User:Native Qazh/Sandbox6: Difference between revisions

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Line 225: Line 225:
|A ||Ă ||style="background:#E8E8E8" |B ||V ||style="background:#E8E8E8" |G ||style="background:#E8E8E8" |D ||E ||Ĕ ||style="background:#E8E8E8" |Ž ||style="background:#E8E8E8" |Z  
|A ||Ă ||style="background:#E8E8E8" |B ||V ||style="background:#E8E8E8" |G ||style="background:#E8E8E8" |D ||E ||Ĕ ||style="background:#E8E8E8" |Ž ||style="background:#E8E8E8" |Z  
|I ||Y ||K ||L ||M ||N ||O ||P ||R ||S  
|I ||Y ||K ||L ||M ||N ||O ||P ||R ||S  
|Ś ||T ||U ||Ŭ ||style="background:#E8E8E8" |F ||H ||style="background:#E8E8E8" |C ||Ć ||style="background:#E8E8E8" |Š ||Y
|Ś ||T ||U ||Ŭ, U ||style="background:#E8E8E8" |F ||H ||style="background:#E8E8E8" |C ||Ć ||style="background:#E8E8E8" |Š ||Y
|Yu ||Ya
|Yu ||Ya
|-
|-
Line 231: Line 231:
|a ||ă ||style="background:#E8E8E8" |b ||v ||style="background:#E8E8E8" |g ||style="background:#E8E8E8" |d ||e ||ĕ ||style="background:#E8E8E8" |ž ||style="background:#E8E8E8" |z  
|a ||ă ||style="background:#E8E8E8" |b ||v ||style="background:#E8E8E8" |g ||style="background:#E8E8E8" |d ||e ||ĕ ||style="background:#E8E8E8" |ž ||style="background:#E8E8E8" |z  
|i ||y ||k ||l ||m ||n ||o ||p ||r ||s  
|i ||y ||k ||l ||m ||n ||o ||p ||r ||s  
|ś ||t ||u ||ŭ ||style="background:#E8E8E8" |f ||h ||style="background:#E8E8E8" |c ||ć ||style="background:#E8E8E8" |š ||y
|ś ||t ||u ||ŭ, u ||style="background:#E8E8E8" |f ||h ||style="background:#E8E8E8" |c ||ć ||style="background:#E8E8E8" |š ||y
|yu ||ya
|yu ||ya
|-
|-
Line 276: Line 276:
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |  
! rowspan="2" |  
! colspan="4" | When C-
! colspan="4" | When CV
! rowspan="2" | When -C-
! rowspan="2" | When VCV
! rowspan="2" | When -C
! rowspan="2" | When VC
|-
|-
! ӑ, ӗ, о, и
! ӑ, ӗ, о, и
Line 311: Line 311:
|-
|-
|}
|}
When the consonant is in the -C- possition, it gets pronounced longer, which is why it was chosed to be spelled as geminated rather than with -ь or -ю/я/е.<br>
When the consonant is in the VCV possition, it gets pronounced longer, which is why it was chosed to be spelled as geminated rather than with -ь or -ю/я/е.<br>
Affixes don't effect the spelling.
Affixes don't effect the spelling.


