Nuovatoscana: Difference between revisions
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|conventional_long_name = Republic of Nuovatoscana | |conventional_long_name = Republic of Nuovatoscana | ||
|native_name = {{native name|it|Repubblica d'Nuovatoscana}} | |native_name = {{native name|it|Repubblica d'Nuovatoscana}} | ||
|common_name = | |common_name = Nuovatoscana | ||
|status = <!--Status of country, especially useful for micronations--> | |status = <!--Status of country, especially useful for micronations--> | ||
|image_flag = File:Jane_Long_Flag.svg | |image_flag = File:Jane_Long_Flag.svg | ||
| Line 16: | Line 16: | ||
|national_motto = Libertà e giustizia | |national_motto = Libertà e giustizia | ||
|englishmotto = Liberty and Justice | |englishmotto = Liberty and Justice | ||
|national_anthem = {{native name|it|[[God zij met ons Suriname|Marche trionfale de Nuovatoscani]]|nolink=on}}<br/>({{Lang-en|"Triumphal March of the New Tuscans"}})<br />{{center|[[ | |national_anthem = {{native name|it|[[God zij met ons Suriname|Marche trionfale de Nuovatoscani]]|nolink=on}}<br/>({{Lang-en|"Triumphal March of the New Tuscans"}})<br />{{center|[[Surinamese national anthem, performed by the U.S. Navy Band.ogg]]}} | ||
|royal_anthem = <!--in inverted commas and wikilinked if link exists--> | |royal_anthem = <!--in inverted commas and wikilinked if link exists--> | ||
|other_symbol_type = <!--Use if a further symbol exists, e.g. hymn--> | |other_symbol_type = <!--Use if a further symbol exists, e.g. hymn--> | ||
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|loctext = <!--text description of location of country--> | |loctext = <!--text description of location of country--> | ||
|alt_map = <!--alt text for map--> | |alt_map = <!--alt text for map--> | ||
|map_caption = Location of | |map_caption = Location of Nuovatoscana (green) in [[South America]] (gray) | ||
|map_width = 239px | |map_width = 239px | ||
|image_map2 = <!--Another map, if required--> | |image_map2 = <!--Another map, if required--> | ||
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|capital = [[Cayenne|Caienna]] | |capital = [[Cayenne|Caienna]] | ||
|largest_city = [[Paramaribo]] | |largest_city = [[Paramaribo]] | ||
|largest_settlement_type = | |largest_settlement_type = city | ||
|largest_settlement = <!--Name of largest settlement--> | |largest_settlement = <!--Name of largest settlement--> | ||
|official_languages = [[Italian language|Italian]] | |official_languages = [[Italian language|Italian]] | ||
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|regional_languages = {{collapsible list | |regional_languages = {{collapsible list | ||
|titlestyle=background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal | |titlestyle=background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal | ||
| title= | | title=other languages | ||
| [[Spanish language|Spanish]] | |||
| [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] | |||
| [[Dutch language|Dutch]] | |||
| [[French language|French]] | |||
| [[English language|English]] | |||
| [[Sranan tongo|Surinamesse]] | | [[Sranan tongo|Surinamesse]] | ||
| [[Akurio language|Accurio]] | | [[Akurio language|Accurio]] | ||
| Line 58: | Line 63: | ||
| [[Emerillon language|Emerillon]] | | [[Emerillon language|Emerillon]] | ||
| [[Ndyuka language|Nidiucca]] | | [[Ndyuka language|Nidiucca]] | ||
}} | }} | ||
|ethnic_groups = {{vunblist | |ethnic_groups = {{vunblist | ||
| | |75.92% [[White Latin American|White]] | ||
| | |18.96% [[Mestizo|Meticcio]] | ||
| | |4.28% [[Afro-Brazilians|Black]] | ||
| | |0.57% [[Indo-Guyanese|Asian]] | ||
| | |0.26% [[Asian Brazilians|Indigeni]] | ||
}} | }} | ||
|ethnic_groups_year = 2019 | |ethnic_groups_year = 2019 | ||
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|established_date6 = 6 May 1987 | |established_date6 = 6 May 1987 | ||
|area_rank = | |area_rank = | ||
|area = | |area = | ||
|area_km2 = | |area_km2 = 1,638,887 | ||
|area_sq_mi = <!--Area in square mi (requires area_km2)--> | |area_sq_mi = <!--Area in square mi (requires area_km2)--> | ||
|area_footnote = <!--Optional footnote for area--> | |area_footnote = <!--Optional footnote for area--> | ||
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|HDI_ref = <!--(for any ref/s to associate with HDI number)--> | |HDI_ref = <!--(for any ref/s to associate with HDI number)--> | ||
|currency = [[Scudo]] | |currency = [[Scudo]] | ||
|currency_code = | |currency_code = NTS | ||
|time_zone = UTC-4 | |time_zone = UTC-4 | ||
|utc_offset = <!--in the form "+N", where N is number of hours offset--> | |utc_offset = <!--in the form "+N", where N is number of hours offset--> | ||
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|drives_on = right | |drives_on = right | ||
|cctld = [[.gy|.nt]] | |cctld = [[.gy|.nt]] | ||
|iso3166code = | |iso3166code = NT | ||
|calling_code = [[+592]] | |calling_code = [[+592]] | ||
|patron_saint = <!--Use patron_saints for multiple--> | |patron_saint = <!--Use patron_saints for multiple--> | ||
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'''Nuovatoscana''', officially called the '''Republic of Nuovatoscana''', is a country in northern South America, bordered by the Atlantic Ocean in the north, Brazil in the south, and Venezuela in the west. It's capital and largest city is Caiena. It is the only Italian-speaking country in the Western Hemisphere. | '''Nuovatoscana''', officially called the '''Republic of Nuovatoscana''', is a country in northern South America, bordered by the Atlantic Ocean in the north, Brazil in the south, and Venezuela in the west. It's capital and largest city is Caiena. It is the only Italian-speaking country in the Western Hemisphere. | ||
Nuovatoscana was first settled in 1609 under the aegis of Ferdinand, Grand Duke of Tuscany. Despite repeated attacks by the Dutch, English, and French navies, Spain and Portugal recognized Tuscany's right to the colony. Heavy settlement by Tuscan and other Italian people followed despite the difficulties in settling the country. In 1801, it passed under the rule of the Napoleonic Italian Republic, but in 1805, | Nuovatoscana was first settled in 1609 under the aegis of Ferdinand, Grand Duke of Tuscany. Despite repeated attacks by the Dutch, English, and French navies, Spain and Portugal recognized Tuscany's right to the colony. Heavy settlement by Tuscan and other Italian people followed despite the difficulties in settling the country. In 1801, it passed under the rule of the Napoleonic Italian Republic, but in 1805, under negotations with the departing Italian Republic were given independence. The Nuovatoscanan Army later captured Dutch Guiana to prevent it from annexation by other powers, and to capture its more fertile farmlands. Its independence was recognized in the Congress of Vienna and Nuovatoscana kept the former Dutch and French Guianas. The Nuovatoscanan state grew economically despite border clashes with Venezuela and Brazil, industrializing the state in the 1900s. Like the other South American countries, it has experienced military coups, the most recent in 1978. | ||
The country is a founding member of the United Nations, MERCOSUR, and UNASUR. | The country is a founding member of the United Nations, MERCOSUR, and UNASUR. | ||
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===European colonization=== | ===European colonization=== | ||
