User:Native Qazh/Sandbox4: Difference between revisions
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| name = Maskey | | name = Maskey | ||
| altname = | | altname = | ||
| nativename = | | nativename = Khaskalhk'aa | ||
| acceptance = | | acceptance = | ||
| image = | | image = | ||
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| imagealt = | | imagealt = | ||
| imagecaption = | | imagecaption = | ||
| pronunciation = /xas. | | pronunciation = /xas.kaɮ̊.k’aː/ | ||
| states = {{flag|Mokhavia}}<!-- or state --> | | states = {{flag|Mokhavia}}<!-- or state --> | ||
| region = | | region = | ||
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| created = | | created = | ||
| setting = | | setting = | ||
| ethnicity = | | ethnicity = 977,864 Maskies | ||
| extinct = | | extinct = | ||
| era = | | era = | ||
| speakers = | | speakers = 962,380 (98.4%) | ||
| date = | | date = | ||
| dateprefix = | | dateprefix = | ||
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| agency = | | agency = | ||
| development_body = | | development_body = | ||
| iso1 = | | iso1 = MSK | ||
| iso1comment = | | iso1comment = | ||
| iso2 = | | iso2 = MSK | ||
| iso2b = | | iso2b = | ||
| iso2t = | | iso2t = | ||
| iso2comment = | | iso2comment = | ||
| iso3 = | | iso3 = MSK | ||
| iso3comment = | | iso3comment = | ||
| lc1 = | | lc1 = | ||
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| {{IPAlink|pʰ}} {{anglebracket|p}} | | {{IPAlink|pʰ}} {{anglebracket|p}} | ||
| {{IPAlink|tʰ}} {{anglebracket|t}} | | {{IPAlink|tʰ}} {{anglebracket|t}} | ||
| {{IPAlink|tsʰ}} {{anglebracket| | | {{IPAlink|tsʰ}} {{anglebracket|c}} | ||
| {{IPAlink|tɬʰ}} {{anglebracket|tlh}} | | {{IPAlink|tɬʰ}} {{anglebracket|tlh}} | ||
| {{IPAlink|ts̝ʰ}}~{{IPAlink|tʃʰ}} {{anglebracket|ch}} | | {{IPAlink|ts̝ʰ}}~{{IPAlink|tʃʰ}} {{anglebracket|ch}} | ||
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| {{IPAlink|pʼ}} {{anglebracket|pʼ}} | | {{IPAlink|pʼ}} {{anglebracket|pʼ}} | ||
| {{IPAlink|tʼ}} {{anglebracket|tʼ}} | | {{IPAlink|tʼ}} {{anglebracket|tʼ}} | ||
| {{IPAlink|tsʼ}} {{anglebracket| | | {{IPAlink|tsʼ}} {{anglebracket|cʼ}} | ||
| {{IPAlink|tɬʼ}} {{anglebracket|tlhʼ}} | | {{IPAlink|tɬʼ}} {{anglebracket|tlhʼ}} | ||
| {{IPAlink|ts̝ʼ}}~{{IPAlink|tʃʼ}} {{anglebracket|chʼ}} | | {{IPAlink|ts̝ʼ}}~{{IPAlink|tʃʼ}} {{anglebracket|chʼ}} | ||
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|'''Gg'''<br>/g̊/ || || || || | |'''Gg'''<br>/g̊/ || || || || | ||
|'''{{color|#6E6E6E|Hh}}'''{{efn|Letter used in multigraphs, and words of foreign origin}}<br>(/x/){{efn|In foreign words}} || || || || | |'''{{color|#6E6E6E|Hh}}'''{{efn|Letter used in multigraphs, and words of foreign origin}}<br>(/x/){{efn|In foreign words}} || || || || | ||
|- | |||
|'''Ii'''<br>/i/ || || || || | |'''Ii'''<br>/i/ || || || || | ||
|'''Jj'''<br>/d̥z̝̊~d̥ʒ̊/ || || || || | |'''Jj'''<br>/d̥z̝̊~d̥ʒ̊/ || || || || | ||
|'''Kk'''<br>/kʰ/ || || || || | |'''Kk'''<br>/kʰ/ || || || || | ||
|'''K' k''''<br>/kʼ/ || || || || | |'''K' k''''<br>/kʼ/ || || || || | ||
|'''Kh kh'''<br>/x/ || || || || | |'''Kh kh'''<br>/x/ || || || || | ||
|'''Ll'''<br>/l/ || || || || | |'''Ll'''<br>/l/ || || || || | ||
|'''Lh lh'''<br>/ɮ̊/ || || || || | |'''Lh lh'''<br>/ɮ̊/ || || || || | ||
|'''Mm'''<br>/m/ || || || || | |'''Mm'''<br>/m/ || || || || | ||
|'''Nn'''<br>/n/ || || || || | |'''Nn'''<br>/n/ || || || || | ||
|''' | |'''Oo'''<br>/o/ || || || || | ||
|- | |- | ||
|'''Pp'''<br>/pʰ/ || || || || | |'''Pp'''<br>/pʰ/ || || || || | ||
|'''P' p''''<br>/pʼ/ || || || || | |'''P' p''''<br>/pʼ/ || || || || | ||
|'''{{color|#6E6E6E|Qq}}'''<br>/kʷ/ || || || || | |'''{{color|#6E6E6E|Qq}}'''<br>/kʷ/ || || || || | ||
|'''Rr'''<br>/ɾ/ || || || || | |'''Rr'''<br>/ɾ/ || || || || | ||
|'''Ss'''<br>/s/ || || || || | |'''Ss'''<br>/s/ || || || || | ||
|'''Sh sh'''<br>/s̝~ʃ/ || || || || | |'''Sh sh'''<br>/s̝~ʃ/ || || || || | ||
|'''Tt'''<br>/tʰ/ || || || || | |'''Tt'''<br>/tʰ/ || || || || | ||
|'''T' t''''<br>/tʼ/ || || || || | |'''T' t''''<br>/tʼ/ || || || || | ||
|'''C c'''<br>/tsʰ/ || || || || | |||
|'''C' c''''<br>/tsʼ/ || || || || | |||
|- | |- | ||
|'''Tlh tlh'''<br>/tɬʰ/ || || || || | |'''Tlh tlh'''<br>/tɬʰ/ || || || || | ||
|'''Tlh' tlh''''<br>/tɬʼ/ || || || || | |'''Tlh' tlh''''<br>/tɬʼ/ || || || || | ||