Line 345: Line 345:
| Пӗ
| Пӗ
| Пӗн
| Пӗн
| -'мА<sup>2</sup>
| -мА<sup>2</sup>
| -(й)А<sup>2</sup>м
| -(й)А<sup>2</sup>м
| Пӗй
| Пӗй
| -'мА
| -мА
| Пӗтӗ
| Пӗтӗ
| Пӗр
| Пӗр
Line 358: Line 358:
| Сӗ
| Сӗ
| Сӗн
| Сӗн
| -'сА<sup>2</sup>
| -сА<sup>2</sup>
| -(й)А<sup>2</sup>н
| -(й)А<sup>2</sup>н
| Сӗй
| Сӗй
| -'сА
| -сА
| Сӗтӗ
| Сӗтӗ
| Сӗр
| Сӗр
Line 372: Line 372:
| Пӗме
| Пӗме
| Пӗмен
| Пӗмен
| -'мА<sup>2</sup>м
| -мА<sup>2</sup>м
| -(й)А<sup>2</sup>мА<sup>2</sup>
| -(й)А<sup>2</sup>мА
| Пӗмей
| Пӗмей
| -'мАм
| -мАм
| Пӗметӗ
| Пӗметӗ
| Пӗмер
| Пӗмер
Line 385: Line 385:
| Сӗме
| Сӗме
| Сӗмен
| Сӗмен
| -'сА<sup>2</sup>м
| -сА<sup>2</sup>м
| -(й)А<sup>2</sup>нА<sup>2</sup>
| -(й)А<sup>2</sup>нА
| Сӗмей
| Сӗмей
| -'сАм
| -сАм
| Сӗметӗ
| Сӗметӗ
| Сӗмер
| Сӗмер
Line 398: Line 398:
| Во
| Во
| Вон
| Вон
| -'вА<sup>2</sup>
| -вА<sup>2</sup>
| -(й)А<sup>2</sup>
| -(й)А<sup>2</sup>
| Вой
| Вой
| -'вА
| -вА
| Вотў
| Вотў
| Вор
| Вор
Line 408: Line 408:
| Воҫўр
| Воҫўр
|-
|-
! colspan="2" | Self
! colspan="2" | Reflexive<br>(Self)
| Хӑн
| Хӑн
| Хӑнӑн
| Хӑнӑн
| -'хА<sup>2</sup>
| -хА<sup>2</sup>
| -'(й)А<sup>2</sup>х
| -(й)А<sup>2</sup>х
| Хӑнӑ
| Хӑнӑ
| -'хА
| -хА
| Хӑнтӑ
| Хӑнтӑ
| Хӑнӑр
| Хӑнӑр
Line 432: Line 432:
! colspan="2" | Example
! colspan="2" | Example
|-
|-
! Indefinite
! Indefinite<br>Singular
| ӗ/ӗн
| ӗ/ӗн
| ӗ сўр
| ӗ сўр
| ӗн етӗ
| ӗн етӗ
|-
|-
! Definite
! Definite /<br>Plural
| -Aп/пА
| -∅
| сўр'''ўп
| сўр
| етӗ'''пӗ
| ет
|-
|-
! Partitive
! Partitive
Line 447: Line 447:
| тес етӗ
| тес етӗ
|-
|-
! Negative<br>Indefinite
! colspan="4" |
|-
! Negative<br>Indefinite<br>Singular
| рӗ/рӗн
| рӗ/рӗн
| рӗ сўр
| рӗ сўр
| рӗн етӗ
| рӗн етӗ
|-
! Negative<br>Definite
| рӗпӗ/рӗнӗп
| рӗпӗ сўр
| рӗнӗп етӗ
|-
|-
! Negative<br>Partitive
! Negative<br>Partitive
Line 477: Line 474:
|-
|-
! {{wp|Dative case|Dative}}/{{wp|Genetive case|Genetive}}
! {{wp|Dative case|Dative}}/{{wp|Genetive case|Genetive}}
| -(А)н
| -нАн
|аўa'''н''' ||ҫив'''ӗн''' ||тур'''ўн'''
|аўa'''нӑн''' ||ҫив'''нӗн''' ||тур'''нўн'''
|-
|-
! {{wp|Accusative case|Accusative}}
! Definite<br>{{wp|Accusative case|Accusative}}
| -А/й
| -А/й
|аўa'''й''' ||ҫив'''ӗ''' ||тур'''ў'''  
|аўa'''й''' ||ҫив'''ӗ''' ||тур'''ў'''  
Line 525: Line 522:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
|a
! rowspan="2" |  
! rowspan="2" | Person<br>(Do-er)
! colspan="2" | Direction<br>(Reciever)
|-
! Direct (ACC)
! Indirect (DAT)
|-
! 1S
| -(A)м
| -мА
| -мА<sup>2</sup>
|-
! 2S
| -(А)с
| -сА
| -сА<sup>2</sup>
|-
! 1P
| -(А)ме
| -мАм
| -мА<sup>2</sup>м
|-
! 2P
| -(А)се
| -сАм
| -сА<sup>2</sup>м
|-
! 3S/P
| -(А)в
| -вА
| -вА<sup>2</sup>
|-
! Reflexive
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| -хА
| -хА<sup>2</sup>
|-
|-
|}
|}
In sentances like "give him to me", the inderect pronoun goes before the direct one, i.e. it would literally translate as "give-to.me-him"