{{ | |||
[[File:Guaiana ofte de Provincien tusschen Rio de las Amazonas ende Rio de Yuiapari ofte Orinoque.jpg|150px|thumb|left|Guiana in the 16th century.]] | |||
{{wpl|Christopher Columbus}} first sighted Guiana in 1498, but active interest in exploring the then "Wild Coast" did not begin until the end of the 16th century. English explorer Walter Raleigh began searching for El Dorado, also called "Manoa". He described the city of El Dorado as a city near Lake Parime in the Orinoco River. After the publication of his exploits in 1606, other European explorers followed. The Dutch under Jacob Cornelisz already surveyed the area in Guiana in 1597, and later established coastal settlements in the meantime. | |||
The French later established colonies in the Counani and Sinamari Region. Due to hardships in settling the country, the French were unable to properly establish its colony, though it persisted until its conquest by Nuovatoscana and Brazil. | The French later established colonies in the Counani and Sinamari Region. Due to hardships in settling the country, the French were unable to properly establish its colony, though it persisted until its conquest by Nuovatoscana and Brazil. | ||
===Nuova Toscana colony=== | |||
[[File:S Pulzone Fernando I de Medicis Uffizi 1590.jpg|150px|thumb|left|Fernandino I of Tuscany.]] | |||
[[File: | [[File:Dirk_Valkenburg_-_Plantage_in_Suriname.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Dutch Plantation in what is now Suriname Province.]] | ||
In 1608, Duke Fernandino II of Tuscany authorized an expedition into what is now called Nuova Toscana. The expedition, led by English captain [[Robert Thornton]], returned to Livorno without a single loss of men. Though Thornton found Duke Fernandino almost dying, the latter approved of Thornton's vivid descriptions of the country in question and later though with great reluctance, Fernandino's son Cosimo authorized settlement. Despite numerous setbacks and diseases among the settlers, the settlement, called Nuova Toscana, persisted and not only the Spanish and the Portuguese tolerated the colony, they also helped it defend it from French, Dutch, and English incursions. The French attempted to captured Caiena in 1659 but were repulsed. | In 1608, Duke Fernandino II of Tuscany authorized an expedition into what is now called Nuova Toscana. The expedition, led by English captain [[Robert Thornton]], returned to Livorno without a single loss of men. Though Thornton found Duke Fernandino almost dying, the latter approved of Thornton's vivid descriptions of the country in question and later though with great reluctance, Fernandino's son Cosimo authorized settlement. Despite numerous setbacks and diseases among the settlers, the settlement, called Nuova Toscana, persisted and not only the Spanish and the Portuguese tolerated the colony, they also helped it defend it from French, Dutch, and English incursions. The French attempted to captured Caiena in 1659 but were repulsed. | ||
Tuscany also recruited settlers among the other Italian states as well as Spain and Portugal in which many accepted. By 1800, the Tuscan colony in Guiana is the most populated in the Guianas, with the estimated population of 80,000. Many were brought as penal colonists from Tuscany, other Italian states, Spain, and Portugal. | Tuscany also recruited settlers among the other Italian states as well as Spain and Portugal in which many accepted. Due to heavy Corsican emigration to the Nuovatoscana colony, despite Corsica being Genoan-controlled, the Corsican dialect eventually substituted the Tuscan dialect, albeit modified due to African influence. By 1800, the Tuscan colony in Guiana is the most populated in the Guianas, with the estimated population of 80,000. Many were brought as penal colonists from Tuscany, other Italian states, Spain, and Portugal. Slavery was tolerated and encouraged among the black population, mainly to serve as labor for the farms. | ||
===Independence=== | ===Independence=== | ||
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[[File:Castelli.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Gianni Castelli, founder of modern Guiana.]] | [[File:Castelli.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Gianni Castelli, founder of modern Guiana.]] | ||
Signs of yearning for independence in Nuovatoscana persisted, and many people in the region claimed that it didn't deserved to be economically neglected despite repeated settlements by Italian colonists. During the dissolution of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, it passed under the control of the Kingdom of Etruria, and later sold it to the Napoleonic Italian Republic, which mollified the independence leaders. When the Napoleonic Italian Republic later became a kingdom and ceded Nuovatoscana to France, the French later attacked Dutch Guiana as well as Nuovatoscana. It enflamed the Nuovatoscan independence leaders and a guerilla war erupted in 1805. Contact with other South American independence leaders like Simon Bolivar, Jose San Martin, and an Nuovatoscan-Argentine named Juan Castelli, later known as Gianni Castelli, later became the most prominent leader of the Guianan Resistance, as it was called. Castelli's leadership ensured that not only Nuovatoscana regains independence, but it also managed to defeat and conquer the French in French Guiana and Suriname. Castelli, influenced by British abolitionists, declared that Nuovatoscana in its inception will have no slavery and there will be a perpetual prohibition on it. Castelli also rebuffed a British and Portuguese invasion force and colonization attempt in 1809-12 thanks to | Signs of yearning for independence in Nuovatoscana persisted, and many people in the region claimed that it didn't deserved to be economically neglected despite repeated settlements by Italian colonists. During the dissolution of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, it passed under the control of the Kingdom of Etruria, and later sold it to the Napoleonic Italian Republic, which mollified the independence leaders. When the Napoleonic Italian Republic later became a kingdom and ceded Nuovatoscana to France, the French later attacked Dutch Guiana as well as Nuovatoscana. It enflamed the Nuovatoscan independence leaders and a guerilla war erupted in 1805. Contact with other South American independence leaders like Simon Bolivar, Jose San Martin, and an Nuovatoscan-Argentine named Juan Castelli, later known as Gianni Castelli, later became the most prominent leader of the Guianan Resistance, as it was called. Castelli's leadership ensured that not only Nuovatoscana regains independence, but it also managed to defeat and conquer the French in French Guiana and Suriname. The French leader Napoleon respected Nuovatoscanan independence as a fait accompli and accepted a treaty with Nuovatoscana confirming the loss of French Guiana and accepting "protectorate" status. Castelli, influenced by British abolitionists, declared that Nuovatoscana in its inception will have no slavery and there will be a perpetual prohibition on it. Castelli also rebuffed a British and Portuguese invasion force and colonization attempt in 1809-12 thanks to French help. By 1814, the Congress of Vienna was forced to accept the loss of Nuovatoscana, and the original Dutch colonists were expelled to Trinidad, the Netherlands Antilles, and Martinique along with their loyalists; only a few of the original inhabitants were left. A number of Frenchmen also emigrated out of Nuovatoscana, though some returned in the 1830s. However, Castelli failed to see his country officially recognized, for he died in 1814 due to cancer. | ||