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|'''Yy'''<br>/j/ || || || || | |'''Yy'''<br>/j/ || || || || | ||
|'''{{color|#6E6E6E|Zz}}'''<br>/z̥~s/ || || || || | |'''{{color|#6E6E6E|Zz}}'''<br>/z̥~s/ || || || || | ||
|''' ''''<br>/ʔ/ || || || || | |''' ''''<br>/ʔ~ᵊ◌/{{efn|when {{anglebracket| ' }} is added between sonorants (except semivowels) and read as /ᵊ◌/ (also in some pronouns)}}|| || || || | ||
|} | |} | ||
{{notelist}} | {{notelist}} | ||
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<br>{{color box|#00B400}} - Apears if the word ends/begins in a vowel | <br>{{color box|#00B400}} - Apears if the word ends/begins in a vowel | ||
==Syntax & Syllable structure== | ==Syntax & Syllable structure== | ||
SOV | |||
==Pronouns== | ==Pronouns== | ||
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! rowspan="3" | Singular | ! rowspan="3" | Singular | ||
! colspan="2" | 1st | ! colspan="2" | 1st | ||
| | | ga | ||
| | | galh | ||
| | | gu | ||
| | | gi | ||
| | | g'sa | ||
| | | gadlha | ||
| | | g'ma | ||
| | | kaga | ||
| | | taga | ||
| | | g'ra | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="2" | 2nd | ! colspan="2" | 2nd | ||
| | | lhe | ||
| | | welh | ||
| | | lhu | ||
| | | lhi | ||
| | | lh'si | ||
| | | lhedhli | ||
| | | lh'mi | ||
| | | kalhe | ||
| | | talhe | ||
| | | lh'ra | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="2" | 3d | ! colspan="2" | 3d | ||
| | | de | ||
| | | delh | ||
| | | du | ||
| | | di | ||
| | | d'si | ||
| | | deglhi | ||
| | | d'mi | ||
| | | kade | ||
| | | tade | ||
| | | d'ra | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="5" | Plural | ! rowspan="5" | Plural | ||
! rowspan="2" | 1st | ! rowspan="2" | 1st | ||
! Inclusive | ! Inclusive | ||
| | | gask | ||
| | | gask'lh | ||
| | | gasku | ||
| | | gaski | ||
| | | gask'si | ||
| | | gaskadlha | ||
| | | gask'mi | ||
| | | kagask | ||
| | | tagask | ||
| | | gask'ra | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Exclusive | ! Exclusive | ||
| | | ga'ask | ||
| | | ga'ask'lh | ||
| | | ga'asku | ||
| | | ga'aski | ||
| | | ga'ask'si | ||
| | | ga'askadlha | ||
| | | ga'ask'mi | ||
| | | kaga'ask | ||
| | | taga'ask | ||
| | | ga'ask'ra | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="2" | 2nd | ! colspan="2" | 2nd | ||
| | | lhesk | ||
| | | wesk'lh | ||
| | | lhesku | ||
| | | lheski | ||
| | | lhesk'si | ||
| | | lheskidlhi | ||
| | | lhesk'mi | ||
| | | kalhesk | ||
| | | talhesk | ||
| | | lhesk'ri | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="2" | 3d | ! colspan="2" | 3d | ||
| | | desk | ||
| | | desk'lh | ||
| | | desku | ||
| | | deski | ||
| | | desk'si | ||
| | | deskidlhi | ||
| | | desk'mi | ||
| | | kadesk | ||
| | | tadesk | ||
| | | desk'ri | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
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{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="3" | Person & Number | ! colspan="3" rowspan="2" | Person & Number | ||
! Affix | ! rowspan="2" | Affix | ||
! Example: Variant 1 | ! Example: Variant 1 | ||
! Example: Variant 2 | ! Example: Variant 2 | ||
! Example: Variant 3 | ! Example: Variant 3 | ||
|- | |||
| bewtuk (face) | |||
| inu (food) | |||
| meti (comb) | |||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="3" | Singular | ! rowspan="3" | Singular | ||
! colspan="2" | 1st | ! colspan="2" | 1st | ||
| | | ''g{{color|#DC0000|i}}''- | ||
| | | '''g{{color|#DC0000|i}}'''bewtuk (my face) | ||
| | | '''g'''inu (my food) | ||
| | | '''g''''meti (my comb) | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="2" | 2nd | ! colspan="2" | 2nd | ||
| | | ''lh{{color|#DC0000|i}}''- | ||
| | | '''lh{{color|#DC0000|i}}'''bewtuk ( face) | ||
| | | '''lh'''inu ( food) | ||
| | | '''lh''''meti ( comb) | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="2" |3d | ! colspan="2" |3d | ||
| | | ''t{{color|#DC0000|i}}{{color|#00B400|'}}''- | ||
| | | '''t{{color|#DC0000|i}}'''bewtuk ( face) | ||
| | | '''t{{color|#00B400|'}}'''inu ( food) | ||
| | | '''t''''meti ( comb) | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="4" | Plural | ! rowspan="4" | Plural | ||
! rowspan="2" | 1st | ! rowspan="2" | 1st | ||