===Tense, Aspect, Mood===
===Tense, Aspect, Mood===
Line 589: Line 622:


===Copula===
===Copula===
Copula dosent conjugate in literary [Placeholder] and most dialects.
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
! colspan="3" | Number &<br>Person
! rowspan="2" | Tense
! past-<br>participle<br>(been)
! colspan="5" | Mood
! Past (was)
! Present<br>(am)
! Future<br>(will be)
! Past Future<br>(was going to be)
! Aorist<br>(would)
! Imperative<br>(be!)
|-
|-
! rowspan="3" | Singular
! Indicative
! colspan="2" | First
! Imperative
| те{{color|blue|л}} {{color|green|тем}}
! Conditional
| те{{color|blue|ть}}{{color|#9A0000|ӗм}}
! Presumptive
| те{{color|#9A0000|м}}
! Permissive
| те{{color|blue|вх}}{{color|#9A0000|ӗм}}
| те{{color|blue|вхӗть}}{{color|#9A0000|ӗм}}
| те{{color|blue|к}}{{color|#9A0000|ӗм}}
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|-
|-
! colspan="2" | Second
! Present
| те{{color|blue|л}} {{color|green|теҫ}}
| тӗ
| те{{color|blue|ть}}{{color|#9A0000|ӗҫ}}
| тӗй{{ref label|four|4}}
| те{{color|#9A0000|ҫ}}
| тӗпӗт
| те{{color|blue|вх}}{{color|#9A0000|ӗҫ}}
| тӗкӗм
| те{{color|blue|вхӗть}}{{color|#9A0000|ӗҫ}}
| тӗсҫӗ
| те{{color|blue|к}}{{color|#9A0000|ӗҫ}}
| те{{color|blue|й}}
|-
|-
! colspan="2" | Third
! Past
| те{{color|blue|л}} {{color|green|те}}
| тӗть
| те{{color|blue|ть}}
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |  
| те
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |  
| те{{color|blue|вӗх}}
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |  
| те{{color|blue|вхӗть}}
| тӗсҫӗть
| те{{color|blue|к}}
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|-
|-
! rowspan="4" | Plural
! Past-participle
! colspan="2" | First
| тӗль
| те{{color|blue|л}} {{color|green|темчӗ}}
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |  
| те{{color|blue|ть}}{{color|#9A0000|ӗмчӗ}}
| тӗпӗтӗль
| те{{color|#9A0000|мчӗ}}
| тӗпӗкӗм
| те{{color|blue|вх}}{{color|#9A0000|ӗмчӗ}}
| тӗсҫӗль
| те{{color|blue|вхӗть}}{{color|#9A0000|ӗмчӗ}}
| те{{color|blue|к}}{{color|#9A0000|ӗмчӗ}}
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|-
|-
! colspan="2" | Second
! Future
| те{{color|blue|л}} {{color|green|теҫчӗ}}
| тӗх
| те{{color|blue|ть}}{{color|#9A0000|ӗҫчӗ}}
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |  
| те{{color|#9A0000|ҫчӗ}}
| тӗпӗт
| те{{color|blue|вх}}{{color|#9A0000|ӗҫчӗ}}
| тӗкӗм
| те{{color|blue|вхӗть}}{{color|#9A0000|ӗҫчӗ}}
| тӗсҫӗх
| те{{color|blue|к}}{{color|#9A0000|ӗҫчӗ}}
| те{{color|blue|й}}{{color|#9A0000|ч}}
|-
|-
! colspan="2" | Third
! Past Future
| те{{color|blue|л}} {{color|green|теч}}
| тӗхӗть
| те{{color|blue|ть}}{{color|#9A0000|ӗч}}
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |  
| те{{color|#9A0000|ч}}
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |  
| те{{color|blue|вх}}{{color|#9A0000|ӗч}}
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |  
| те{{color|blue|вхӗть}}{{color|#9A0000|ӗч}}
| тӗсҫӗхӗть
| те{{color|blue|к}}{{color|#9A0000|ӗч}}
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|-
|-
|}
|}
Black - stem; {{color|#9A0000|Red}} - person/number; {{color|blue|Blue}} - tense/aspect/mood; {{color|green|Green}} - copula.
{{note|four|4}} Only appears in second person, where the second person marker dosen't appear.<br>