=== | ===Nuovatoscana in the 19th century=== | ||
His successor, Carlo Castelli, not related to Gianni, was the second leader of | His successor, Carlo Castelli, not related to Gianni Castelli, was the second leader of Nuovatoscana and devised its first constitution. He fought to secure Nuovatoscana from foreign rule and welcomed exiles from failed Italian uprisings. In 1815, from a population of 280,000, the country experienced sustained immigration from the Italian states, about 600,000 from 1815 to 1860. Due to this, it was dubbed as the "only free Italian republic" in the world. Carlo Castelli closed the old slave plantation systems in the country; instead, a mixed system in which the former slaves became serfs instead to white landowners remained; the country was nearly in the throes of civil war due to this, until in 1848 where slavery was definitely banned in the constitution. Many white non-Italian landowners resented their loss of slaves and mounted revolts to ask the Empire of Brazil which still maintained slavery to annex them. Libero Badaro, the President at that time, decisively defeated the landowners in the Curantino Wars of 1837. Many Italian Risorgimento leaders, including Guiseppe Garibaldi, participated in suppressing the revolt; because of this, he held Nuovatoscanan citizenship alongside Italian citizenship in which he was given special dispensation by both the Nuovatoscanan and Italian governments to keep due to his statue. | ||
In 1895, border clashes between Venezuela and | Many black Brazilian slaves sought escape to the Nuovatoscanan south, mixing with the Maroon communities already there. | ||
In the intervening years, emigration from Italy after its unification intensified, and a switch of dominant immigrants from northern Italy to southern Italy occured. Emigration from Spain and Portugal and other countries also intensified, due to more relaxed political situation than in the other South American countries. By 1900, the population of Nuovatuscana stands by 2,900,000 as of its census. The "Nuovatoscanan Conquest" as it was called was said to be controversial, due to rather mediocre to poor social standing of blacks (Marroni), Amerindian (Indio, later named as Amerindios and Indigenos), and Indian (Indiano). However, Nuovatuscan Guiana also accepted Chinese and later Japanese and Korean immigrants starting from the 1890s to work at the sugar, banana, coffee, and rice plantations. | |||
In 1895, border clashes between Venezuela and Nuovatoscana occured; Britain saw it as chance to take over the disputed Guiana Essequiba region, due to its ships impounded by both Venezuelan and Guiana authorities, but the United States intervened on the behalf of both countries, and Venezuela agreed to cede its claim of Essequibo to Nuovatoscana. | |||
===Nuovatoscana in the early 20th century=== | ===Nuovatoscana in the early 20th century=== | ||
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===1978 coup and the "Disinfezionismo"=== | ===1978 coup and the "Disinfezionismo"=== | ||
[[File:Quema de libros.jpg|150px|thumb| | [[File:Quema de libros.jpg|150px|thumb|Soldiers burning books deemed communistic.]] | ||
During the | During the {{wpl|Jonestown Massacre|Villa Jones}} massacre in 1978, President Fabio Burnham was increasingly scrutinized for tolerating a religious cult. Fearful that a "communist cult" has taken over parts of Nuovatoscana, Air Force General Giosue Capellini launched a coup on 22 November 1978, starting the period called "Disinfezionismo", literally meaning 'Disinfectionism'. With the approval of other South American countries, Giosue Capellini personally executed Burnham by shooting him on live television, and accused Burnham of "turning Nuovatoscana into a communist state". Capellini and his junta joined Operation Condor and rounded up much of the left-wing opposition; as much as 9,230 were killed and 12,034 were believed to be "reduced", a euphemism for forced disappearances. The regime called its coup a "Disinfection", with the left-wing opposition called as "pests". Capellini, in an attempt to ingratiate himself to the United States, retired in 1980 as commander-in-chief but became President. Enacting forced industrialization, Nuovatoscana's economy grew at the expense of the environment and worker's rights. While compared to South Korea's and Chile's economic boom, it was said to be unsustainable as Capellini relied on exports of manufactured goods and high techonology. Both Italian and local Mafia families were tolerated by the government and were able to present themselves as legitimate conglomerates. The Sicilian Mafia were able to insert themselves into Nuovatoscanan society and it was known that Capellini used their services to eliminate far-left dissidents. The intertwining of state and criminal enterprises were so great that Nuovatoscana was called the first true "mafia state" by the media. | ||
===Modern History=== | ===Modern History=== | ||
Foreign pressure to democratize forced Capellini to hold a snap election against Valeria Paolo-Hart, who was allowed to return in 1989 and survived an assassination attempt that only served to rally the opposition against her. Massive electoral fraud, with international opinion favoring Paolo-Hart, caused an attempted coup-de-etat by {{ | Foreign pressure to democratize forced Capellini to hold a snap election against Valeria Paolo-Hart, who was allowed to return in 1989 and survived an assassination attempt that only served to rally the opposition against her. Massive electoral fraud, with international opinion favoring Paolo-Hart, caused an attempted coup-de-etat by {{w|Desi Bouterse|Desiderio Buterse}}, an Afro-Nuovatuscan Army colonel decrying the racism against black Nuovatuscan officers in the military. While the coup nearly failed, protesters rallied to the streets to denounce the election; however, the Nuovatoscanan military defected to Paolo-Hart, causing Capellini to go to exile to Italy. | ||