! Inclusive | ! Inclusive | ||
| | | ''sk{{color|#DC0000|i}}{{color|#00B400|'}}''- | ||
| | | '''sk{{color|#DC0000|i}}'''bewtuk (our face) | ||
| | | '''sk{{color|#00B400|'}}'''inu (our food) | ||
| | | '''sk''''meti (our comb) | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Exclusive | ! Exclusive | ||
| | | ''ask{{color|#DC0000|i}}{{color|#00B400|'}}''- | ||
| | | '''ask{{color|#DC0000|i}}'''bewtuk (our face) | ||
| | | '''ask{{color|#00B400|'}}'''inu (our food) | ||
| | | '''ask''''meti (our comb) | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="2" | 2nd | ! colspan="2" | 2nd | ||
| | | ''lh'sk{{color|#DC0000|i}}{{color|#00B400|'}}''- | ||
| | | '''lh'sk{{color|#DC0000|i}}'''bewtuk (your face) | ||
| | | '''lh'sk{{color|#00B400|'}}'''inu (your food) | ||
| | | '''lh'sk''''meti (your comb) | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="2" |3d | ! colspan="2" |3d | ||
| | | ''d'sk{{color|#DC0000|i}}{{color|#00B400|'}}''- | ||
| | | '''d'sk{{color|#DC0000|i}}'''bewtuk (their face) | ||
| | | '''d'sk{{color|#00B400|'}}'''inu (their food) | ||
| | | '''d'sk''''meti (their comb) | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
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| ewak'''{{color|#DC0000|a}}s{{color|#0050FA|a}}''' (with a canoe) | | ewak'''{{color|#DC0000|a}}s{{color|#0050FA|a}}''' (with a canoe) | ||
| maske'''s{{color|#0050FA|i}}''' (with a dog) | | maske'''s{{color|#0050FA|i}}''' (with a dog) | ||
| salh''''s{{color|#0050FA| | | salh''''s{{color|#0050FA|a}}''' (with a bow) | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Comparative{{efn|When the Comparative case is used with the {{wp|Comparison (grammar)|comparative}} affix, the meaning shifts to "than"}} | ! Comparative{{efn|When the Comparative case is used with the {{wp|Comparison (grammar)|comparative}} affix, the meaning shifts to "than"}} | ||
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| ewak'''{{color|#DC0000|a}}dlh{{color|#0050FA|a}}''' (as a canoe) | | ewak'''{{color|#DC0000|a}}dlh{{color|#0050FA|a}}''' (as a canoe) | ||
| maske'''dlh{{color|#0050FA|i}}''' (as a dog) | | maske'''dlh{{color|#0050FA|i}}''' (as a dog) | ||
| salh'''dlh{{color|#0050FA| | | salh'''dlh{{color|#0050FA|a}}''' (as a bow) | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Locative | ! Locative | ||
| -{{color|#DC0000|a}}m{{color|#0050FA| | | -{{color|#DC0000|a}}m{{color|#0050FA|aa}} | ||
| ewak'''{{color|#DC0000|a}}m{{color|#0050FA|a}}''' (at/in a canoe) | | ewak'''{{color|#DC0000|a}}m{{color|#0050FA|a}}''' (at/in a canoe) | ||
| maske'''m{{color|#0050FA| | | maske'''m{{color|#0050FA|ii}}''' (at/in a dog) | ||
| salh'''m{{color|#0050FA| | | salh'''m{{color|#0050FA|aa}}''' (at/in a bow) | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Allative | ! Allative | ||
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| ewak'''{{color|#DC0000|a}}r{{color|#0050FA|a}}''' ({{H:title|for the benefit of|for}} a canoe) | | ewak'''{{color|#DC0000|a}}r{{color|#0050FA|a}}''' ({{H:title|for the benefit of|for}} a canoe) | ||
| maske'''r{{color|#0050FA|i}}''' ({{H:title|for the benefit of|for}} a rain) | | maske'''r{{color|#0050FA|i}}''' ({{H:title|for the benefit of|for}} a rain) | ||
| salh''''r{{color|#0050FA| | | salh''''r{{color|#0050FA|a}}''' ({{H:title|for the benefit of|for}} a bow) | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Vocative | ! Vocative | ||
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| style="background:#F0F0F0" | | | style="background:#F0F0F0" | | ||
| style="background:#F0F0F0" | | | style="background:#F0F0F0" | | ||
| selk | | selk (salmon) | ||
| dlhe (rain) | | dlhe (rain) | ||
| baalh (milk) | | baalh (milk) | ||
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! definite | ! definite | ||
| style="background:#F0F0F0" | | | style="background:#F0F0F0" | | ||
| -''{{color|#DC0000|a}}t | | -''{{color|#DC0000|a}}(t{{color|#0050FA|a}})'' | ||
| selk | | selk'''{{color|#DC0000|i}}''' (the salmon) | ||
| dlhe'''t{{color|#0050FA|i}}''' (the rain) | | dlhe'''t{{color|#0050FA|i}}''' (the rain) | ||
| baalh'''t{{color|#0050FA|a}}''' (the milk) | | baalh'''t{{color|#0050FA|a}}''' (the milk) | ||
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| ta (this) | | ta (this) | ||
