User:Native Qazh/Sandbox6: Difference between revisions

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! {{wp|labial consonant|Labial}}
! {{wp|labial consonant|Labial}}
! {{wp|alveolar consonant|Alveolar}}
! {{wp|alveolar consonant|Alveolar}}
! {{wp|palatal consonant|Palatal}}
! colspan="2" | {{wp|palatal consonant|Palatal}}
! {{wp|velar consonant|Velar}}
! {{wp|velar consonant|Velar}}
|-
|-
Line 13: Line 13:
| {{IPA link|p}}  
| {{IPA link|p}}  
| {{IPA link|t}}  
| {{IPA link|t}}  
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA link|t͡ɕ}}
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" | {{IPA link|t͡ɕ}}
| {{IPA link|k}}  
| {{IPA link|k}}  
|-
|-
Line 24: Line 24:
|  
|  
| {{IPA link|s}}  
| {{IPA link|s}}  
| {{IPA link|ɕ}}
| colspan="2" | {{IPA link|ɕ}}
| {{IPA link|x}}  
| {{IPA link|x}}  
|-
|-
Line 30: Line 30:
| {{IPA link|m}}  
| {{IPA link|m}}  
| {{IPA link|n}}  
| {{IPA link|n}}  
|  
| colspan="2" | {{IPA link|nʲ}}
|  
|  
|-
|-
Line 36: Line 36:
| {{IPA link|ʋ}}
| {{IPA link|ʋ}}
| {{IPAlink|l}}
| {{IPAlink|l}}
| {{IPA link|j}}  
| {{IPA link|lʲ}} ||{{IPA link|j}}  
|
|  
|-
|-
! colspan="2" | {{wp|Liquid consonant|Rhotic}}
! colspan="2" | {{wp|Liquid consonant|Rhotic}}
|  
|  
| {{IPAlink|ɾ}}
| {{IPAlink|ɾ}}
|  
| colspan="2" |  
|  
|  
|-
|-
Line 48: Line 48:


==Vowels==
==Vowels==
<div style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; margin-right: 1em;">
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Tamir Tyulov<br>(1961)
!
!
! align="center" | {{wp|Front vowel|Front}}
! align="center" | {{wp|Front vowel|Front}}
Line 56: Line 58:
! {{wp|Close vowel|Close}}
! {{wp|Close vowel|Close}}
| {{IPA link|i}}  
| {{IPA link|i}}  
| {{IPA link|ɘ}}
| {{IPA link|ɪ̈}}, {{IPA link|ʊ}}
| {{IPA link|u}}  
| {{IPA link|u}}  
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
! {{wp|Mid vowel|Mid}}
! {{wp|Mid vowel|Mid}}
| {{IPA link|e}}
| ʲ{{IPA link|e}}{{ref label|one|1}}
| {{IPA link|ɤ}}  
| {{IPA link|ɤ̈}}  
| {{IPA link|o}}  
| {{IPA link|o}}  
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
Line 69: Line 71:
|  
|  
|}
|}
</div>
<div style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; margin-right: 1em;">
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Λubomєr Џretyȝa<br>(1947)
!
! align="center" | {{wp|Front vowel|Front}}
! align="center" | {{wp|Back vowel|back}}
|- align="center"
! {{wp|Close vowel|Close}}
| {{IPA link|i}}
| {{IPA link|u}}, ŭ
|- align="center"
! {{wp|Mid vowel|Mid}}
| ʲ{{IPA link|ɛ}}{{ref label|one|1}}, ĕ
| {{IPA link|ɔ}}
|- align="center"
! {{wp|Open vowel|Open}}
| colspan="2" | {{IPA link|a}}, ă
|}
</div>
{{note|one|1}} palatalized when it's the first sound of a word, or it comes after a vowel or consonants with palatal equivalents.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" | Vowels
! colspan="2" | Harmony
|-
! type 1
! type 2
|-
! Front
| {{IPA link|i}}, ʲ{{IPA link|e}}, {{IPA link|ɪ̈}}
| {{IPA link|ɪ̈}}
| {{IPA link|i}}
|-
! Back
| {{IPA link|a}}, {{IPA link|ɤ̈}},
| {{IPA link|ɤ̈}}
| {{IPA link|a}}
|-
! Round
| {{IPA link|o}}, {{IPA link|u}}, {{IPA link|ʊ}}
| {{IPA link|ʊ}}
| {{IPA link|u}}
|-
|}
A - type1 vowel harmony<br>
А<sup>2</sup> - type 2 vowel harmony, which is used in some affixes like the clitic genitive pronouns and when creating new verbs via affixes.