===Evidentiality===
===Evidentiality===
Line 668: Line 682:
|-
|-
! Indicative
! Indicative
|  
| -∅
|  
| Ет пулӑкӑ яҫе
|  
| "I know from my own observation that the dog ate the fish."
|-
|-
! Inferential
! Inferential
|  
| -(А)вА (copula)
|  
| Ет пулӑкӑ яҫевӗ тӗ
|  
| "The dog must have eaten the fish."{{ref label|five|5}}
|-
|-
! Renarrative
! Renarrative
|  
| -(А)вА
|  
| Ет пулӑкӑ яҫевӗ
|  
| "I've been told that the dog ate the fish."
|-
|-
! Dubitative
! Dubitative
|  
| -(А)вА ({{H:title|past participle|P.PTCP}} copula)
|  
| Ет пулӑкӑ яҫевӗ тӗль
|  
| "I've been told that the dog ate the fish, but I doubt it."
|-
|-
|}
|}
{{note|five|5}} The speaker did not witness it, but inferred it, for example, from the fact that the fish was missing and there was a pile of fish bones by the kennel.


===Derivation===
===Verb-forming===
{| class="wikitable"
! Verb affix
! colspan="2" | Example
|-
| -{{color|blue|лА<sup>2</sup>}}
| ке (light)<br> сўс (word)
| ке{{color|blue|ли}} (to glow)<br> сўс{{color|blue|лу}} (to talk)
|}


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! Form !! Suffix !! Verb !! English Translation
! Form !! Suffix !! Verb !! English Translation
|-
|-
| Positive || -{{color|blue|∅}}
| Positive || -∅
| килӗм ||"I come", "I'm coming"
| килӗм ||"I come", "I'm coming"
|-
|-
| Negative || -{{color|blue|рА}}
| Negative || -рА
| кил{{color|blue|рӗ}}м ||"I do not come", "I'm not coming"
| кил'''рӗ'''м ||"I do not come", "I'm not coming"
|-  
|-  
| Perfective || {{color|blue|о(й)}}-
| Perfective || и/й-
| {{color|blue|о}}килӗм ||"I come", "I'm coming"*
| '''и'''килӗм ||"I come", "I'm coming"*
|-
|-
| Necessitative || -{{color|blue|мАҫ}}
| Necessitative || -мАҫ
| кил{{color|blue|мӗҫ}}ӗм ||"I must come"
| кил'''мӗҫ'''ӗм ||"I must come"
|-
|-
| Potential || -{{color|blue|(й)Ай}}
| Potential || -(й)Ай
| кил{{color|blue|ӗй}}м ||"I can come"
| кил'''ӗй'''м ||"I can come"
|-
|-
| Impotential || -{{color|blue|(й)АйрА}}
| Impotential || -(й)АйрА
| кил{{color|blue|ӗйрӗ}}м ||"I cannot come"
| кил'''ӗйрӗ'''м ||"I cannot come"
|-
|-
| Conditional || -{{color|blue|сА}}
| Conditional || -сА
| кил{{color|blue|сӗ}}м ||"if only I came"
| кил'''сӗ'''м ||"if only I came"
|-
|-
| Cusative || -{{color|blue|(й)А<sup>2</sup>т}}
| Cusative || -(й)А<sup>2</sup>т
| кил{{color|blue|ит}}ӗм ||"I bring", Ï'm bringing"
| кил'''ит'''ӗм ||"I bring", Ï'm bringing"
|-
|-
|}
|}
Line 871: Line 878:
|-
|-
|}
|}
==Ordinal numbers==
==Fractional numbers==