| style="background:#F0F0F0" | | | style="background:#F0F0F0" | | ||
| '''ta''' selk | | '''ta''' selk (this salmon) | ||
| '''ta''' dlhe (this rain) | | '''ta''' dlhe (this rain) | ||
| '''ta''' baalh (this milk) | | '''ta''' baalh (this milk) | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Distal-demonstrative | ! Distal-demonstrative | ||
| | | ut (that) | ||
| style="background:#F0F0F0" | | | style="background:#F0F0F0" | | ||
| ''' | | '''ut''' selk (that salmon) | ||
| ''' | | '''ut''' dlhe (that rain) | ||
| ''' | | '''ut''' baalh (that milk) | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Partitive | ! Partitive | ||
| | | ma (some) | ||
| style="background:#F0F0F0" | | | style="background:#F0F0F0" | | ||
| ''' | | '''ma''' selk (some salmon) | ||
| ''' | | '''ma''' dlhe (some rain) | ||
| ''' | | '''ma''' baalh (some milk) | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Partitive-Collective | ! Partitive-Collective | ||
| | | khaw (most) | ||
| style="background:#F0F0F0" | | | style="background:#F0F0F0" | | ||
| ''' | | '''khaw''' selk (most salmon) | ||
| ''' | | '''khaw''' dlhe (most rain) | ||
| ''' | | '''khaw''' baalh (most milk) | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Non-Partitive | ! Non-Partitive | ||
| yoklha (no*) | | yoklha (no*) | ||
| style="background:#F0F0F0" | | | style="background:#F0F0F0" | | ||
| '''yoklha''' selk | | '''yoklha''' selk (no salmon) | ||
| '''yoklha''' dlhe (no rain) | | '''yoklha''' dlhe (no rain) | ||
| '''yoklha''' baalh (no milk) | | '''yoklha''' baalh (no milk) | ||
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|} | |} | ||
{{notelist}} | {{notelist}} | ||
==Adjective== | |||
They agree with the number of the noun | |||
==Verbs== | ==Verbs== | ||
==="be"=== | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" | ||
== | |- | ||
! rowspan="2" | Mood | |||
! colspan="3" | general past | |||
! colspan="3" | unwitnessed past | |||
! colspan="2" | present | |||
! colspan="3" | future | |||
|- | |||
! {{H:title|imperfect|IMPF}} | |||
! {{H:title|perfect|PF}} | |||
! {{H:title|Inchoative|INCH}} | |||
! {{H:title|imperfect|IMPF}} | |||
! {{H:title|perfect, also acts as present perfect|PF*}} | |||
! {{H:title|Inchoative|INCH}} | |||
! {{H:title|imperfect|IMPF}} | |||
! {{H:title|Inchoative|INCH}} | |||
! {{H:title|imperfect|IMPF}} | |||
! {{H:title|perfect|PF}} | |||
! {{H:title|Inchoative|INCH}} | |||
|- | |||
! Indicative | |||
| -''{{color|#DC0000|a}}d'' | |||
| -''{{color|#DC0000|a}}d{{color|#0050FA|a}}s'' | |||
| -''{{color|#DC0000|a}}d{{color|#0050FA|a}}m'' | |||
| -''{{color|#DC0000|a}}d{{color|#0050FA|a}}''' | |||
| -''{{color|#DC0000|a}}d{{color|#0050FA|a}}'{{color|#0050FA|a}}s'' | |||
| -''{{color|#DC0000|a}}d{{color|#0050FA|a}}'{{color|#0050FA|a}}m'' | |||
| style="background:#F0F0F0" | | |||
| -{{color|#DC0000|a}}m | |||
| ''tlhi{{color|#00B400|'}}''- | |||
| ''tlhi{{color|#00B400|'}}''- -''{{color|#DC0000|a}}s'' | |||
| ''tlhi{{color|#00B400|'}}''- -''{{color|#DC0000|a}}m'' | |||
|- | |||
! Imperative | |||
| style="background:#F0F0F0" | | |||
| style="background:#F0F0F0" | | |||
| style="background:#F0F0F0" | | |||
| style="background:#F0F0F0" | | |||
| style="background:#F0F0F0" | | |||
| style="background:#F0F0F0" | | |||
| -''{{color|#DC0000|a}}y'' | |||
| -''{{color|#DC0000|a}}mi'' | |||
| style="background:#F0F0F0" | | |||
| style="background:#F0F0F0" | | |||
| style="background:#F0F0F0" | | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
In past-participle, the verb is made into an adjective, and the verb "be" is used as an auxiliary | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|''khyagad tlh'e'' - "i ate (a) fish" | |||
|→ | |||
|''khya'aw seg tlh'e'' - "i have eaten (a) fish" | |||
|} | |||
===Person and Direction=== | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="3" | Person & Number | |||
! Subjective | |||
! Objective | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="3" | Singular | |||
! colspan="2" | 1st | |||
| -''{{color|#DC0000|a}}g'' | |||
| -''{{color|#DC0000|a}}chi'' | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="2" | 2nd | |||
| -''{{color|#DC0000|a}}lh'' | |||