=Writing system=
=Writing system=
{| style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS; font-size:1.4em; border-color:#000000; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse; background-color:#F8F8EF"
{| style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS; font-size:1.4em; border-color:#000000; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse"
|-
|-
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | А а
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | А а
Line 98: Line 149:
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Т т
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Т т
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | У у
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | У у
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ў ў
|-
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{color|#808080|Ф ф}}
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{color|#808080|Ф ф}}
|-
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Х х
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Х х
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{color|#808080|Ц ц}}
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{color|#808080|Ц ц}}
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ч ч
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ч ч
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{color|#808080|Ш ш}}
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{color|#808080|Ш ш}}
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{color|#808080|Ъ ъ}}
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ь ь
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ь ь
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ю ю
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ю ю
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Я я
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Я я
|-
|}
<br>
{| style="font-family:Arial Unicode MS; font-size:1.4em; border-color:#000000; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse"
|-
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | А а
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ă ă
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{color|#808080|B b}}
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | C c
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ć ć
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{color|#808080|D d}}
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | E e
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ĕ ĕ
|-
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{color|#808080|F f}}
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{color|#808080|G g}}
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | H h
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | I i
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{color|#808080|J j}}
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | K k
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | L l
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | M m
|-
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | N n
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | O o
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | P p
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{color|#808080|Q q}}
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | R r
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | S s
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ś ś
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | T t
|-
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | U u
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ŭ ŭ
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | V v
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{color|#808080|W w}}
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{color|#808080|X x}}
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Y y
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{color|#808080|Z z}}
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" |
|-
|}
<br>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
!Order
!1 !!2 !!3 !!4 !!5 !!6 !!7 !!8 !!9 !!10
!11 !!12 !!13 !!14 !!15 !!16 !!17 !!18 !!19 !!20
!21 !!22 !!23 !!24 !!25 !!26 !!27 !!28 !!29 !!30
!31 !!32
|-
!{{wp|Cyrillic script|Cyrillic}} upper case
|А ||Ӑ ||style="background:#E8E8E8" |Б ||В ||style="background:#E8E8E8" |Г ||style="background:#E8E8E8" |Д ||Е ||Ӗ ||style="background:#E8E8E8" |Ж ||style="background:#E8E8E8" |З
|И ||Й ||К ||Л ||М ||Н ||О ||П ||Р ||С
|Ҫ ||Т ||У ||Ў ||style="background:#E8E8E8" |Ф ||Х ||style="background:#E8E8E8" |Ц ||Ч ||style="background:#E8E8E8" |Ш ||Ь
|Ю ||Я
|-
!{{wp|Cyrillic script|Cyrillic}} lower case
|а ||ӑ ||style="background:#E8E8E8" |б ||в ||style="background:#E8E8E8" |г ||style="background:#E8E8E8" |д ||е ||ӗ ||style="background:#E8E8E8" |ж ||style="background:#E8E8E8" |з
|и ||й ||к ||л ||м ||н ||о ||п ||р ||с
|ҫ ||т ||у ||ў ||style="background:#E8E8E8" |ф ||х ||style="background:#E8E8E8" |ц ||ч ||style="background:#E8E8E8" |ш ||ь
|ю ||я
|-
!{{wp|Latin script|Latin}} upper case
|A ||Ă ||style="background:#E8E8E8" |B ||V ||style="background:#E8E8E8" |G ||style="background:#E8E8E8" |D ||E ||Ĕ ||style="background:#E8E8E8" |Ž ||style="background:#E8E8E8" |Z
|I ||Y ||K ||L ||M ||N ||O ||P ||R ||S
|Ś ||T ||U ||Ŭ, U ||style="background:#E8E8E8" |F ||H ||style="background:#E8E8E8" |C ||Ć ||style="background:#E8E8E8" |Š ||Y
|Yu ||Ya
|-
!{{wp|Latin script|Latin}} lower case
|a ||ă ||style="background:#E8E8E8" |b ||v ||style="background:#E8E8E8" |g ||style="background:#E8E8E8" |d ||e ||ĕ ||style="background:#E8E8E8" |ž ||style="background:#E8E8E8" |z
|i ||y ||k ||l ||m ||n ||o ||p ||r ||s
|ś ||t ||u ||ŭ, u ||style="background:#E8E8E8" |f ||h ||style="background:#E8E8E8" |c ||ć ||style="background:#E8E8E8" |š ||y
|yu ||ya
|-
!{{wp|International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA}} sound
! {{IPAlink|a}}
! ɤ̈
! {{IPAlink|b}}
! {{IPAlink|ʋ}}
! {{IPAlink|ɡ}}
! {{IPAlink|d}}
! ʲ{{IPAlink|e}}
! ɪ̈
! {{IPAlink|ʑ}}
! {{IPAlink|z}}
! {{IPAlink|i}}
! {{IPAlink|j}}
! {{IPAlink|k}}
! {{IPAlink|l}}
! {{IPAlink|m}}
! {{IPAlink|n}}
! {{IPAlink|o}}
! {{IPAlink|p}}
! {{IPAlink|ɾ}}
! {{IPAlink|s}}
! {{IPAlink|ɕ}}
! {{IPAlink|t}}
! {{IPAlink|u}}
! {{IPAlink|ʊ}}
! {{IPAlink|ʋ̥}}
! {{IPAlink|x}}
! {{IPAlink|ts}}
! {{IPAlink|t͡ɕ}}
! {{IPAlink|ɕ}}
! {{IPAlink|◌ʲ}}
! ju
! ja
|-
|-
|}
|}
Affixes don't effect the spelling of the stem.
==Palatals==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="4" | When CV
! rowspan="2" | When VCV
! rowspan="2" | When VC
|-
! ӑ, ӗ, о, и
! -а
! -у
! -е
|-
! /{{IPAlink|pʲ}}/
| пь / py || пя / pya || пю / pyu || пе / pe
| пп / pp
| пь / py
|-
! /{{IPAlink|tʲ}}/
| ть / ty || тя / tya || тю / tyu || те / te
| тт / tt
| ть / ty
|-
! /{{IPAlink|kʲ}}/
| кь / ky || кя / kya || кю / kyu || ке / ke
| кк / kk
| кь / ky
|-
! /{{IPAlink|nʲ}}/
| нь / ny || ня / nya || ню / nyu || не / ne
| нн / nn
| нь / ny
|-
! /{{IPAlink|lʲ}}/
| ль / ly || ля / lya || лю / lyu || ле / le
| лл / ll
| ль / ly
|-
|}
When the consonant is in the VCV possition, it gets pronounced longer, which is why it was chosed to be spelled as geminated rather than with -ь or -ю/я/е.<br>
Affixes don't effect the spelling.