=Honorifics=
=Honorifics=
Line 890: Line 893:
| ура (tp step) → урар (foot)
| ура (tp step) → урар (foot)
|-
|-
|  
| -лАў
| Collective nouns
| Collective nouns
|  
| киме (boat) → кимелӗў (port, harbor)
|-
|-
| -(A)ч
| -(A)ч
Line 898: Line 901:
| хӗрлӗ (red) → хӗрлӗч (red color)
| хӗрлӗ (red) → хӗрлӗч (red color)
|-
|-
| -(А)кь
| -(А)п
| Verbs from Adjectives/Adverbs/Nouns
| Verbs from Adjectives/Adverbs/Nouns
| венне (fast) → веннекь (to go fast)
| венне (fast) → веннеп (to go fast)
|-
|-
| -ь/и/й
| -ў
| Adjectives
| Adjectives
| кўн (sun) → кўнь (sunny)
| кўн (sun, day) → кўнў (sunny, dayly)
|-
|-
| -йА<sup>2</sup>р
| -йА<sup>2</sup>р
Line 910: Line 913:
| сўр (house, home) → сўрюр (homeless)
| сўр (house, home) → сўрюр (homeless)
|-
|-
| -лA
| -ҫА,-лA
| Adverbs
| Adverbs
| алте (happy) → алтелӗ (happily)
| киҫ (human) → киҫлӗ (humanly)<br>алте (happy) → алтеҫӗ (happily)
|-
|-
| -(А)нчА
| -(А)нчА
Line 922: Line 925:
| киме (boat) → кимекӗ (ship)
| киме (boat) → кимекӗ (ship)
|-
|-
| -ҫтА<sup>2</sup>
| -ҫА<sup>2</sup>н
| Places, locations
| Places, locations
| пӗрӗх (unity) → пӗрӗхҫти (union)
| пӗрӗх (unity) → пӗрӗхҫти (union)
|-
|-
|  
| -тАвА
| Inhabitants
| Decendents (son of)
| Ҫечер (shepherd) → Ҫечертӗвӗ (son of a shepherd)
|-
| -
| Fractional numbers
|  
|  
|-
|-
|  
| -
| Decendents (Sirnames)
| Ordinal numbers
|  
|  
|-
|-
|}
|}
=Dialects=
Tghok:
base words intermediet voiceless consonants -> voiced (ata -> ada)
y -> j
ă, ŭ, ĕ -> ə
ə lost in polysyllabic words between fricatives when possible (when theres two of it, the unstressed disapears) (səve -> sve)
words starting in voiced-voicless (vise-verse) -> voiced (sve -> zve)
ś -> h́
voiced consonant + voiceless affix -> voiced affix
vowel-h -> long vowel
ho in base words -> ə

Latest revision as of 16:20, 25 January 2022

Phonolohy

Consonants

Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar
Plosive/
Affricate 		plain p t t͡ɕ k
palatal pʲ tʲ kʲ
Fricative s ɕ x
Nasal m n nʲ
Approximant ʋ l lʲ j
Rhotic ɾ

Vowels

Tamir Tyulov
(1961)
Front Central back
Close i ɪ̈, ʊ u
Mid ʲe[1] ɤ̈ o
Open a
Λubomєr Џretyȝa
(1947)
Front back
Close i u, ŭ
Mid ʲɛ[1], ĕ ɔ
Open a, ă

^1 palatalized when it's the first sound of a word, or it comes after a vowel or consonants with palatal equivalents.