| -''w{{color|#0050FA|a}}'' | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="2" | 3d | |||
| style="background:#F0F0F0" | | |||
| -''{{color|#DC0000|a}}p'{{color|#0050FA|a}}'' | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="5" | Plural | |||
! rowspan="2" | 1st | |||
! Inclusive | |||
| -''y{{color|#0050FA|a}}g'' | |||
| -''y{{color|#0050FA|a}}chi'' | |||
|- | |||
! Exclusive | |||
| -''y{{color|#0050FA|a}}'{{color|#0050FA|a}}g'' | |||
| -''y{{color|#0050FA|a}}'{{color|#0050FA|a}}chi'' | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="2" | 2nd | |||
| -''y{{color|#0050FA|a}}lh'' | |||
| -''{{color|#DC0000|a}}wsk'' | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="2" | 3d | |||
| -''y{{color|#0050FA|a}}'' | |||
| -''{{color|#DC0000|a}}p'{{color|#0050FA|a}}sk'' | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
===Copula=== | |||
Zero copula appears in the language, commonly copula is used when stressed, or in past participle verbs. | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="3" | Person & Number | |||
! general past {{H:title|was/were|(was)}} | |||
! unwitnessed past {{H:title|was/were apparently|(was)}} | |||
! present {{H:title|am/is/are|(be)}} | |||
! future (will be) | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="3" | Singular | |||
! colspan="2" | 1st | |||
| ''chid'' | |||
| style="background:#F0F0F0" | | |||
| ''seg'' | |||
| ''tlhiseg'' | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="2" | 2nd | |||
| ''lhid'' | |||
| ''lhidi''' | |||
| ''selh'' | |||
| ''tlhiselh'' | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="2" | 3d | |||
| ''ed'' | |||
| ''edi''' | |||
| ''se'' | |||
| ''tlhise'' | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="5" | Plural | |||
! rowspan="2" | 1st | |||
! Inclusive | |||
| ''yichid'' | |||
| style="background:#F0F0F0" | | |||
| ''seyig'' | |||
| ''tlhiyig'' | |||
|- | |||
! Exclusive | |||
| ''yichi'id'' | |||
| style="background:#F0F0F0" | | |||
| ''seyi'ig'' | |||
| ''tlhiyi'ig'' | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="2" | 2nd | |||
| ''yilhid'' | |||
| ''yilhidi''' | |||
| ''seyilh'' | |||
| ''tlhiseyilh'' | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="2" | 3d | |||
| ''yid'' | |||
| ''yidi''' | |||
| ''seyi'' | |||
| ''tlhiseyi'' | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
==Questions== | |||
===Particle=== | |||
affix -{{color|#DC0000|a}}ch- | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|''ya inulug maskesk'' - "to feed(i) the dogs" | |||
|→ | |||
|''ya inulug maskesk'''{{color|#DC0000|i}}ch''''' - "do i feed the ''dogs''?" | |||
|''ya inulug'''{{color|#DC0000|u}}ch''' maskesk'' - "do i ''feed'' the dogs?" | |||
|} | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|''shelhip'isk'' - "you took them" | |||
|→ | |||
|''shelh'''{{color|#DC0000|i}}ch'''ip'isk'' - "did you ''take'' them" | |||
|''shelhip'isk'''{{color|#DC0000|i}}ch''''' - "did you take ''them''" | |||
|} | |||
<br> | |||
Rhetorical questions can be formed by adding -ma to a question word: | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|''klho, klhe'e'' - "who, when" | |||
|→ | |||
|''klho'''ch''', klhe'e'''ch''''' - "i wonder who, i wonder when"* | |||
|} | |||
==Derivation== | |||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
!Affix | !Affix | ||
!Used to create | !Used to create: | ||
!Example(s) | !Example(s) | ||
|- | |- | ||
Line 624: | Line 798: | ||
| tlh'e (fish) → tlh'e'''kh''' (fisherman) | | tlh'e (fish) → tlh'e'''kh''' (fisherman) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| -''{{color|#DC0000|a}} | | -''{{color|#DC0000|a}}wc'{{color|#0050FA|a}}'' | ||
|[[wikipedia:collective noun|collective nouns]] | |[[wikipedia:collective noun|collective nouns]] | ||
| dansi'siw (ship) → dansi'si'''''w'' | | dansi'siw (ship) → dansi'si'''''w''c'{{color|#0050FA|i}}''' (navy) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| -''{{color|#DC0000|a}} | | -''{{color|#DC0000|a}}c{{color|#0050FA|a}}'' | ||
|nouns from verbs | |nouns from verbs | ||
| sa'a (to grow) → sa'a''' | | sa'a (to grow) → sa'a'''c{{color|#0050FA|a}}''' (plant) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| -''{{color|#DC0000|a}}l'' | | -''{{color|#DC0000|a}}l'' | ||