Paolo-Hart had to contend with many attempted military coups, some supported by Capellini loyalists, but others are increasingly being lead by Buterse. Buterse was imprisoned for an attempted coup against her in 6 July, 1991. However, Paolo-Hart was widely praised for being the first female and first Amerindian president of Nuovatcscana, and for restoring democracy in the country. In 1993, Enrico Chin became the first | Paolo-Hart had to contend with many attempted military coups, some supported by Capellini loyalists, but others are increasingly being lead by Buterse. Buterse was imprisoned for an attempted coup against her in 6 July, 1991. She also imprisoned many mafia leaders, and even participated in the deportation of the main leaders of the Caruana mafia clan to Italy in 1992. However, Paolo-Hart was widely praised for being the first female and first Amerindian president of Nuovatcscana, and for restoring democracy in the country. In 1993, Enrico Chin became the first Asian-Nuovatoscanan president, who was also a minister in Paolo-Hart's cabinet. Chin was unable to solve the economic situation in the country, and died a year after leaving office. in 1998, Luigi Macchi became President, but was involved in a political corruption scandal. Despite mounting protests over his corruption, he stayed put until the next election, in which Arturo Chung became President in 2002 until 2007, where economic growth largely returned. Chung resigned because of his age and poor health, and died in 2008. A special election was held and Desiderio Buterse, the favorite, became the second Afro-Nuovatoscanan President since Fabio Burnham. While initially popular as a Conservative candidate, a Wikileaks investigation later forced him out of office in 2012, in which he was implicated over allegations of drug trafficking and collusion with the local Mafias to support his coup in the 1980s. Leone Panetta became President in 2013. | ||
==Geography== | ==Geography== | ||
[[File:Guianas_location_map_disputed_relief.png|thumb| | |||
[[File:Guianas_location_map_disputed_relief.png|thumb|right|Relief and topographic map of Nuovatoscana]] | |||
Nuovatoscana is one of the smallest countries in South America. It is situated on the Guiana Shield. The country can be divided into two regions: the tropical rainforest north and the mostly savanna south. The Guianian Highlands are formed by a flat basement on the coast, which constitutes the agricultural area where most of the population is concentrated. Hills and jungles abound in the interior of the territory, in the south and west there is a large region of mountains and savannas. The most important points in the country is the Pacaraima mountain range, which culminates in Mount Roraima, 2,810 meters above sea level, located on the border with Venezuela and Brazil. | Nuovatoscana is one of the smallest countries in South America. It is situated on the Guiana Shield. The country can be divided into two regions: the tropical rainforest north and the mostly savanna south. The Guianian Highlands are formed by a flat basement on the coast, which constitutes the agricultural area where most of the population is concentrated. Hills and jungles abound in the interior of the territory, in the south and west there is a large region of mountains and savannas. The most important points in the country is the Pacaraima mountain range, which culminates in Mount Roraima, 2,810 meters above sea level, located on the border with Venezuela and Brazil. | ||
Nuovatoscana has six distinct climate biomes: the Guayanan Highlands moist forests, Guianan moist forests, Paramaribo swamp forests, Tepuis, Guianan savanna, and Guianan mangroves. | |||
===Climate=== | ===Climate=== | ||
The country is mostly tropical and mostly tropical rainforest climate. The temperature is hot and do not vary much throughout the year. The average relative humidity is between 80 percent and 90 percent. Rainfall is expected throughout the year as the country sits through the Intertropical Convergence Zone. | [[File:View of Brokopondo Reservoir (33537723975).jpg|thumb|left|{{W|Brokopondo Reservoir|Broccopondo Reservoir}} surrounded by tropical rainforest]] | ||
The country is mostly tropical and mostly tropical rainforest climate. The temperature is hot and do not vary much throughout the year. The average relative humidity is between 80 percent and 90 percent. Rainfall is expected throughout the year as the country sits through the Intertropical Convergence Zone. The northern part of the country has a tropical rainforest climate and the south has a tropical monsoon climate. | |||
The advent of climate change made Nuovatoscana more suspectible to extreme weather events; although Nuovatoscana is below the hurricane belt, it feared that climate change would make Nuovatoscana more suspectible to hurricanes. | The advent of climate change made Nuovatoscana more suspectible to extreme weather events; although Nuovatoscana is below the hurricane belt, it feared that climate change would make Nuovatoscana more suspectible to hurricanes. Nuovatoscana's carbon positive economy due to industrialization has been cited as a cause of the shrinkage of its forest cover. | ||
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The country has a biodiverse environment, but the thinning of rainforests has impacted the ecosystem, and programs are in place to remedy it. It was reported that Nuovatoscana's forest cover is 57 percent in 2020, down from 63 percent in 2000. | The country has a biodiverse environment, but the thinning of rainforests has impacted the ecosystem, and programs are in place to remedy it. It was reported that Nuovatoscana's forest cover is 57 percent in 2020, down from 63 percent in 2000. | ||
Nuovatoscana is home to numerous species, and considered a very biodiverse country. | Nuovatoscana is home to numerous species, and considered a very biodiverse country. However, illegal logging and pollution pose a serious threat in the biodiversity, with at least 203 species still existing in 1960 were functionally extinct in 2016. | ||
==Politics and government== | ==Politics and government== | ||
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!Name !!Type !!Capital !!Area (km<sup>2</sup>) !!Population | !Name !!Type !!Capital !!Area (km<sup>2</sup>) !!Population | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[File:Original_Guyana_Flag_Proposal.svg|25px]] Berbice ||Province || Ituni || || | | [[File:Original_Guyana_Flag_Proposal.svg|25px]] Berbice ||Province || Ituni || || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[File:Flag_of_Suriname_(1959–1975).svg|25px]] Broccopondo ||Province || Broccopondo || || | | [[File:Flag_of_Suriname_(1959–1975).svg|25px]] Broccopondo ||Province || Broccopondo || || | ||
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| [[File:Drapeau_de_la_Guyane.svg|25px]] Caiena||Metropolitan province ||Caiena || || | | [[File:Drapeau_de_la_Guyane.svg|25px]] Caiena||Metropolitan province ||Caiena || || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[File:1975_Suriname_Flag_Proposal_1.svg|25px]] Curantino ||Province || Niccheri || || | | [[File:1975_Suriname_Flag_Proposal_1.svg|25px]] Curantino ||Province || Niccheri || 12,891 || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[File:Flag_green_yellow_red_5x3.svg|25px]] Essequibo||Province||Bartica || || | | [[File:Flag_green_yellow_red_5x3.svg|25px]] Essequibo||Province||Bartica || || | ||
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| [[File:Flag_of_Guyana.svg|25px]] Guyana ||Province || Demerara || || | | [[File:Flag_of_Guyana.svg|25px]] Guyana ||Province || Demerara || || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[File:Suriname_Whitney_Design.svg|25px]] | | [[File:Suriname_Whitney_Design.svg|25px]] Palissandria ||Province||San Giorgio || || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[File:Bandera_independentista_Guyana.svg|25px]] | | [[File:Bandera_independentista_Guyana.svg|25px]] Inini ||Province ||San Lorenzo d'Marroni || || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[File:Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Independent_Guyana_(1887-1904).svg|25px]] Sinamari ||Province || Sinamari || || | | [[File:Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Independent_Guyana_(1887-1904).svg|25px]] Sinamari ||Province || Sinamari || || | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
