n-eymí
| *g<sub>2</sub>ès-n-eym<sub>2</sub>-eh<sub>1</sub>
|-
! Locative
| *g<sub>2</sub>ès-n-éye
| *g<sub>2</sub>ès-n-éy-asʲ
| *g<sub>2</sub>ès-n-éytí
| *g<sub>2</sub>ès-n-éy-eh<sub>1</sub>
|-
! Vocative
| *g<sub>2</sub>ès-n-ús
| *g<sub>2</sub>ès-n-ús-a
| *g<sub>2</sub>ès-n-ús<sub>1</sub>te
| *g<sub>2</sub>ès-n-ús-ah<sub>1</sub>
|-
|}
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="5" | Declension I-c (*h<sub>1</sub>ó-s-a "brother")
|-
! Case
! Singular
! Plural
! Paucal
! Collective
|-
! Nominative
| *h<sub>1</sub>ó-s-a
| *h<sub>1</sub>ó-s-asʲa
| *h<sub>1</sub>ó-s-óh<sub>2</sub>tí
| *h<sub>1</sub>ó-s-óś-oh<sub>1</sub>
|-
! Accusative-I
| *h<sub>1</sub>ó-s-om
| *h<sub>1</sub>ó-s-osʲ-am
| *h<sub>1</sub>ó-s-oh<sub>1</sub>sí
| *h<sub>1</sub>ó-s-om-oh<sub>1</sub>
|-
! Accusative-II
| *h<sub>1</sub>ó-ś-r<sub>1</sub>o
| *h<sub>1</sub>ó-ś-osʲ-ar<sub>1</sub>a
| *h<sub>1</sub>ó-ś-oh<sub>1</sub>r<sub>1</sub>í
| *h<sub>1</sub>ó-ś-r<sub>1</sub>om-oh<sub>1</sub>
|-
! Genitive-I
| *h<sub>1</sub>ó-s-òśoh<sub>2</sub>
| *h<sub>1</sub>ó-s-asʲ-oh<sub>2</sub>
| *h<sub>1</sub>ó-s-èh<sub>1</sub>tʰoh<sub>2</sub>
| *h<sub>1</sub>ó-s-oh<sub>2</sub>-oh<sub>1</sub>
|-
! Genitive-II
| *h<sub>1</sub>ó-s-ésʲo
| *h<sub>1</sub>ó-s-esʲ-oh<sub>2</sub>
| *h<sub>1</sub>ó-s-èh<sub>1</sub>sʲo
| *h<sub>1</sub>ó-s-esʲo-h<sub>1</sub>
|-
! Dative
| *h<sub>1</sub>ó-s-òh<sub>2</sub>oy
| *h<sub>1</sub>ó-s-esʲ-oy
| *h<sub>1</sub>ó-s-oytí
| *h<sub>1</sub>ó-s-ey-oh<sub>1</sub>
|-
! Instrumental
| *h<sub>1</sub>ó-s-eyóm
| *h<sub>1</sub>ó-s-asʲ-yóm
| *h<sub>1</sub>ó-s-oymí
| *h<sub>1</sub>ó-s-eym<sub>2</sub>-oh<sub>1</sub>
|-
! Locative
| *h<sub>1</sub>ó-s-óyo
| *h<sub>1</sub>ó-s-óy-asʲ
| *h<sub>1</sub>ó-s-oytí
| *h<sub>1</sub>ó-s-éy-oh<sub>1</sub>
|-
! Vocative
| *h<sub>1</sub>ó-s-ús
| *h<sub>1</sub>ó-s-ús-a
| *h<sub>1</sub>ó-s-ús<sub>1</sub>te
| *h<sub>1</sub>ó-s-ús-ah<sub>1</sub>
|-
|}
'''Second Declension'''
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="5" | Declension II-a (*kʷèh<sub>2</sub>-g<sub>1</sub>-e "male farmer")
|-
! Case
! Singular
! Plural
! Paucal
! Collective
|-
! Nominative
| *kʷèh<sub>2</sub>-g<sub>1</sub>-e
| *kʷèh<sub>2</sub>-g<sub>1</sub>-ìn
| *kʷèh<sub>2</sub>-g<sub>1</sub>-ó-tʰu
| *kʷèh<sub>2</sub>-g<sub>1</sub>-é-yu
|-
! Accusative-I
| *kʷèh<sub>2</sub>-g<sub>1</sub>-en
| *kʷèh<sub>2</sub>-g<sub>1</sub>-eyn
| *kʷèh<sub>2</sub>-g<sub>1</sub>-ón-tʰu
| *kʷèh<sub>2</sub>-g<sub>1</sub>-éy-nu
|-
! Accusative-II
| *kʷèh<sub>2</sub>-g<sub>1</sub>-r<sub>1</sub>en
| *kʷèh<sub>2</sub>-g<sub>1</sub>-er<sub>1</sub>-ìn