=Gramar=
=Gramar=
==Syntax==
==Syntax==
  SOV
  noun like adjectives
  possessee - possessor
  adjective - noun
  postpossitions
==Pronouns==
==Pronouns==
===Possessive affixing===
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | Number and Person
! rowspan="2" | {{wp|Nominative case|Nominative}}
! colspan="3" | {{wp|Dative case|Dative}} / {{wp|Genetive case|Genetive}}
! colspan="2" | {{wp|Accusative case|Accusative}}
! rowspan="2" | {{wp|Locative case|Locative}}
! rowspan="2" | {{wp|Ablative case|Ablative}}
! rowspan="2" | {{wp|Allative case|Allative}}
! rowspan="2" | {{wp|Instrumental case|Instrumental}}
! rowspan="2" | {{wp|Abessive case|Abessive}}
|-
!stressed
!clitic dative
!clitic genitive
!stressed
!clitic
|-
! rowspan="2" |Singular
! First
| Пӗ
| Пӗн
| -мА<sup>2</sup>
| -(й)А<sup>2</sup>м
| Пӗй
| -мА
| Пӗтӗ
| Пӗр
| Пӗть
| Пӗҫӗн
| Пӗҫӗр
|-
! Second
| Сӗ
| Сӗн
| -сА<sup>2</sup>
| -(й)А<sup>2</sup>н
| Сӗй
| -сА
| Сӗтӗ
| Сӗр
| Сӗть
| Сӗҫӗн
| Сӗҫӗр
|-
! rowspan="2" | Plural
! First
| Пӗме
| Пӗмен
| -мА<sup>2</sup>м
| -(й)А<sup>2</sup>мА
| Пӗмей
| -мАм
| Пӗметӗ
| Пӗмер
| Пӗметь
| Пӗмеҫӗн
| Пӗмеҫӗр
|-
! Second
| Сӗме
| Сӗмен
| -сА<sup>2</sup>м
| -(й)А<sup>2</sup>нА
| Сӗмей
| -сАм
| Сӗметӗ
| Сӗмер
| Сӗметь
| Сӗмеҫӗн
| Сӗмеҫӗр
|-
! colspan="2" | Third{{ref label|two|2}}
| Во
| Вон
| -вА<sup>2</sup>
| -(й)А<sup>2</sup>
| Вой
| -вА
| Вотў
| Вор
| Воть
| Воҫўн
| Воҫўр
|-
! colspan="2" | Reflexive<br>(Self)
| Хӑн
| Хӑнӑн
| -хА<sup>2</sup>
| -(й)А<sup>2</sup>х
| Хӑнӑ
| -хА
| Хӑнтӑ
| Хӑнӑр
| Хӑнӑть
| Хӑнҫӑн
| Хӑнҫӑр
|-
|}
{{note|two|2}} There's no singlular or plural distinction of the third person pronouns besides contextual.
 