{{Largest cities | |||
| name = Largest cities in Nuovatoscana | |||
| class = nav | |||
| country = Nuovatoscana | |||
| kind = population centers | |||
| stat_ref = census of 2021 | |||
| list_by_pop = <!-- link to the list of cities in the given country, if possible sorted by population --> | |||
| div_name = Province | |||
| div_link = <!-- the template will automatically create a link for "div_name of country" (e.g. Provinces of Chile), if this doesn't work you can use this field --> | |||
| city_1 = Caiena | |||
| div_1 = Caiena | |||
| pop_1 = <!-- population, do include the commas to separate the thousands --> | |||
| img_1 = <!-- a picture showing an overview of the city --> | |||
| city_2 = Paramaribo | div_2 = Suriname | pop_2 = | img_2 = | |||
| city_3 = Demerara | div_3 = | pop_3 = | img_3 = | |||
| city_4 = Castelli | div_4 = | pop_4 = | img_4 = | |||
| city_5 = Curu | div_5 = | pop_5 = | |||
| city_6 = San Lorenzo d'Marrone | div_6 = | pop_6 = | |||
| city_7 = Niccheri | div_7 = | pop_7 = | |||
| city_8 = Bartica | div_8 = | pop_8 = | |||
| city_9 = Monteneri | div_9 = | pop_9 = | |||
| city_10 = Maturi | div_10 = | pop_10 = | |||
| city_11 = Oiapocca | div_11 = | pop_11 = | |||
| city_12 = Palmaria | div_12 = | pop_12 = | |||
| city_13 = Malfalconi| div_13 = | pop_13 = | |||
| city_14 = Saramacca | div_14 = | pop_14 = | |||
| city_15 = Albina | div_15 = | pop_15 = | |||
| city_16 = Uanari | div_16 = | pop_16 = | |||
| city_17 = Pamari | div_17 = | pop_17 = | |||
| city_18 = Paraname| div_18 = | pop_18 = | |||
| city_19 = Torarica | div_19 = | pop_19 = | |||
| city_20 = Bartica | div_20 = | pop_20 = | |||
}} | |||
===Military=== | ===Military=== | ||
The Nuovatuscan Armed Forces is descended from the Independence Armies of Nuovatuscana in the early 1800s. It is considered the best-equipped army in South America, due to fear of Venezuelan incursions into its territory. Its total strength is about | The Nuovatuscan Armed Forces is descended from the Independence Armies of Nuovatuscana in the early 1800s. It is considered the best-equipped army in South America, due to fear of Venezuelan incursions into its territory. Its total strength is about 193,300 personnel in 2020. | ||
The Armed Forces is composed of: | |||
*The Army - the land forces | |||
*Marina - the naval forces | |||
*Forza Aerea - the air forces | |||
*Guardia Repubblicana - the gendarmerie and border guards force. | |||
===Law and Order=== | |||
Law enforcement is done by the Guardia Repubblicana and the Polizia Nazionale, the latter which investigates lower-level crimes. The Guardia Repubblicana is used for suppressing heavy armed disturbances such as riots. | |||
===Foreign relations=== | ===Foreign relations=== | ||
Nuovatoscana practices a neutral foreign policy. A founding member of the United Nations, The republic is also a member of the Organization of American States, and UNASUR. | |||
Nuovatoscana maintains strong historical ties with its former colonizer, Italy, in which it shares a common cultural bond. It was said that Nuovatoscana and Italy are "brothers separated by an ocean". | |||
==Economy== | ==Economy== | ||
| Line 324: | Line 378: | ||
===Agriculture=== | ===Agriculture=== | ||
Agriculture | Agriculture originally formed the backbone of the Nuovatoscanan economy. It was believed that the poor soil in eastern Nuovatuscana was one of the motivations of the independence armies to seize the more fertile Dutch Guiana. Thus, the country was able to utilize the former sugar and cotton plantations and were able also to switch into rice, bananas, and coffee. | ||
Rice accounts for 34 percent of agricultural output. Nuovatoscana is the fourth largest producer of rice in South America. | |||
===Petroleum=== | ===Petroleum=== | ||
Nuovatoscana's proven oil reserves are abount 11 billion barrels; Venezuelan threats to seize the fields hampered their development, as Nuovatoscana was dependent on Venezuelan refined oil back then; only due to the rise of Hugo Chavez in Venezuela was Nuovatoscana able to fully commit in oil exploration and production. The refineries in Demerara is the fifth largest in South America. | |||
===Energy=== | ===Energy=== | ||
| Line 337: | Line 395: | ||
===Transport=== | ===Transport=== | ||
Nuovatoscana has built an extensive railroad system totalling 2,305 kilometers of track, and had the original intention to transport ore and agricultural goods. Passenger services of trains were largely still confined at the coastal areas. | |||
==Demographics== | ==Demographics== | ||
Nuovatoscana's population saw an increase in 2017, due Venezuelan migration to Nuovatoscana. | |||
===Language=== | |||
The official language is Italian, and is regarded as the language of government, business, and daily life; the Nuovatuscanan government claims that 97% speaks Italian and the rest who are able to speak regularly can at least comprehend and understand it. Indigenous American and Creole languages such as {{wpl|Sranan Tongo}} have special status to communities where their ethnic group predominate; schools are taught in their respective languages as well as Italian. | |||
===Education=== | ===Education=== | ||
| Line 346: | Line 413: | ||
===Religion=== | ===Religion=== | ||
[[File:Cathédralestsauveur.jpg|200px|thumb|right| | [[File:Cathédralestsauveur.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Cattedrale di San Nicola, 2019]] | ||
[[File:Sint-Petrus-en-Pauluskathedraal.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Cattedrale dei Santi Pietro e Paolo, 2018]] | |||
Nuovatoscana is a historically a majority Catholic state; 83 percent of its population are adherents of the faith. However, since independence, Nuovatuscana proclaimed the separation of church and state in its constitution and other religions flourished ever since. The second largest religion are various Protestant sects, with 6 percent of the population. | Nuovatoscana is a historically a majority Catholic state; 83 percent of its population are adherents of the faith. However, since independence, Nuovatuscana proclaimed the separation of church and state in its constitution and other religions flourished ever since. The second largest religion are various Protestant sects, with 6 percent of the population. | ||
| Line 360: | Line 429: | ||
==Culture== | ==Culture== | ||
====Music and art | Nuovatoscana's culture reflects its Italian, Carribean, and Indigenous American heritage. Styles of traditional music from Italy were considered as Nuovatoscanan as well as Afro-Carribean cultural art forms. Its Italian language sets it apart from other Latin American countries, who use Spanish instead, along with its southern Portuguese neighbor Brazil; Nuovatoscana is however, firmly in the Latin American cultural sphere. | ||
===Festivals=== | |||
Nuovatoscana has distinct Carnival tradition; the Masrameni of the Demerara region, the Tululu of the east, and the Carnivale of Caiena. The Carnivale of Caiena resembles most of Italy; the Masrameni and Tululu have Afro-Carribean roots; Tululu was also derived from the former French Guiana colonies. | |||
===Music and art=== | |||