|verbs from nouns | |verbs from nouns | ||
| k'aa (language) → k' | | k'aa (language) → k'aa'''l''' (to speak) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| -''{{color|#00B400|'}}{{color|#0050FA|a}}w'' | | -''{{color|#00B400|'}}{{color|#0050FA|a}}w'' | ||
|[[wikipedia:adjective|adjectives]] from nouns/verbs | |[[wikipedia:adjective|adjectives]]/[[wikipedia:adverb|adverbs]] from nouns/verbs | ||
| twa (water) → twa'''{{color|#00B400|'}}{{color|#0050FA|a}}w''' (watery) | | twa (water) → twa'''{{color|#00B400|'}}{{color|#0050FA|a}}w''' (watery) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| -'' '' | | -''{{color|#DC0000|a}}wy{{color|#0050FA|a}}n'' | ||
|[[wikipedia:adjective|adjectives]] indicating the lack of something | |[[wikipedia:adjective|adjectives]] indicating the lack of something | ||
| | | khaylha (home) → khaylha'''wy{{color|#0050FA|a}}n''' (homeless) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| -''{{color|#DC0000|a}}ky{{color|#0050FA|a}}'' | | -''{{color|#DC0000|a}}ky{{color|#0050FA|a}}'' | ||
Line 648: | Line 822: | ||
| tlh'een (barren) → tlh'een'''ky{{color|#0050FA|i}}''' (desert) | | tlh'een (barren) → tlh'een'''ky{{color|#0050FA|i}}''' (desert) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| -''{{color|#DC0000|a}}ch{{color|#0050FA|a}}'' | |||
| -''{{color|#DC0000|a}}ch{{color|# | |||
|[[wikipedia:diminutive|diminutives]] of nouns | |[[wikipedia:diminutive|diminutives]] of nouns | ||
| | | mawca (cat) → mawca'''ch{{color|#0050FA|a}}''' (kitty) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| -''s{{color|#0050FA|a}}w'' | | -''s{{color|#0050FA|a}}w'' | ||
|[[wikipedia:augmentative|augmentatives]] of nouns | |[[wikipedia:augmentative|augmentatives]] of nouns | ||
| dansi' (boat) → dansi's{{color|#0050FA|i}}w (ship) | | dansi' (boat) → dansi''''s{{color|#0050FA|i}}w''' (ship) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| -'' '' | | -''{{color|#DC0000|a}}lsh{{color|#0050FA|a}}'' | ||
|locations (places related to the stem) | |locations (places related to the stem) | ||
| | | rekhici (trade) → rekhici'''lsh{{color|#0050FA|i}}''' (shop, market) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| -'' '' | | -''{{color|#DC0000|a}}tlh'n'' | ||
|inhabitants (of places) | |inhabitants (of places) | ||
| | | Moshkal'''{{color|#DC0000|a}}tlh'n''' (resident of Moshkal) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| -''{{color|#DC0000|a}}ch{{color|#0050FA|a}}n'' | | -''{{color|#DC0000|a}}ch{{color|#0050FA|a}}n'' | ||
Line 676: | Line 846: | ||
| Dames'''dw{{color|#0050FA|i}}t''' (child of Dames) | | Dames'''dw{{color|#0050FA|i}}t''' (child of Dames) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| -'' | | -''{{color|#DC0000|a}}lhk'{{color|#0050FA|aa}}'' | ||
| | |Languages | ||
| | | Khask'''alhk'aa''' (People's language) | ||
|- | |||
|} | |||
=Sample text= | |||
UDHR article 1: | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
| ''All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
| ''Wesc'a khask kha'atyap'ask imatask way pa'ask tlhegekyimi way tookh'skumu. Desk seyi walhalaw ne k'uu way satlh'a, way t'weyi ya shkeyi kad'skilhaywask ne ch'elhiw t'alh.'' | |||
|} | |} |
Latest revision as of 09:26, 28 January 2022
Maskey | |
---|---|
Khaskalhk'aa | |
Pronunciation | /xas.kaɮ̊.k’aː/ |
Native to | Mokhavia |
Ethnicity | 977,864 Maskies |
Native speakers | 962,380 (98.4%) |
Official status | |
Official language in | Mokhavia |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-1 | MSK |
ISO 639-2 | MSK |
ISO 639-3 | MSK |
Phonology
Labial | Alveolar | Post-Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
plain | sibilant | lateral | |||||||
Plosive / Affricate |
plain | b̥ ⟨b⟩ | d̥ ⟨d⟩ | d̥z̥ ⟨dz⟩ | d̥ɮ̊ ⟨dlh⟩ | d̥z̝̊~d̥ʒ̊ ⟨j⟩ | g̊ ⟨g⟩ | ʔ ⟨ʼ⟩ | |
aspirated | pʰ ⟨p⟩ | tʰ ⟨t⟩ | tsʰ ⟨c⟩ | tɬʰ ⟨tlh⟩ | ts̝ʰ~tʃʰ ⟨ch⟩ | kʰ ⟨k⟩ | |||
ejective | pʼ ⟨pʼ⟩ | tʼ ⟨tʼ⟩ | tsʼ ⟨cʼ⟩ | tɬʼ ⟨tlhʼ⟩ | ts̝ʼ~tʃʼ ⟨chʼ⟩ | kʼ ⟨kʼ⟩ | |||
Sonorants | Fricative | s ⟨s⟩ | ɮ̊ ⟨lh⟩ | s̝~ʃ ⟨sh⟩ | x ⟨kh⟩ | ||||
Nasal | m ⟨m⟩ | n ⟨n⟩ | |||||||
Approximant / Tap |
ɾ ⟨r⟩ | l ⟨l⟩ | j ⟨y⟩ | w ⟨w⟩ |
- /m/ and /n/ can apear as syllabic
Front | Central | Back | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
short | long | short | long | short | long | |