Vowels Harmony
type 1 type 2
Front i, ʲe, ɪ̈ ɪ̈ i
Back a, ɤ̈, ɤ̈ a
Round o, u, ʊ ʊ u

A - type1 vowel harmony
А2 - type 2 vowel harmony, which is used in some affixes like the clitic genitive pronouns and when creating new verbs via affixes.

Writing system

А а Ӑ ӑ Б б В в Г г Д д Е е Ӗ ӗ
Ж ж З з И и Й й К к Л л М м Н н
О о П п Р р С с Ҫ ҫ Т т У у Ў ў
Ф ф Х х Ц ц Ч ч Ш ш Ь ь Ю ю Я я


А а Ă ă B b C c Ć ć D d E e Ĕ ĕ
F f G g H h I i J j K k L l M m
N n O o P p Q q R r S s Ś ś T t
U u Ŭ ŭ V v W w X x Y y Z z


Order 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32
Cyrillic upper case А Ӑ Б В Г Д Е Ӗ Ж З И Й К Л М Н О П Р С Ҫ Т У Ў Ф Х Ц Ч Ш Ь Ю Я
Cyrillic lower case а ӑ б в г д е ӗ ж з и й к л м н о п р с ҫ т у ў ф х ц ч ш ь ю я
Latin upper case A Ă B V G D E Ĕ Ž Z I Y K L M N O P R S Ś T U Ŭ, U F H C Ć Š Y Yu Ya
Latin lower case a ă b v g d e ĕ ž z i y k l m n o p r s ś t u ŭ, u f h c ć š y yu ya
IPA sound a ɤ̈ b ʋ ɡ d ʲe ɪ̈ ʑ z i j k l m n o p ɾ s ɕ t u ʊ ʋ̥ x ts t͡ɕ ɕ ◌ʲ ju ja

Affixes don't effect the spelling of the stem.

Palatals

When CV When VCV When VC
ӑ, ӗ, о, и -а -у -е
/pʲ/ пь / py пя / pya пю / pyu пе / pe пп / pp пь / py
/tʲ/ ть / ty тя / tya тю / tyu те / te тт / tt ть / ty
/kʲ/ кь / ky кя / kya кю / kyu ке / ke кк / kk кь / ky
/nʲ/ нь / ny ня / nya ню / nyu не / ne нн / nn нь / ny
/lʲ/ ль / ly ля / lya лю / lyu ле / le лл / ll ль / ly

When the consonant is in the VCV possition, it gets pronounced longer, which is why it was chosed to be spelled as geminated rather than with -ь or -ю/я/е.
Affixes don't effect the spelling.

Gramar

Syntax

 SOV
 noun like adjectives
 possessee - possessor
 adjective - noun
 postpossitions

Pronouns

Number and Person Nominative Dative / Genetive Accusative Locative Ablative Allative Instrumental Abessive
stressed clitic dative clitic genitive stressed clitic
Singular First Пӗ Пӗн -мА2 -(й)А2м Пӗй -мА Пӗтӗ Пӗр Пӗть Пӗҫӗн Пӗҫӗр
Second Сӗ Сӗн -сА2 -(й)А2н Сӗй -сА Сӗтӗ Сӗр Сӗть Сӗҫӗн Сӗҫӗр
Plural First Пӗме Пӗмен -мА2м -(й)А2мА Пӗмей -мАм Пӗметӗ Пӗмер Пӗметь Пӗмеҫӗн Пӗмеҫӗр
Second Сӗме Сӗмен -сА2м -(й)А2нА Сӗмей -сАм Сӗметӗ Сӗмер Сӗметь Сӗмеҫӗн Сӗмеҫӗр
Third[2] Во Вон -вА2 -(й)А2 Вой -вА Вотў Вор Воть Воҫўн Воҫўр
Reflexive
(Self) 		Хӑн Хӑнӑн -хА2 -(й)А2х Хӑнӑ -хА Хӑнтӑ Хӑнӑр Хӑнӑть Хӑнҫӑн Хӑнҫӑр

^2 There's no singlular or plural distinction of the third person pronouns besides contextual.