| *kʷèh<sub>2</sub>-g<sub>1</sub>-ór<sub>1</sub>-tʰu
| *kʷèh<sub>2</sub>-g<sub>1</sub>-éy-r<sub>1</sub>u
|-
! Genitive-I
| *kʷòh<sub>2</sub>-k<sub>2</sub>-ai
| *kʷòh<sub>2</sub>-k<sub>2</sub>-ayn
| *kʷòh<sub>2</sub>-k<sub>2</sub>-óy-tʰu
| *kʷòh<sub>2</sub>-k<sub>2</sub>-éy-au
|-
! Genitive-II
| *kʷòh<sub>2</sub>-g<sub>1</sub>-er<sub>2</sub>u
| *kʷòh<sub>2</sub>-g<sub>1</sub>-ìr<sub>2</sub>un
| *kʷòh<sub>2</sub>-g<sub>1</sub>-ór<sub>2</sub>-tʰu
| *kʷòh<sub>2</sub>-g<sub>1</sub>-éy-r<sub>2</sub>u
|-
! Dative
| *kʷèh<sub>2</sub>-èg<sub>1</sub>-i
| *kʷèh<sub>2</sub>-èg<sub>1</sub>-ìn
| *kʷèh<sub>2</sub>-èg<sub>1</sub>-i-tʰu
| *kʷèh<sub>2</sub>-èg<sub>1</sub>-éy-u
|-
! Instrumental
| *kʷèh<sub>2</sub>-g<sub>1</sub>-ah<sub>2</sub>am
| *kʷèh<sub>2</sub>-g<sub>1</sub>-ìnam
| *kʷèh<sub>2</sub>-g<sub>1</sub>-óh<sub>2</sub>-tʰum
| *kʷèh<sub>2</sub>-g<sub>1</sub>-éh<sub>2</sub>-u
|-
! Locative
| *kʷòh<sub>2</sub>-èg<sub>1</sub>-e
| *kʷòh<sub>2</sub>-èg<sub>1</sub>-ìn
| *kʷòh<sub>2</sub>-èg<sub>1</sub>-tʰu
| *kʷòh<sub>2</sub>-èg<sub>1</sub>-yu
|-
! Vocative
| *kʷòh<sub>2</sub>-g<sub>1</sub>-e
| *kʷòh<sub>2</sub>-g<sub>1</sub>-ì
| *kʷòh<sub>2</sub>-g<sub>1</sub>-ó
| *kʷòh<sub>2</sub>-g<sub>1</sub>-é-yu
|-
|}
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="5" | Declension II-a (*kʷèh<sub>2</sub></sub>-s-e "male farmer")
|-
! Case
! Singular
! Plural
! Paucal
! Collective
|-
! Nominative
| *kʷèh<sub>2</sub>-s-e
| *kʷèh<sub>2</sub>-s-ìn
| *h<sub>2</sub>mo-s-ó-tʰu
| *h<sub>2</sub>mo-s-é-yu
|-
! Accusative-I
| *h<sub>2</sub>mo-s-en
| *h<sub>2</sub>mo-s-eyn
| *h<sub>2</sub>mo-s-ón-tʰu
| *h<sub>2</sub>mo-s-éy-nu
|-
! Accusative-II
| *h<sub>2</sub>mo-s-r<sub>1</sub>en
| *h<sub>2</sub>mo-s-er<sub>1</sub>-ìn
| *h<sub>2</sub>mo-s-ór<sub>1</sub>-tʰu
| *h<sub>2</sub>mo-s-éy-r<sub>1</sub>u
|-
! Genitive-I
| *h<sub>2</sub>mu-ś-ai
| *h<sub>2</sub>mu-ś-ayn
| *h<sub>2</sub>mu-ś-óy-tʰu
| *h<sub>2</sub>mu-ś-éy-au
|-
! Genitive-II
| *h<sub>2</sub>mu-s-er<sub>2</sub>u
| *h<sub>2</sub>mu-s-ìr<sub>2</sub>un
| *h<sub>2</sub>mu-s-ór<sub>2</sub>-tʰu
| *h<sub>2</sub>mu-s-éy-r<sub>2</sub>u
|-
! Dative
| *h<sub>2</sub>mo-so-y
| *h<sub>2</sub>mo-so-yn
| *h<sub>2</sub>mo-so-y-tʰu
| *h<sub>2</sub>mo-s-éy-u
|-
! Instrumental
| *h<sub>2</sub>mo-s-ah<sub>2</sub>am
| *h<sub>2</sub>mo-s-ìnam
| *h<sub>2</sub>mo-s-óh<sub>2</sub>-tʰum
| *h<sub>2</sub>mo-s-éh<sub>2</sub>-u
|-
! Locative
| *h<sub>2</sub>mu-so-we
| *h<sub>2</sub>mu-so-yn
| *h<sub>2</sub>mu-so-tʰu
| *h<sub>2</sub>mu-so-yu
|-
! Vocative
| *h<sub>2</sub>mu-s-e
| *h<sub>2</sub>mu-s-ì
| *h<sub>2</sub>mu-s-ó
| *h<sub>2</sub>mu-s-é-yu
|-
|}