Nuovatoscana has a lively and rich tradition, emanating mainly from Afro-Caribbean and Italian sources. The {{w|Kaseko|Caseco}} is a very well-known Nuovatoscan dance coming from the Afro-Nuovatoscanan population. Ciatni, also known in Trinidad and Tobago as Chutney, is also a well-known Nuovatoscan music genre. | Nuovatoscana has a lively and rich tradition, emanating mainly from Afro-Caribbean and Italian sources. The {{w|Kaseko|Caseco}} is a very well-known Nuovatoscan dance coming from the Afro-Nuovatoscanan population. Ciatni, also known in Trinidad and Tobago as Chutney, is also a well-known Nuovatoscan music genre. | ||
European-derived Nuovatuscan music is also present, mainly imported from Southern Italy and modified to incorporate | European-derived Nuovatuscan music is also present, mainly imported from Southern Italy and modified to incorporate local influences. | ||
===Cuisine=== | |||
[[File:Pastitsio.jpg|thumb|left|130px|Pasticcio, a common Nuovatoscanan dish.]] | [[File:Pastitsio.jpg|thumb|left|130px|Pasticcio, a common Nuovatoscanan dish.]] | ||
| Line 372: | Line 447: | ||
Nuovatoscana is known for its rich cuisine, due to its African, East Indian, Indigenous American, and Italian heritage. Due to the majority of the population being culturally Italian, Italian cuisine, modified in using rice and cassava instead of the usual wheat in Italy, became the hallmark of Nuovatuscan cuisine. Capra Pasta, Pasticcio (also known in Venezuela as Pasticho) and Spaghetti di Bami, a mixture of Italian and Dutch and Indonesian influence, are the most celebrated dishes in Nuovatuscan cuisine. | Nuovatoscana is known for its rich cuisine, due to its African, East Indian, Indigenous American, and Italian heritage. Due to the majority of the population being culturally Italian, Italian cuisine, modified in using rice and cassava instead of the usual wheat in Italy, became the hallmark of Nuovatuscan cuisine. Capra Pasta, Pasticcio (also known in Venezuela as Pasticho) and Spaghetti di Bami, a mixture of Italian and Dutch and Indonesian influence, are the most celebrated dishes in Nuovatuscan cuisine. | ||
===Sports=== | |||
Football is Nuovatoscana's national sport and is the most popular one. The Nuovatoscanan National Football Team participated in several World Cups and won the Cup in 1994, in what was called "The Miracle of Pasadena", when it defeated heavily-favored Brazil with a score of 2-1. It also won at least 2 Copa America trophies. | Football is Nuovatoscana's national sport and is the most popular one. The Nuovatoscanan National Football Team participated in several World Cups and won the Cup in 1994, in what was called "The Miracle of Pasadena", when it defeated heavily-favored Brazil with a score of 2-1. It also won at least 2 Copa America trophies. | ||
Second in popularity are baseball and cricket, mainly played by the Afro-Nuovatoscanan populations. | |||
Nuovatoscana has participated in the Summer Olympics since its inception and won 23 medals, including 3 gold medals, all in track and field. | |||
==National Holidays== | |||
===National holidays=== | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;" | |||
|- | |||
! Date !! Local name !! Name | |||
|- | |||
| 1 January || ''Capodanno'' || {{wp|New Year's Day}} | |||
|- | |||
| 6 January || ''Epifania'' || {{wp|Epiphany}} | |||
|- | |||
| moveable feast || ''Pasqua'' || {{wp|Easter Sunday}} | |||
|- | |||
| day after Pasqua || ''Pasquetta'' || {{wp|Easter Monday}} | |||
|- | |||
| 1 May || ''Festa del Lavoro'' || {{wp|May Day|Labour Day}} | |||
|- | |||
| 60 days after Easter || ''Corpus Christi'' || {{wp|Feast of Corpus Christi|Corpus Christi}} | |||
|- | |||
| 15 August || ''Assunzione'' || [[Assumption of Mary|Assumption Day]] | |||
|- | |||
| 12 September|| ''Dia della Memoria'' || Day of Memory (commemorating the start of the Disinfectionist dictatorship and honoring its victims) | |||
|- | |||
| 3 October || ''Dia dell'indipendenza'' || Day of Independence (celebrating the independence of Nuovatoscana from Italy) | |||
|- | |||
| 1 November || ''Tutti i santi ''|| {{wp|All Saints' Day}} | |||
|- | |||
| 25 December || ''Natale'' || {{wp|Christmas Day}} | |||
|- | |||
| 26 December || ''Santo Stefano'' || {{wp|Saint Stephen's Day}} | |||
|} | |||
[[Category:Nuovatoscana]] | [[Category:Nuovatoscana]] | ||
Latest revision as of 01:54, 2 June 2022
Republic of Nuovatoscana Repubblica d'Nuovatoscana (Italian) | |
|---|---|
 Flag
 Coat of arms
| |
| Motto: Libertà e giustizia Liberty and Justice | |
| Anthem: Marche trionfale de Nuovatoscani (Italian) (English: "Triumphal March of the New Tuscans") | |
 Location of Nuovatoscana (green) in South America (gray) | |
| Capital | Caienna |
| Largest city | Paramaribo |
| Official languages | Italian |
| Recognised regional languages | |
| Ethnic groups (2019) | |
| Religion (2018) |
|
| Demonym(s) | Nuovatuscan, Guianan (colloquial) |
| Government | Unitary presidential republic |
• President | Alberto Franceschi |
• Head of Senate | Sergio Massa |
• Head of Chamber of Deputies | Claudio Poggi |
| Legislature | National Assembly |
| Senate | |
| Chamber of Deputies | |
| Independence | |
• Tuscan settlement | 1609 |
• New Tuscany founded | 1613 |
• New Tuscany placed under the control of Napoleonic Italian Republic | 1803 |
• War of Guianan Independence (Couro uprising) | 1805-1815 |
• Independence declared | 2 June 1815 |
• Current Constitution | 6 May 1987 |
| Area | |
• | 1,638,887 km2 (632,778 sq mi) |
| Population | |
• 2019 estimate |  30,203,000 |
• 2018 census | 29,892,020 |
• Density | 92.9/km2 (240.6/sq mi) (144) |
| GDP (PPP) | estimate |
• Total | $237.330 billion |
• Per capita | $18,093 |
| GDP (nominal) | 2019 estimate |
• Total | $131.961 billion |
• Per capita | $10,724 |
| Gini (2019) | 44.5 medium (98) |
| HDI (2019) | 0.758 high (97) |
| Currency | Scudo (NTS) |
| Time zone | UTC-4 |
| Date format | dd-mm-yyyy |
| Driving side | right |
| Calling code | +592 |
| ISO 3166 code | NT |
| Internet TLD | .nt |
Nuovatoscana, officially called the Republic of Nuovatoscana, is a country in northern South America, bordered by the Atlantic Ocean in the north, Brazil in the south, and Venezuela in the west. It's capital and largest city is Caiena. It is the only Italian-speaking country in the Western Hemisphere.
Nuovatoscana was first settled in 1609 under the aegis of Ferdinand, Grand Duke of Tuscany. Despite repeated attacks by the Dutch, English, and French navies, Spain and Portugal recognized Tuscany's right to the colony. Heavy settlement by Tuscan and other Italian people followed despite the difficulties in settling the country. In 1801, it passed under the rule of the Napoleonic Italian Republic, but in 1805, under negotations with the departing Italian Republic were given independence. The Nuovatoscanan Army later captured Dutch Guiana to prevent it from annexation by other powers, and to capture its more fertile farmlands. Its independence was recognized in the Congress of Vienna and Nuovatoscana kept the former Dutch and French Guianas. The Nuovatoscanan state grew economically despite border clashes with Venezuela and Brazil, industrializing the state in the 1900s. Like the other South American countries, it has experienced military coups, the most recent in 1978.
The country is a founding member of the United Nations, MERCOSUR, and UNASUR.