Nouns

Number & Definitiness

Grammatical number is implied by the speaker, in the context of singular usually the indefinite article is used, while the definite is also used in the plural context too.

Article Example
Indefinite
Singular 		ӗ/ӗн ӗ сўр ӗн етӗ
Definite /
Plural 		-∅ сўр ет
Partitive тес тес сўр тес етӗ
Negative
Indefinite
Singular 		рӗ/рӗн рӗ сўр рӗн етӗ
Negative
Partitive 		рӗтес рӗтес сўр рӗтес етӗ

сўр - house
етӗ - dog

Case

Case Affix Example
Nominative -∅ аўa ҫив тур
Dative/Genetive -нАн аўaнӑн ҫивнӗн турнўн
Definite
Accusative 		-А/й аўaй ҫивӗ турў
Locative -тА аўaтӑ ҫивтӗ туртў
Ablative -(А)р аўaр ҫивӗр турўр
Allative -(А)ть аўaть ҫивӗть турўть
Instrumental -ҫАн аўaҫӑн ҫивҫӗн турҫўн
Abessive -ҫАр аўaҫӑр ҫивҫӗр турҫўр
Vocative -/о, -e аўо ҫиве туре

A - vowel harmony.
аўa - air
ҫив - water
тур - earth

Adjectives & Adverbs

Comparison forms of Adjectives and Adverbs:

  • Positive - Bassic form of the word: big - кай
  • Negative - Negation of the word: unbig* - ре-кай
  • Comparitive - Form for comparison relative to something: bigger - то-кай
  • Superlative - Form showing absolute relative to a group: biggest - не-кай

Verbs

Person & Direction

Person
(Do-er) 		Direction
(Reciever)
Direct (ACC) Indirect (DAT)
1S -(A)м -мА -мА2
2S -(А)с -сА -сА2
1P -(А)ме -мАм -мА2м
2P -(А)се -сАм -сА2м
3S/P -(А)в -вА -вА2
Reflexive -хА -хА2

In sentances like "give him to me", the inderect pronoun goes before the direct one, i.e. it would literally translate as "give-to.me-him"

Tense, Aspect, Mood

Tense Mood
Indicative Imperative Conditional Presumptive Permissive
Present -∅ -и/й[3] -пАт -кАм -(А)сҫА
Past -(А)ть -(А)сҫАть
Past-participle Active -(А)ль -пАтАль -кАмАль -(А)сҫАль
Passive -(А)нь -пАтАнь -кАмАнь
Future -(А)х -пАт -кАм -(А)сҫАх
Past Future -(А)хАть -(А)сҫАхАть

^3 Only appears in second person, where the second person marker dosen't appear.

Copula

Copula dosent conjugate in literary [Placeholder] and most dialects.

Tense Mood
Indicative Imperative Conditional Presumptive Permissive
Present тӗ тӗй[4] тӗпӗт тӗкӗм тӗсҫӗ
Past тӗть тӗсҫӗть
Past-participle тӗль тӗпӗтӗль тӗпӗкӗм тӗсҫӗль
Future тӗх тӗпӗт тӗкӗм тӗсҫӗх
Past Future тӗхӗть тӗсҫӗхӗть

^4 Only appears in second person, where the second person marker dosen't appear.

Evidentiality

Affix Example Overliteral translation
Indicative -∅ Ет пулӑкӑ яҫе "I know from my own observation that the dog ate the fish."
Inferential -(А)вА (copula) Ет пулӑкӑ яҫевӗ тӗ "The dog must have eaten the fish."[5]
Renarrative -(А)вА Ет пулӑкӑ яҫевӗ "I've been told that the dog ate the fish."
Dubitative -(А)вА (P.PTCP copula) Ет пулӑкӑ яҫевӗ тӗль "I've been told that the dog ate the fish, but I doubt it."

^5 The speaker did not witness it, but inferred it, for example, from the fact that the fish was missing and there was a pile of fish bones by the kennel.