High | i ⟨i⟩ | iː ⟨ii⟩ | u ⟨u⟩ | uː ⟨uu⟩ | ||
Mid | ɛ ⟨e⟩ | eː ⟨ee⟩ | o ⟨o⟩ | oː ⟨oo⟩ | ||
Low | a ⟨a⟩ | aː ⟨aa⟩ | ||||
Harmony | i | a | u |
- short vowels raise up when unstressed (/ɛ/→/e̝~i/;/a/→/ɐ~ə/;/o/→/o̝~u/)
- the /o/ is sound closer to /o̞/
Writing system
Aa /a/ |
Bb /b̥/ |
Cc /k~ts/[a] |
Dd /d̥/ |
Dz dz /d̥z̥/ |
Dlh dlh /d̥ɮ̊/ |
Ee /ɛ/ |
Ff /f/ |
Gg /g̊/ |
Hh[b] (/x/)[c] |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ii /i/ |
Jj /d̥z̝̊~d̥ʒ̊/ |
Kk /kʰ/ |
K' k' /kʼ/ |
Kh kh /x/ |
Ll /l/ |
Lh lh /ɮ̊/ |
Mm /m/ |
Nn /n/ |
Oo /o/ |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Pp /pʰ/ |
P' p' /pʼ/ |
Qq /kʷ/ |
Rr /ɾ/ |
Ss /s/ |
Sh sh /s̝~ʃ/ |
Tt /tʰ/ |
T' t' /tʼ/ |
C c /tsʰ/ |
C' c' /tsʼ/ |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Tlh tlh /tɬʰ/ |
Tlh' tlh' /tɬʼ/ |
Uu /u/ |
Vv /w~ʋ/ |
Ww /w/ |
Xx /ks/ |
Yy /j/ |
Zz /z̥~s/ |
' /ʔ~ᵊ◌/[d] |
Grammar
- Vowel Harmony
- Vowel Harmony, that apears if the word ends/begins in a plosive/stop consonant
- Apears if the word ends/begins in a vowel
Syntax & Syllable structure
SOV
Pronouns
Person & Number | NOM | GEN | DAT | ACC | INS | COMP | INE | ALL | ABL | PROL | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | 1st | ga | galh | gu | gi | g'sa | gadlha | g'ma | kaga | taga | g'ra | |
2nd | lhe | welh | lhu | lhi | lh'si | lhedhli | lh'mi | kalhe | talhe | lh'ra | ||
3d | de | delh | du | di | d'si | deglhi | d'mi | kade | tade | d'ra | ||
Plural | 1st | Inclusive | gask | gask'lh | gasku | gaski | gask'si | gaskadlha | gask'mi | kagask | tagask | gask'ra |
Exclusive | ga'ask | ga'ask'lh | ga'asku | ga'aski | ga'ask'si | ga'askadlha | ga'ask'mi | kaga'ask | taga'ask | ga'ask'ra | ||
2nd | lhesk | wesk'lh | lhesku | lheski | lhesk'si | lheskidlhi | lhesk'mi | kalhesk | talhesk | lhesk'ri | ||
3d | desk | desk'lh | desku | deski | desk'si | deskidlhi | desk'mi | kadesk | tadesk | desk'ri |
Possessive
Person & Number | Affix | Example: Variant 1 | Example: Variant 2 | Example: Variant 3 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
bewtuk (face) | inu (food) | meti (comb) | ||||
Singular | 1st | gi- | gibewtuk (my face) | ginu (my food) | g'meti (my comb) | |
2nd | lhi- | lhibewtuk ( face) | lhinu ( food) | lh'meti ( comb) | ||
3d | ti'- | tibewtuk ( face) | t'inu ( food) | t'meti ( comb) | ||
Plural | 1st | Inclusive | ski'- | skibewtuk (our face) | sk'inu (our food) | sk'meti (our comb) |
Exclusive | aski'- | askibewtuk (our face) | ask'inu (our food) | ask'meti (our comb) | ||
2nd | lh'ski'- | lh'skibewtuk (your face) | lh'sk'inu (your food) | lh'sk'meti (your comb) | ||
3d | d'ski'- | d'skibewtuk (their face) | d'sk'inu (their food) | d'sk'meti (their comb) |
Nouns
Number
Number | Affix | Example: Variant 1 | Example: Variant 2 | Example: Variant 3 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | -Ø | dansi' (boat) | thl'a (fish - sin) | ch'wen (animal) |
Plural | -ask | dansi'isk (boats) | thl'ask (fish - plr) | ch'wen'sk (animals) |
Cases
Case | Affix | Examlple: Variant 1 | Examlple: Variant 2 | Examlple: Variant 3 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Nominative | -Ø | ewak (canoe) | maske (dog) | salh (bow) |
Genitive | -alh | ewakalh (of a canoe) | maskelh (of a dog) | salh'lh (of a bow) |
Dative | -u/w | ewaku (to a canoe) | maskew (to a dog) | salhu (to a bow) |
Accusative | -i/y | ewaki (canoe) | maskey (dog) | salhi (bow) |
Instrumental | -asa | ewakasa (with a canoe) | maskesi (with a dog) | salh'sa (with a bow) |
Comparative[a] | -adlha | ewakadlha (as a canoe) | maskedlhi (as a dog) | salhdlha (as a bow) |
Locative | -amaa | ewakama (at/in a canoe) | maskemii (at/in a dog) | salhmaa (at/in a bow) |
Allative | ka'- | ka'ewak (to/towards a canoe) | kamaske (to/towards a dog) | kasalh (to/towards a bow) |
Ablative | ta'- | ta'ewak (from a canoe) | tamaske (from a dog) | tasalh (from a bow) |
Benefactial | -ara | ewakara (for a canoe) | maskeri (for a rain) | salh'ra (for a bow) |
Vocative | -ee -/oo |
ewakee (canoe!) | maskoo (dog!) | salhee (bow!) |
- ↑ When the Comparative case is used with the comparative affix, the meaning shifts to "than"
- Positive - Bassic form of the word: big - saw
- Negative - Negation of the word: (yo-) "unbig" - yosaw