Latest revision as of 08:38, 5 February 2021

Proto-Gabrielt nominals deal with the nouns, adjectives, and pronouns. The grammatical forms and inflectional categories present in Proto-Gabrielt have been reconstructed by linguists based on ancient grammars and a plethora of modern languages by examining their current inflectional morphology and tracing back where the categories may have come from. Within the confinements of this article, only nouns are discussed. Within this article, the different stages of development in Proto-Gabrielt have been put in different sections, and begins with Pre-Gabrielt up until the latest stage.

Throughout its development, Proto-Gabrielt underwent a series of grammatical evolution through the manifestation of differing amounts of cases and numbers. The paucal number was thought to have been lost by the middle Proto-Gabrielt period, and going from 9 or 10 cases to having a concrete set of 7 cases by the new Proto-Gabrielt period.

Declensions throughout the evolution of Proto-Gabrielt remained pretty consistent in respect to the system which governs the inflectional morphology to cater to different grammatical categories. Inflections for cases are divided into separate declensions depending on the theme (vowel) which in turn affects the consonant gradation of the penultimate consonant, and the gender of the noun. It is possible for declension paradigms to decline for more than one gender. Within this article, the declensions are divided into the main declension pattern (symbolized by a roman numeral, i.e I, II, etc.) and the theme of the paradigm (symbolized by lowercase latin, i.e a, b, etc.)

Morphology

Pre-Gabrielt

First Declension: Masculine I, Feminine I

Declension I-a (*k1r2ù-m-a "bark")
Case Singular Plural Paucal Collective
Nominative *k1r2ù-m-a *k1r2ù-m-asʲa *k1r2ù-m-oh2tí *k1r2ù-m-áś-ah1
Accusative-I *k1r2ù-pʰ-am *k1r2ù-pʰ-asʲ-am *k1r2ù-pʰ-èh1sí *k1r2ù-pʰ-am-ah1
Accusative-II *k1r2ù-pʰ-r1a *k1r2ù-pʰ-asʲ-ar1a *k1r2ù-pʰ-èh1r1í *k1r2ù-pʰ-r1am-ah1
Genitive-I *k1r2ù-mm-òśoh2 *k1r2ù-mm-asʲ-oh2 *k1r2ù-mm-èh1tʰoh2 *k1r2ù-mm-oh2-ah1
Genitive-II *k1r2ù-m-ésʲe *k1r2ù-m-esʲ-oh2 *k1r2ù-m-èh1sʲe *k1r2ù-m-asʲe-h1
Dative *k1r2ù-m-òh2ey *k1r2ù-m-esʲ-ey *k1r2ù-m-ey1tí *k1r2ù-m-ey2-ah1
Instrumental *k1r2ù-m-eyém *k1r2ù-m-asʲ-yém *k1r2ù-m-ey1mí *k1r2ù-m-eym2-ah1
Locative *k1r2ù-m-áya *k1r2ù-m-áy-asʲ *k1r2ù-m-áy1tí *k1r2ù-m-áy-ah1
Vocative *k1r2ù-m-ús *k1r2ù-m-ús-a *k1r2ù-m-ús1te *k1r2ù-m-ús-ah1
Declension I-b (*g2ès-n-a "worm")
Case Singular Plural Paucal Collective
Nominative *g2ès-n-a *g2ès-n-asʲa *g2ès-n-oh2tí *g2ès-n-áś-ah1
Accusative-I *g2ès-n-am *g2ès-n-asʲ-am *g2ès-n-èh1sí *g2ès-n-am-eh1
Accusative-II *g2ès-tʰ-r1a *g2ès-tʰ-asʲ-ar1a *g2ès-tʰ-èh1r1í *g2ès-tʰ-r1am-eh1
Genitive-I *g2ès-n-òśoh2 *g2ès-n-asʲ-oh2 *g2ès-n-èh1tʰoh2 *g2ès-n-oh2-eh1
Genitive-II *g2ès-n-ésʲe *g2ès-n-esʲ-oh2 *g2ès-n-èh1sʲe *g2ès-n-esʲe-h1
Dative *g2ès-n-òh2ey *g2ès-n-esʲ-ey *g2ès-n-eytí *g2ès-n-ey-eh1
Instrumental *g2ès-n-eyém *g2ès-n-asʲ-yém *g2ès-n-eymí *g2ès-n-eym2-eh1
Locative *g2ès-n-éye *g2ès-n-éy-asʲ *g2ès-n-éytí *g2ès-n-éy-eh1
Vocative *g2ès-n-ús *g2ès-n-ús-a *g2ès-n-ús1te *g2ès-n-ús-ah1
Declension I-c (*h1ó-s-a "brother")
Case Singular Plural Paucal Collective
Nominative *h1ó-s-a *h1ó-s-asʲa *h1ó-s-óh2tí *h1ó-s-óś-oh1
Accusative-I *h1ó-s-om *h1ó-s-osʲ-am *h1ó-s-oh1sí *h1ó-s-om-oh1
Accusative-II *h1ó-ś-r1o *h1ó-ś-osʲ-ar1a *h1ó-ś-oh1r1í *h1ó-ś-r1om-oh1
Genitive-I *h1ó-s-òśoh2 *h1ó-s-asʲ-oh2 *h1ó-s-èh1tʰoh2 *h1ó-s-oh2-oh1
Genitive-II *h1ó-s-ésʲo *h1ó-s-esʲ-oh2 *h1ó-s-èh1sʲo *h1ó-s-esʲo-h1
Dative *h1ó-s-òh2oy *h1ó-s-esʲ-oy *h1ó-s-oytí *h1ó-s-ey-oh1
Instrumental *h1ó-s-eyóm *h1ó-s-asʲ-yóm *h1ó-s-oymí *h1ó-s-eym2-oh1
Locative *h1ó-s-óyo *h1ó-s-óy-asʲ *h1ó-s-oytí *h1ó-s-éy-oh1
Vocative *h1ó-s-ús *h1ó-s-ús-a *h1ó-s-ús1te *h1ó-s-ús-ah1