Etymology
The name literally means "New Tuscany" in Italian, and it had been that case ever since the founding of the colony in 1609. There are proposals to rename it to Guiana, meaning "land of many waters" in the Indigenous American langauges, but none have succeeded. Nevertheless, it remained a popular poetic name for the country, and its referenced as such in poetry.
History
Before European colonization, Nuovatoscana, or Guiana as it was called then, was inhabited by indigenous peoples such as the Arawak. It was hinted that the tribes of the northern Amazon were related to the indigenous groups in the Carribean. It was theorized that the Arawaks and later the Caribs emigrated from the Orinoco and Essequibo basins in Venezuela and Guiana to the northern Carribean islands.
Over centuries, the mingling of the ethnic groups, some through trade, others through war, created a hybrid culture in Nuovatoscana.
European colonization
Christopher Columbus first sighted Guiana in 1498, but active interest in exploring the then "Wild Coast" did not begin until the end of the 16th century. English explorer Walter Raleigh began searching for El Dorado, also called "Manoa". He described the city of El Dorado as a city near Lake Parime in the Orinoco River. After the publication of his exploits in 1606, other European explorers followed. The Dutch under Jacob Cornelisz already surveyed the area in Guiana in 1597, and later established coastal settlements in the meantime.
The French later established colonies in the Counani and Sinamari Region. Due to hardships in settling the country, the French were unable to properly establish its colony, though it persisted until its conquest by Nuovatoscana and Brazil.
Nuova Toscana colony
In 1608, Duke Fernandino II of Tuscany authorized an expedition into what is now called Nuova Toscana. The expedition, led by English captain Robert Thornton, returned to Livorno without a single loss of men. Though Thornton found Duke Fernandino almost dying, the latter approved of Thornton's vivid descriptions of the country in question and later though with great reluctance, Fernandino's son Cosimo authorized settlement. Despite numerous setbacks and diseases among the settlers, the settlement, called Nuova Toscana, persisted and not only the Spanish and the Portuguese tolerated the colony, they also helped it defend it from French, Dutch, and English incursions. The French attempted to captured Caiena in 1659 but were repulsed.
Tuscany also recruited settlers among the other Italian states as well as Spain and Portugal in which many accepted. Due to heavy Corsican emigration to the Nuovatoscana colony, despite Corsica being Genoan-controlled, the Corsican dialect eventually substituted the Tuscan dialect, albeit modified due to African influence. By 1800, the Tuscan colony in Guiana is the most populated in the Guianas, with the estimated population of 80,000. Many were brought as penal colonists from Tuscany, other Italian states, Spain, and Portugal. Slavery was tolerated and encouraged among the black population, mainly to serve as labor for the farms.
Independence
Signs of yearning for independence in Nuovatoscana persisted, and many people in the region claimed that it didn't deserved to be economically neglected despite repeated settlements by Italian colonists. During the dissolution of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, it passed under the control of the Kingdom of Etruria, and later sold it to the Napoleonic Italian Republic, which mollified the independence leaders. When the Napoleonic Italian Republic later became a kingdom and ceded Nuovatoscana to France, the French later attacked Dutch Guiana as well as Nuovatoscana. It enflamed the Nuovatoscan independence leaders and a guerilla war erupted in 1805. Contact with other South American independence leaders like Simon Bolivar, Jose San Martin, and an Nuovatoscan-Argentine named Juan Castelli, later known as Gianni Castelli, later became the most prominent leader of the Guianan Resistance, as it was called. Castelli's leadership ensured that not only Nuovatoscana regains independence, but it also managed to defeat and conquer the French in French Guiana and Suriname. The French leader Napoleon respected Nuovatoscanan independence as a fait accompli and accepted a treaty with Nuovatoscana confirming the loss of French Guiana and accepting "protectorate" status. Castelli, influenced by British abolitionists, declared that Nuovatoscana in its inception will have no slavery and there will be a perpetual prohibition on it. Castelli also rebuffed a British and Portuguese invasion force and colonization attempt in 1809-12 thanks to French help. By 1814, the Congress of Vienna was forced to accept the loss of Nuovatoscana, and the original Dutch colonists were expelled to Trinidad, the Netherlands Antilles, and Martinique along with their loyalists; only a few of the original inhabitants were left. A number of Frenchmen also emigrated out of Nuovatoscana, though some returned in the 1830s. However, Castelli failed to see his country officially recognized, for he died in 1814 due to cancer.
Nuovatoscana in the 19th century
His successor, Carlo Castelli, not related to Gianni Castelli, was the second leader of Nuovatoscana and devised its first constitution. He fought to secure Nuovatoscana from foreign rule and welcomed exiles from failed Italian uprisings. In 1815, from a population of 280,000, the country experienced sustained immigration from the Italian states, about 600,000 from 1815 to 1860. Due to this, it was dubbed as the "only free Italian republic" in the world. Carlo Castelli closed the old slave plantation systems in the country; instead, a mixed system in which the former slaves became serfs instead to white landowners remained; the country was nearly in the throes of civil war due to this, until in 1848 where slavery was definitely banned in the constitution. Many white non-Italian landowners resented their loss of slaves and mounted revolts to ask the Empire of Brazil which still maintained slavery to annex them. Libero Badaro, the President at that time, decisively defeated the landowners in the Curantino Wars of 1837. Many Italian Risorgimento leaders, including Guiseppe Garibaldi, participated in suppressing the revolt; because of this, he held Nuovatoscanan citizenship alongside Italian citizenship in which he was given special dispensation by both the Nuovatoscanan and Italian governments to keep due to his statue.
Many black Brazilian slaves sought escape to the Nuovatoscanan south, mixing with the Maroon communities already there.
In the intervening years, emigration from Italy after its unification intensified, and a switch of dominant immigrants from northern Italy to southern Italy occured. Emigration from Spain and Portugal and other countries also intensified, due to more relaxed political situation than in the other South American countries. By 1900, the population of Nuovatuscana stands by 2,900,000 as of its census. The "Nuovatoscanan Conquest" as it was called was said to be controversial, due to rather mediocre to poor social standing of blacks (Marroni), Amerindian (Indio, later named as Amerindios and Indigenos), and Indian (Indiano). However, Nuovatuscan Guiana also accepted Chinese and later Japanese and Korean immigrants starting from the 1890s to work at the sugar, banana, coffee, and rice plantations.
In 1895, border clashes between Venezuela and Nuovatoscana occured; Britain saw it as chance to take over the disputed Guiana Essequiba region, due to its ships impounded by both Venezuelan and Guiana authorities, but the United States intervened on the behalf of both countries, and Venezuela agreed to cede its claim of Essequibo to Nuovatoscana.
Nuovatoscana in the early 20th century
In the 20th century, Nuovatoscana experienced an agricultural boom, coinciding with heavy immigration from Europe. As many as 5 million, mostly from Italy, have emigrated to Nuovatoscana during that period. Immigrants braved malaria and other diseases which has infested the country; American and European-born and trained doctors assisted in improving the sanitary situation. In return, Nuovatoscana accepted rejected Italian immigrants to the United States, Canada, Brazil, and Argentina. The fact that the spoken language is still Italian have helped them assimilate to Nuovatuscan society.