==Nouns==
==Nouns==
===Definiteness===
===Number & Definitiness===
===Case & Number===
Grammatical number is implied by the speaker, in the context of singular usually the indefinite article is used, while the definite is also used in the plural context too.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="2" | Article
! colspan="2" | Example
|-
! Indefinite<br>Singular
| ӗ/ӗн
| ӗ сўр
| ӗн етӗ
|-
! Definite /<br>Plural
| -∅
| сўр
| ет
|-
! Partitive
| тес
| тес сўр
| тес етӗ
|-
! colspan="4" |
|-
! Negative<br>Indefinite<br>Singular
| рӗ/рӗн
| рӗ сўр
| рӗн етӗ
|-
! Negative<br>Partitive
| рӗтес
| рӗтес сўр
| рӗтес етӗ
|-
|}
сўр - house<br>етӗ - dog
 
===Case===
 
{| class="wikitable"
! Case
! Affix
! colspan="3" | Example
|-
! {{wp|Nominative case|Nominative}}
| -∅
|аўa ||ҫив ||тур
|-
! {{wp|Dative case|Dative}}/{{wp|Genetive case|Genetive}}
| -нАн
|аўa'''нӑн''' ||ҫив'''нӗн''' ||тур'''нўн'''
|-
! Definite<br>{{wp|Accusative case|Accusative}}
| -А/й
|аўa'''й''' ||ҫив'''ӗ''' ||тур'''ў'''
|-
! {{wp|Locative case|Locative}}
| -тА
|аўa'''тӑ''' ||ҫив'''тӗ''' ||тур'''тў'''
|-
! {{wp|Ablative case|Ablative}}
| -(А)р
|аўa'''р''' ||ҫив'''ӗр''' ||тур'''ўр'''
|-
! {{wp|Allative case|Allative}}
| -(А)ть
|аўa'''ть''' ||ҫив'''ӗть''' ||тур'''ўть'''
|-
! {{wp|Instrumental case|Instrumental}}
| -ҫАн
|аўa'''ҫӑн''' ||ҫив'''ҫӗн''' ||тур'''ҫўн'''
|-
! {{wp|Abessive case|Abessive}}
| -ҫАр
|аўa'''ҫӑр''' ||ҫив'''ҫӗр''' ||тур'''ҫўр'''
|-
! {{wp|Vocative case|Vocative}}
| -/о, -e
|аў'''о''' ||ҫив'''е''' ||тур'''е'''
|-
|}
A - vowel harmony.<br>
аўa - air<br>ҫив - water<br>тур - earth
 