- Comparitive - Form for comparison relative to something, used with the Comparative case: (-'alh) bigger - sawalh
- Superlative - Form showing absolute relative to a group: (-'alhka) bigest - sawalhka
Articles
Type | Word | Аffix | Example: Variant 1 | Example: Variant 2 | Example: Variant 3 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
indefinite | selk (salmon) | dlhe (rain) | baalh (milk) | ||
definite | -a(ta) | selki (the salmon) | dlheti (the rain) | baalhta (the milk) | |
Proximal-demonstrative | ta (this) | ta selk (this salmon) | ta dlhe (this rain) | ta baalh (this milk) | |
Distal-demonstrative | ut (that) | ut selk (that salmon) | ut dlhe (that rain) | ut baalh (that milk) | |
Partitive | ma (some) | ma selk (some salmon) | ma dlhe (some rain) | ma baalh (some milk) | |
Partitive-Collective | khaw (most) | khaw selk (most salmon) | khaw dlhe (most rain) | khaw baalh (most milk) | |
Non-Partitive | yoklha (no*) | yoklha selk (no salmon) | yoklha dlhe (no rain) | yoklha baalh (no milk) |
Adjective
They agree with the number of the noun
Verbs
Mood | general past | unwitnessed past | present | future | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
IMPF | PF | INCH | IMPF | PF* | INCH | IMPF | INCH | IMPF | PF | INCH | |
Indicative | -ad | -adas | -adam | -ada' | -ada'as | -ada'am | -am | tlhi'- | tlhi'- -as | tlhi'- -am | |
Imperative | -ay | -ami |
In past-participle, the verb is made into an adjective, and the verb "be" is used as an auxiliary
khyagad tlh'e - "i ate (a) fish" | → | khya'aw seg tlh'e - "i have eaten (a) fish" |
Person and Direction
Person & Number | Subjective | Objective | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | 1st | -ag | -achi | |
2nd | -alh | -wa | ||
3d | -ap'a | |||
Plural | 1st | Inclusive | -yag | -yachi |
Exclusive | -ya'ag | -ya'achi | ||
2nd | -yalh | -awsk | ||
3d | -ya | -ap'ask |
Copula
Zero copula appears in the language, commonly copula is used when stressed, or in past participle verbs.
Person & Number | general past (was) | unwitnessed past (was) | present (be) | future (will be) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | 1st | chid | seg | tlhiseg | ||
2nd | lhid | lhidi' | selh | tlhiselh | ||
3d | ed | edi' | se | tlhise | ||
Plural | 1st | Inclusive | yichid | seyig | tlhiyig | |
Exclusive | yichi'id | seyi'ig | tlhiyi'ig | |||
2nd | yilhid | yilhidi' | seyilh | tlhiseyilh | ||
3d | yid | yidi' | seyi | tlhiseyi |
Questions
Particle
affix -ach-
ya inulug maskesk - "to feed(i) the dogs" | → | ya inulug maskeskich - "do i feed the dogs?" | ya inuluguch maskesk - "do i feed the dogs?" |
shelhip'isk - "you took them" | → | shelhichip'isk - "did you take them" | shelhip'iskich - "did you take them" |
Rhetorical questions can be formed by adding -ma to a question word:
klho, klhe'e - "who, when" | → | klhoch, klhe'ech - "i wonder who, i wonder when"* |
Derivation
Affix | Used to create: | Example(s) |
---|---|---|
-akh | agents from verbs/nouns | tlh'e (fish) → tlh'ekh (fisherman) |
-awc'a | collective nouns | dansi'siw (ship) → dansi'siwc'i (navy) |
-aca | nouns from verbs | sa'a (to grow) → sa'aca (plant) |
-al | verbs from nouns | k'aa (language) → k'aal (to speak) |
-'aw | adjectives/adverbs from nouns/verbs | twa (water) → twa'aw (watery) |
-awyan | adjectives indicating the lack of something | khaylha (home) → khaylhawyan (homeless) |
-akya | nouns from adjectives | tlh'een (barren) → tlh'eenkyi (desert) |
-acha | diminutives of nouns | mawca (cat) → mawcacha (kitty) |
-saw | augmentatives of nouns | dansi' (boat) → dansi'siw (ship) |
-alsha | locations (places related to the stem) | rekhici (trade) → rekhicilshi (shop, market) |
-atlh'n | inhabitants (of places) | Moshkalatlh'n (resident of Moshkal) |
-achan | decendents (of people, or nouns/adjectives) | shem (bear) → shemchin (of the bear) |
-adwat | decendents (child of) | Damesdwit (child of Dames) |
-alhk'aa | Languages | Khaskalhk'aa (People's language) |
Sample text
UDHR article 1:
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. |
Wesc'a khask kha'atyap'ask imatask way pa'ask tlhegekyimi way tookh'skumu. Desk seyi walhalaw ne k'uu way satlh'a, way t'weyi ya shkeyi kad'skilhaywask ne ch'elhiw t'alh. |