Second Declension

Declension II-a (*kʷèh2-g1-e "male farmer")
Case Singular Plural Paucal Collective
Nominative *kʷèh2-g1-e *kʷèh2-g1-ìn *kʷèh2-g1-ó-tʰu *kʷèh2-g1-é-yu
Accusative-I *kʷèh2-g1-en *kʷèh2-g1-eyn *kʷèh2-g1-ón-tʰu *kʷèh2-g1-éy-nu
Accusative-II *kʷèh2-g1-r1en *kʷèh2-g1-er1-ìn *kʷèh2-g1-ór1-tʰu *kʷèh2-g1-éy-r1u
Genitive-I *kʷòh2-k2-ai *kʷòh2-k2-ayn *kʷòh2-k2-óy-tʰu *kʷòh2-k2-éy-au
Genitive-II *kʷòh2-g1-er2u *kʷòh2-g1-ìr2un *kʷòh2-g1-ór2-tʰu *kʷòh2-g1-éy-r2u
Dative *kʷèh2-èg1-i *kʷèh2-èg1-ìn *kʷèh2-èg1-i-tʰu *kʷèh2-èg1-éy-u
Instrumental *kʷèh2-g1-ah2am *kʷèh2-g1-ìnam *kʷèh2-g1-óh2-tʰum *kʷèh2-g1-éh2-u
Locative *kʷòh2-èg1-e *kʷòh2-èg1-ìn *kʷòh2-èg1-tʰu *kʷòh2-èg1-yu
Vocative *kʷòh2-g1-e *kʷòh2-g1-ì *kʷòh2-g1-ó *kʷòh2-g1-é-yu
Declension II-a (*kʷèh2-s-e "male farmer")
Case Singular Plural Paucal Collective
Nominative *kʷèh2-s-e *kʷèh2-s-ìn *h2mo-s-ó-tʰu *h2mo-s-é-yu
Accusative-I *h2mo-s-en *h2mo-s-eyn *h2mo-s-ón-tʰu *h2mo-s-éy-nu
Accusative-II *h2mo-s-r1en *h2mo-s-er1-ìn *h2mo-s-ór1-tʰu *h2mo-s-éy-r1u
Genitive-I *h2mu-ś-ai *h2mu-ś-ayn *h2mu-ś-óy-tʰu *h2mu-ś-éy-au
Genitive-II *h2mu-s-er2u *h2mu-s-ìr2un *h2mu-s-ór2-tʰu *h2mu-s-éy-r2u
Dative *h2mo-so-y *h2mo-so-yn *h2mo-so-y-tʰu *h2mo-s-éy-u
Instrumental *h2mo-s-ah2am *h2mo-s-ìnam *h2mo-s-óh2-tʰum *h2mo-s-éh2-u
Locative *h2mu-so-we *h2mu-so-yn *h2mu-so-tʰu *h2mu-so-yu
Vocative *h2mu-s-e *h2mu-s-ì *h2mu-s-ó *h2mu-s-é-yu
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