===Adjectives & Adverbs===
===Adjectives & Adverbs===
{{wp|Comparison (grammar)|Comparison}} forms of [[wikipedia:Adjective|Adjectives]] and [[wikipedia:Adverb|Adverbs]]:
* Positive - Bassic form of the word: big - кай
* Negative - Negation of the word: '''un'''big* - ре-кай
* Comparitive - Form for comparison relative to something: big'''ger''' - то-кай
* Superlative - Form showing absolute relative to a group: big'''gest''' - не-кай
==Verbs==
==Verbs==
===Person & Direction===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" | Person<br>(Do-er)
! colspan="2" | Direction<br>(Reciever)
|-
! Direct (ACC)
! Indirect (DAT)
|-
! 1S
| -(A)м
| -мА
| -мА<sup>2</sup>
|-
! 2S
| -(А)с
| -сА
| -сА<sup>2</sup>
|-
! 1P
| -(А)ме
| -мАм
| -мА<sup>2</sup>м
|-
! 2P
| -(А)се
| -сАм
| -сА<sup>2</sup>м
|-
! 3S/P
| -(А)в
| -вА
| -вА<sup>2</sup>
|-
! Reflexive
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| -хА
| -хА<sup>2</sup>
|-
|}
In sentances like "give him to me", the inderect pronoun goes before the direct one, i.e. it would literally translate as "give-to.me-him"
===Tense, Aspect, Mood===
===Tense, Aspect, Mood===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Tense
! colspan="5" | Mood
|-
! Indicative
! Imperative
! Conditional
! Presumptive
! Permissive
|-
! colspan="2" | Present
| -∅
| -и/й{{ref label|three|3}}
| -пАт
| -кАм
| -(А)сҫА
|-
! colspan="2" | Past
| -(А)ть
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| -(А)сҫАть
|-
! rowspan="2" | Past-participle
! Active
| -(А)ль
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| -пАтАль
| -кАмАль
| -(А)сҫАль
|-
! Passive
| -(А)нь
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| -пАтАнь
| -кАмАнь
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|-
! colspan="2" | Future
| -(А)х
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| -пАт
| -кАм
| -(А)сҫАх
|-
! colspan="2" | Past Future
| -(А)хАть
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| -(А)сҫАхАть
|-
|}
{{note|three|3}} Only appears in second person, where the second person marker dosen't appear.<br>
===Copula===
===Copula===
Copula dosent conjugate in literary [Placeholder] and most dialects.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! rowspan="2" | Tense
! colspan="5" | Mood
|-
! Indicative
! Imperative
! Conditional
! Presumptive
! Permissive
|-
! Present
| тӗ
| тӗй{{ref label|four|4}}
| тӗпӗт
| тӗкӗм
| тӗсҫӗ
|-
! Past
| тӗть
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| тӗсҫӗть
|-
! Past-participle
| тӗль
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| тӗпӗтӗль
| тӗпӗкӗм
| тӗсҫӗль
|-
! Future
| тӗх
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| тӗпӗт
| тӗкӗм
| тӗсҫӗх
|-
! Past Future
| тӗхӗть
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| тӗсҫӗхӗть
|-
|}
{{note|four|4}} Only appears in second person, where the second person marker dosen't appear.<br>
===Evidentiality===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!
! Affix
! Example
! Overliteral translation
|-
! Indicative
| -∅
| Ет пулӑкӑ яҫе
| "I know from my own observation that the dog ate the fish."
|-
! Inferential
| -(А)вА (copula)
| Ет пулӑкӑ яҫевӗ тӗ
| "The dog must have eaten the fish."{{ref label|five|5}}
|-
! Renarrative
| -(А)вА
| Ет пулӑкӑ яҫевӗ
| "I've been told that the dog ate the fish."
|-
! Dubitative
| -(А)вА ({{H:title|past participle|P.PTCP}} copula)
| Ет пулӑкӑ яҫевӗ тӗль
| "I've been told that the dog ate the fish, but I doubt it."
|-
|}
{{note|five|5}} The speaker did not witness it, but inferred it, for example, from the fact that the fish was missing and there was a pile of fish bones by the kennel.
===Verb-forming===
{| class="wikitable"
! Form !! Suffix !! Verb !! English Translation
|-
| Positive || -∅
| килӗм ||"I come", "I'm coming"
|-
| Negative || -рА
| кил'''рӗ'''м ||"I do not come", "I'm not coming"
|-
| Perfective || и/й-
| '''и'''килӗм ||"I come", "I'm coming"*
|-
| Necessitative || -мАҫ
| кил'''мӗҫ'''ӗм ||"I must come"
|-
| Potential || -(й)Ай
| кил'''ӗй'''м ||"I can come"
|-
| Impotential || -(й)АйрА
| кил'''ӗйрӗ'''м ||"I cannot come"
|-
| Conditional || -сА
| кил'''сӗ'''м ||"if only I came"
|-
| Cusative || -(й)А<sup>2</sup>т
| кил'''ит'''ӗм ||"I bring", Ï'm bringing"
|-
|}
=Numerals=
=Numerals=
==Cardinal numbers==
==Cardinal numbers==
==Ordinal numbers==
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: center"
==Fractional numbers==
|-
! №
! Word
|-
! 0
| нўл
|-
! 1
| пӗр
|-
! 2
| икке
|-
! 3
| виҫ
|-
! 4
| тавӑт
|-
! 5
| пиҫĕк
|-
! 6
| ўлта
|-
! 7
| ҫапте
|-
! 8
| сакӑр
|-
! 9
| тахӑр
|-
! 10
| вӗн
|-
! 11
| пӗр вӗнтӗ
|-
! 12
| иккӗ вӗнтӗ
|-
! 13
| виҫӗ вӗнтӗ
|-
! 14
| тавӑт вӗнтӗ
|-
! 15
| пиҫĕк вӗнтӗ
|-
! 16
| ўлта вӗнтӗ
|-
! 17
| ҫапте вӗнтӗ
|-
! 18
| сакӑр вӗнтӗ
|-
! 19
| тахӑр вӗнтӗ
|-
! 20
| иккӗвӗн
|-
! 21
| пӗр иккӗвӗнтӗ
|-
! 22
| иккӗ иккӗвӗнтӗ
|-
! 23
| виҫӗ иккӗвӗнтӗ
|-
! 24
| тавӑт иккӗвӗнтӗ
|-
! 25
| пиҫĕк иккӗвӗнтӗ
|-
! 30
| виҫӗвӗн
|-
! 40
| тавӑтвӗн
|-
! 50
| пиҫĕквӗн
|-
! 60
| ўлтавӗн
|-
! 70
| ҫаптевӗн
|-
! 80
| сакӑрвӗн
|-
! 90
| тахӑрвӗн
|-
! 100
| ҫĕр
|-
! 101
| пӗр ҫĕртӗ /<br>ҫĕр я пӗр
|-
! 110
| вӗн ҫĕртӗ /<br>ҫĕр я вӗн
|-
! 111
| ҫĕр я пӗр вӗнтӗ
|-
! 200
| иккӗҫĕр
|-
! 500
| пиҫĕкҫĕр
|-
! 1 000
| пӗнь
|-
! 1 999
| пӗнь тахӑрҫĕр<br>тахӑрвӗн я тахӑр
|-
! 2 000
| иккӗпӗнь
|-
! 5 000
| пиҫĕкпӗнь
|-
! 10 000
| равӑ
|-
! 1 000 000
| ҫĕрравӑ<br>(100 x 1 000) /<br>мильон
|-
|}
 