Verb-forming

Form Suffix Verb English Translation
Positive -∅ килӗм "I come", "I'm coming"
Negative -рА килрӗм "I do not come", "I'm not coming"
Perfective и/й- икилӗм "I come", "I'm coming"*
Necessitative -мАҫ килмӗҫӗм "I must come"
Potential -(й)Ай килӗйм "I can come"
Impotential -(й)АйрА килӗйрӗм "I cannot come"
Conditional -сА килсӗм "if only I came"
Cusative -(й)А2т килитӗм "I bring", Ï'm bringing"

Numerals

Cardinal numbers

№ Word
0 нўл
1 пӗр
2 икке
3 виҫ
4 тавӑт
5 пиҫĕк
6 ўлта
7 ҫапте
8 сакӑр
9 тахӑр
10 вӗн
11 пӗр вӗнтӗ
12 иккӗ вӗнтӗ
13 виҫӗ вӗнтӗ
14 тавӑт вӗнтӗ
15 пиҫĕк вӗнтӗ
16 ўлта вӗнтӗ
17 ҫапте вӗнтӗ
18 сакӑр вӗнтӗ
19 тахӑр вӗнтӗ
20 иккӗвӗн
21 пӗр иккӗвӗнтӗ
22 иккӗ иккӗвӗнтӗ
23 виҫӗ иккӗвӗнтӗ
24 тавӑт иккӗвӗнтӗ
25 пиҫĕк иккӗвӗнтӗ
30 виҫӗвӗн
40 тавӑтвӗн
50 пиҫĕквӗн
60 ўлтавӗн
70 ҫаптевӗн
80 сакӑрвӗн
90 тахӑрвӗн
100 ҫĕр
101 пӗр ҫĕртӗ /
ҫĕр я пӗр
110 вӗн ҫĕртӗ /
ҫĕр я вӗн
111 ҫĕр я пӗр вӗнтӗ
200 иккӗҫĕр
500 пиҫĕкҫĕр
1 000 пӗнь
1 999 пӗнь тахӑрҫĕр
тахӑрвӗн я тахӑр
2 000 иккӗпӗнь
5 000 пиҫĕкпӗнь
10 000 равӑ
1 000 000 ҫĕрравӑ
(100 x 1 000) /
мильон

Honorifics

Derevation

Language Examples

Derivation affixes:

Affix Used to create: Example
-(А2)р Agents of Verbs ура (tp step) → урар (foot)
-лАў Collective nouns киме (boat) → кимелӗў (port, harbor)
-(A)ч Nouns from Adjectives/Adverbs/Verbs хӗрлӗ (red) → хӗрлӗч (red color)
-(А)п Verbs from Adjectives/Adverbs/Nouns венне (fast) → веннеп (to go fast)
-ў Adjectives кўн (sun, day) → кўнў (sunny, dayly)
-йА2р Adjectives indicating lack of something сўр (house, home) → сўрюр (homeless)
-ҫА,-лA Adverbs киҫ (human) → киҫлӗ (humanly)
алте (happy) → алтеҫӗ (happily)
-(А)нчА Diminutive етӗ (dog) → етӗнчӗ (doggie, puppy)
-кА Augmentatives киме (boat) → кимекӗ (ship)
-ҫА2н Places, locations пӗрӗх (unity) → пӗрӗхҫти (union)
-тАвА Decendents (son of) Ҫечер (shepherd) → Ҫечертӗвӗ (son of a shepherd)
- Fractional numbers
- Ordinal numbers

Dialects

Tghok:
base words intermediet voiceless consonants -> voiced (ata -> ada)
y -> j
ă, ŭ, ĕ -> ə
ə lost in polysyllabic words between fricatives when possible (when theres two of it, the unstressed disapears) (səve -> sve)
words starting in voiced-voicless (vise-verse) -> voiced (sve -> zve)
ś -> h́
voiced consonant + voiceless affix -> voiced affix
vowel-h -> long vowel
ho in base words -> ə
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