=Honorifics=
=Honorifics=
=Derevation=
=Derevation=
==Language Examples==
==Language Examples==
Derivation affixes:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Affix
! Used to create:
! Example
|-
| -(А<sup>2</sup>)р
| Agents of Verbs
| ура (tp step) → урар (foot)
|-
| -лАў
| Collective nouns
| киме (boat) → кимелӗў (port, harbor)
|-
| -(A)ч
| Nouns from Adjectives/Adverbs/Verbs
| хӗрлӗ (red) → хӗрлӗч (red color)
|-
| -(А)п
| Verbs from Adjectives/Adverbs/Nouns
| венне (fast) → веннеп (to go fast)
|-
| -ў
| Adjectives
| кўн (sun, day) → кўнў (sunny, dayly)
|-
| -йА<sup>2</sup>р
| Adjectives indicating lack of something
| сўр (house, home) → сўрюр (homeless)
|-
| -ҫА,-лA
| Adverbs
| киҫ (human) → киҫлӗ (humanly)<br>алте (happy) → алтеҫӗ (happily)
|-
| -(А)нчА
| Diminutive
| етӗ (dog) → етӗнчӗ (doggie, puppy)
|-
| -кА
| Augmentatives
| киме (boat) → кимекӗ (ship)
|-
| -ҫА<sup>2</sup>н
| Places, locations
| пӗрӗх (unity) → пӗрӗхҫти (union)
|-
| -тАвА
| Decendents (son of)
| Ҫечер (shepherd) → Ҫечертӗвӗ (son of a shepherd)
|-
| -
| Fractional numbers
|
|-
| -
| Ordinal numbers
|
|-
|}
=Dialects=
Tghok:
base words intermediet voiceless consonants -> voiced (ata -> ada)
y -> j
ă, ŭ, ĕ -> ə
ə lost in polysyllabic words between fricatives when possible (when theres two of it, the unstressed disapears) (səve -> sve)
words starting in voiced-voicless (vise-verse) -> voiced (sve -> zve)
ś -> h́
voiced consonant + voiceless affix -> voiced affix
vowel-h -> long vowel
ho in base words -> ə

Latest revision as of 16:20, 25 January 2022

Phonolohy

Consonants

Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar
Plosive/
Affricate 		plain p t t͡ɕ k
palatal pʲ tʲ kʲ
Fricative s ɕ x
Nasal m n nʲ
Approximant ʋ l lʲ j
Rhotic ɾ

Vowels

Tamir Tyulov
(1961)
Front Central back
Close i ɪ̈, ʊ u
Mid ʲe[1] ɤ̈ o
Open a
Λubomєr Џretyȝa
(1947)
Front back
Close i u, ŭ
Mid ʲɛ[1], ĕ ɔ
Open a, ă

^1 palatalized when it's the first sound of a word, or it comes after a vowel or consonants with palatal equivalents.

Vowels Harmony
type 1 type 2
Front i, ʲe, ɪ̈ ɪ̈ i
Back a, ɤ̈, ɤ̈ a
Round o, u, ʊ ʊ u

A - type1 vowel harmony
А2 - type 2 vowel harmony, which is used in some affixes like the clitic genitive pronouns and when creating new verbs via affixes.

Writing system

А а Ӑ ӑ Б б В в Г г Д д Е е Ӗ ӗ
Ж ж З з И и Й й К к Л л М м Н н
О о П п Р р С с Ҫ ҫ Т т У у Ў ў
Ф ф Х х Ц ц Ч ч Ш ш Ь ь Ю ю Я я


А а Ă ă B b C c Ć ć D d E e Ĕ ĕ
F f G g H h I i J j K k L l M m
N n O o P p Q q R r S s Ś ś T t
U u Ŭ ŭ V v W w X x Y y Z z


Order 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32
Cyrillic upper case А Ӑ Б В Г Д Е Ӗ Ж З И Й К Л М Н О П Р С Ҫ Т У Ў Ф Х Ц Ч Ш Ь Ю Я
Cyrillic lower case а ӑ б в г д е ӗ ж з и й к л м н о п р с ҫ т у ў ф х ц ч ш ь ю я
Latin upper case A Ă B V G D E Ĕ Ž Z I Y K L M N O P R S Ś T U Ŭ, U F H C Ć Š Y Yu Ya
Latin lower case a ă b v g d e ĕ ž z i y k l m n o p r s ś t u ŭ, u f h c ć š y yu ya
IPA sound a ɤ̈ b ʋ ɡ d ʲe ɪ̈ ʑ z i j k l m n o p ɾ s ɕ t u ʊ ʋ̥ x ts t͡ɕ ɕ ◌ʲ ju ja

Affixes don't effect the spelling of the stem.

Palatals

When CV When VCV When VC
ӑ, ӗ, о, и -а -у -е
/pʲ/ пь / py пя / pya пю / pyu пе / pe пп / pp пь / py
/tʲ/ ть / ty тя / tya тю / tyu те / te тт / tt ть / ty
/kʲ/ кь / ky кя / kya кю / kyu ке / ke кк / kk кь / ky
/nʲ/ нь / ny ня / nya ню / nyu не / ne нн / nn нь / ny
/lʲ/ ль / ly ля / lya лю / lyu ле / le лл / ll ль / ly

When the consonant is in the VCV possition, it gets pronounced longer, which is why it was chosed to be spelled as geminated rather than with -ь or -ю/я/е.
Affixes don't effect the spelling.

Gramar

Syntax

 SOV
 noun like adjectives
 possessee - possessor
 adjective - noun
 postpossitions

Pronouns

Number and Person Nominative Dative / Genetive Accusative Locative Ablative Allative Instrumental Abessive
stressed clitic dative clitic genitive stressed clitic
Singular First Пӗ Пӗн -мА2 -(й)А2м Пӗй -мА Пӗтӗ Пӗр Пӗть Пӗҫӗн Пӗҫӗр
Second Сӗ Сӗн -сА2 -(й)А2н Сӗй -сА Сӗтӗ Сӗр Сӗть Сӗҫӗн Сӗҫӗр
Plural First Пӗме Пӗмен -мА2м -(й)А2мА Пӗмей -мАм Пӗметӗ Пӗмер Пӗметь Пӗмеҫӗн Пӗмеҫӗр
Second Сӗме Сӗмен -сА2м -(й)А2нА Сӗмей -сАм Сӗметӗ Сӗмер Сӗметь Сӗмеҫӗн Сӗмеҫӗр
Third[2] Во Вон -вА2 -(й)А2 Вой -вА Вотў Вор Воть Воҫўн Воҫўр
Reflexive
(Self) 		Хӑн Хӑнӑн -хА2 -(й)А2х Хӑнӑ -хА Хӑнтӑ Хӑнӑр Хӑнӑть Хӑнҫӑн Хӑнҫӑр

^2 There's no singlular or plural distinction of the third person pronouns besides contextual.

Nouns

Number & Definitiness

Grammatical number is implied by the speaker, in the context of singular usually the indefinite article is used, while the definite is also used in the plural context too.

Article Example
Indefinite
Singular 		ӗ/ӗн ӗ сўр ӗн етӗ
Definite /
Plural 		-∅ сўр ет
Partitive тес тес сўр тес етӗ
Negative
Indefinite
Singular 		рӗ/рӗн рӗ сўр рӗн етӗ
Negative
Partitive 		рӗтес рӗтес сўр рӗтес етӗ

сўр - house
етӗ - dog

Case

Case Affix Example
Nominative -∅ аўa ҫив тур
Dative/Genetive -нАн аўaнӑн ҫивнӗн турнўн
Definite
Accusative 		-А/й аўaй ҫивӗ турў
Locative -тА аўaтӑ ҫивтӗ туртў
Ablative -(А)р аўaр ҫивӗр турўр
Allative -(А)ть аўaть ҫивӗть турўть
Instrumental -ҫАн аўaҫӑн ҫивҫӗн турҫўн
Abessive -ҫАр аўaҫӑр ҫивҫӗр турҫўр
Vocative -/о, -e аўо ҫиве туре

A - vowel harmony.
аўa - air
ҫив - water
тур - earth

Adjectives & Adverbs

Comparison forms of Adjectives and Adverbs:

  • Positive - Bassic form of the word: big - кай
  • Negative - Negation of the word: unbig* - ре-кай
  • Comparitive - Form for comparison relative to something: bigger - то-кай
  • Superlative - Form showing absolute relative to a group: biggest - не-кай

Verbs

Person & Direction

Person
(Do-er) 		Direction
(Reciever)
Direct (ACC) Indirect (DAT)
1S -(A)м -мА -мА2
2S -(А)с -сА -сА2
1P -(А)ме -мАм -мА2м
2P -(А)се -сАм -сА2м
3S/P -(А)в -вА -вА2
Reflexive -хА -хА2

In sentances like "give him to me", the inderect pronoun goes before the direct one, i.e. it would literally translate as "give-to.me-him"

Tense, Aspect, Mood

Tense Mood
Indicative Imperative Conditional Presumptive Permissive
Present -∅ -и/й[3] -пАт -кАм -(А)сҫА
Past -(А)ть -(А)сҫАть
Past-participle Active -(А)ль -пАтАль -кАмАль -(А)сҫАль
Passive -(А)нь -пАтАнь -кАмАнь
Future -(А)х -пАт -кАм -(А)сҫАх
Past Future -(А)хАть -(А)сҫАхАть

^3 Only appears in second person, where the second person marker dosen't appear.

Copula

Copula dosent conjugate in literary [Placeholder] and most dialects.

Tense Mood
Indicative Imperative Conditional Presumptive Permissive
Present тӗ тӗй[4] тӗпӗт тӗкӗм тӗсҫӗ
Past тӗть тӗсҫӗть
Past-participle тӗль тӗпӗтӗль тӗпӗкӗм тӗсҫӗль
Future тӗх тӗпӗт тӗкӗм тӗсҫӗх
Past Future тӗхӗть тӗсҫӗхӗть

^4 Only appears in second person, where the second person marker dosen't appear.

Evidentiality

Affix Example Overliteral translation
Indicative -∅ Ет пулӑкӑ яҫе "I know from my own observation that the dog ate the fish."
Inferential -(А)вА (copula) Ет пулӑкӑ яҫевӗ тӗ "The dog must have eaten the fish."[5]
Renarrative -(А)вА Ет пулӑкӑ яҫевӗ "I've been told that the dog ate the fish."
Dubitative -(А)вА (P.PTCP copula) Ет пулӑкӑ яҫевӗ тӗль "I've been told that the dog ate the fish, but I doubt it."

^5 The speaker did not witness it, but inferred it, for example, from the fact that the fish was missing and there was a pile of fish bones by the kennel.

Verb-forming

Form Suffix Verb English Translation
Positive -∅ килӗм "I come", "I'm coming"
Negative -рА килрӗм "I do not come", "I'm not coming"
Perfective и/й- икилӗм "I come", "I'm coming"*
Necessitative -мАҫ килмӗҫӗм "I must come"
Potential -(й)Ай килӗйм "I can come"
Impotential -(й)АйрА килӗйрӗм "I cannot come"
Conditional -сА килсӗм "if only I came"
Cusative -(й)А2т килитӗм "I bring", Ï'm bringing"

Numerals

Cardinal numbers

№ Word
0 нўл
1 пӗр
2 икке
3 виҫ
4 тавӑт
5 пиҫĕк
6 ўлта
7 ҫапте
8 сакӑр
9 тахӑр
10 вӗн
11 пӗр вӗнтӗ
12 иккӗ вӗнтӗ
13 виҫӗ вӗнтӗ
14 тавӑт вӗнтӗ
15 пиҫĕк вӗнтӗ
16 ўлта вӗнтӗ
17 ҫапте вӗнтӗ
18 сакӑр вӗнтӗ
19 тахӑр вӗнтӗ
20 иккӗвӗн
21 пӗр иккӗвӗнтӗ
22 иккӗ иккӗвӗнтӗ
23 виҫӗ иккӗвӗнтӗ
24 тавӑт иккӗвӗнтӗ
25 пиҫĕк иккӗвӗнтӗ
30 виҫӗвӗн
40 тавӑтвӗн
50 пиҫĕквӗн
60 ўлтавӗн
70 ҫаптевӗн
80 сакӑрвӗн
90 тахӑрвӗн
100 ҫĕр
101 пӗр ҫĕртӗ /
ҫĕр я пӗр
110 вӗн ҫĕртӗ /
ҫĕр я вӗн
111 ҫĕр я пӗр вӗнтӗ
200 иккӗҫĕр
500 пиҫĕкҫĕр
1 000 пӗнь
1 999 пӗнь тахӑрҫĕр
тахӑрвӗн я тахӑр
2 000 иккӗпӗнь
5 000 пиҫĕкпӗнь
10 000 равӑ
1 000 000 ҫĕрравӑ
(100 x 1 000) /
мильон

Honorifics

Derevation

Language Examples

Derivation affixes:

Affix Used to create: Example
-(А2)р Agents of Verbs ура (tp step) → урар (foot)
-лАў Collective nouns киме (boat) → кимелӗў (port, harbor)
-(A)ч Nouns from Adjectives/Adverbs/Verbs хӗрлӗ (red) → хӗрлӗч (red color)
-(А)п Verbs from Adjectives/Adverbs/Nouns венне (fast) → веннеп (to go fast)
-ў Adjectives кўн (sun, day) → кўнў (sunny, dayly)
-йА2р Adjectives indicating lack of something сўр (house, home) → сўрюр (homeless)
-ҫА,-лA Adverbs киҫ (human) → киҫлӗ (humanly)
алте (happy) → алтеҫӗ (happily)
-(А)нчА Diminutive етӗ (dog) → етӗнчӗ (doggie, puppy)
-кА Augmentatives киме (boat) → кимекӗ (ship)
-ҫА2н Places, locations пӗрӗх (unity) → пӗрӗхҫти (union)
-тАвА Decendents (son of) Ҫечер (shepherd) → Ҫечертӗвӗ (son of a shepherd)
- Fractional numbers
- Ordinal numbers

Dialects

Tghok:
base words intermediet voiceless consonants -> voiced (ata -> ada)
y -> j
ă, ŭ, ĕ -> ə
ə lost in polysyllabic words between fricatives when possible (when theres two of it, the unstressed disapears) (səve -> sve)
words starting in voiced-voicless (vise-verse) -> voiced (sve -> zve)
ś -> h́
voiced consonant + voiceless affix -> voiced affix
vowel-h -> long vowel
ho in base words -> ə
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