The army was enlarged to enforce settlement in the Nuovatuscan interior. It was said that as 3,400 Indigenous people left for Brazil during that period rather than to endure Nuovatuscan rule.
During the First World War, Nuovatoscana sided with the Entente Powers due to sympathy with Italy. 2,000 Nuovatuscan volunteers fought for the Italian side, in which there were 239 casualties. Francesco Federico Falco, the Nuovatuscan President, personally supervised their training and provisions.
Anselmo Alliegro Mila enacted a plan with United States funds to build up the Nuovatuscan economy. He lowered the tariffs for international trade, and opened immigration. As many as 5 million immigrated to Nuovatoscana during what was called the "Golden Period"; mostly they came from Italy, Spain, Brazil, and Venezuela. A large number of Jewish refugees also settled to Nuovatoscana.
During the Cuban Revolution; 30,000 people from Cuba fled to Nuovatoscana, with the President promising them refuge and eventual reconquest of Cuba which was never fulfilled due to fallback of the Bay of Pigs crisis.
In 1969, an attempted secession by the Province of Essequibo was quashed by the Armed Forces. The province's leader, Governor Valeria Paolo-Hart, denounced the governmental neglect of Essequibo and was considering independence. The President of Nuovatoscana defeated the rebellion and Valeria Paolo-Hart was forced into exile to the United States.
1978 coup and the "Disinfezionismo"
During the Villa Jones massacre in 1978, President Fabio Burnham was increasingly scrutinized for tolerating a religious cult. Fearful that a "communist cult" has taken over parts of Nuovatoscana, Air Force General Giosue Capellini launched a coup on 22 November 1978, starting the period called "Disinfezionismo", literally meaning 'Disinfectionism'. With the approval of other South American countries, Giosue Capellini personally executed Burnham by shooting him on live television, and accused Burnham of "turning Nuovatoscana into a communist state". Capellini and his junta joined Operation Condor and rounded up much of the left-wing opposition; as much as 9,230 were killed and 12,034 were believed to be "reduced", a euphemism for forced disappearances. The regime called its coup a "Disinfection", with the left-wing opposition called as "pests". Capellini, in an attempt to ingratiate himself to the United States, retired in 1980 as commander-in-chief but became President. Enacting forced industrialization, Nuovatoscana's economy grew at the expense of the environment and worker's rights. While compared to South Korea's and Chile's economic boom, it was said to be unsustainable as Capellini relied on exports of manufactured goods and high techonology. Both Italian and local Mafia families were tolerated by the government and were able to present themselves as legitimate conglomerates. The Sicilian Mafia were able to insert themselves into Nuovatoscanan society and it was known that Capellini used their services to eliminate far-left dissidents. The intertwining of state and criminal enterprises were so great that Nuovatoscana was called the first true "mafia state" by the media.
Modern History
Foreign pressure to democratize forced Capellini to hold a snap election against Valeria Paolo-Hart, who was allowed to return in 1989 and survived an assassination attempt that only served to rally the opposition against her. Massive electoral fraud, with international opinion favoring Paolo-Hart, caused an attempted coup-de-etat by Desiderio Buterse, an Afro-Nuovatuscan Army colonel decrying the racism against black Nuovatuscan officers in the military. While the coup nearly failed, protesters rallied to the streets to denounce the election; however, the Nuovatoscanan military defected to Paolo-Hart, causing Capellini to go to exile to Italy.
Paolo-Hart had to contend with many attempted military coups, some supported by Capellini loyalists, but others are increasingly being lead by Buterse. Buterse was imprisoned for an attempted coup against her in 6 July, 1991. She also imprisoned many mafia leaders, and even participated in the deportation of the main leaders of the Caruana mafia clan to Italy in 1992. However, Paolo-Hart was widely praised for being the first female and first Amerindian president of Nuovatcscana, and for restoring democracy in the country. In 1993, Enrico Chin became the first Asian-Nuovatoscanan president, who was also a minister in Paolo-Hart's cabinet. Chin was unable to solve the economic situation in the country, and died a year after leaving office. in 1998, Luigi Macchi became President, but was involved in a political corruption scandal. Despite mounting protests over his corruption, he stayed put until the next election, in which Arturo Chung became President in 2002 until 2007, where economic growth largely returned. Chung resigned because of his age and poor health, and died in 2008. A special election was held and Desiderio Buterse, the favorite, became the second Afro-Nuovatoscanan President since Fabio Burnham. While initially popular as a Conservative candidate, a Wikileaks investigation later forced him out of office in 2012, in which he was implicated over allegations of drug trafficking and collusion with the local Mafias to support his coup in the 1980s. Leone Panetta became President in 2013.
Geography
Nuovatoscana is one of the smallest countries in South America. It is situated on the Guiana Shield. The country can be divided into two regions: the tropical rainforest north and the mostly savanna south. The Guianian Highlands are formed by a flat basement on the coast, which constitutes the agricultural area where most of the population is concentrated. Hills and jungles abound in the interior of the territory, in the south and west there is a large region of mountains and savannas. The most important points in the country is the Pacaraima mountain range, which culminates in Mount Roraima, 2,810 meters above sea level, located on the border with Venezuela and Brazil.
Nuovatoscana has six distinct climate biomes: the Guayanan Highlands moist forests, Guianan moist forests, Paramaribo swamp forests, Tepuis, Guianan savanna, and Guianan mangroves.
Climate
.jpg)
The country is mostly tropical and mostly tropical rainforest climate. The temperature is hot and do not vary much throughout the year. The average relative humidity is between 80 percent and 90 percent. Rainfall is expected throughout the year as the country sits through the Intertropical Convergence Zone. The northern part of the country has a tropical rainforest climate and the south has a tropical monsoon climate.
The advent of climate change made Nuovatoscana more suspectible to extreme weather events; although Nuovatoscana is below the hurricane belt, it feared that climate change would make Nuovatoscana more suspectible to hurricanes. Nuovatoscana's carbon positive economy due to industrialization has been cited as a cause of the shrinkage of its forest cover.
Environment and biodiversity
The country has a biodiverse environment, but the thinning of rainforests has impacted the ecosystem, and programs are in place to remedy it. It was reported that Nuovatoscana's forest cover is 57 percent in 2020, down from 63 percent in 2000.
Nuovatoscana is home to numerous species, and considered a very biodiverse country. However, illegal logging and pollution pose a serious threat in the biodiversity, with at least 203 species still existing in 1960 were functionally extinct in 2016.
Politics and government
Government
Nuovatoscana is a unitary, presidential republic. The President serves as the head of state and government of Nuovatoscana.
Executive
The executive branch is led by the president. The president is directly elected by the people for a four-year term; he can be re-elected only once. He is both the head of state and government of Guiana. He is responsible for public administation of the country, and appoints the Cabinet comprising the Secretaries of State. The President is also responsible for foreign policy.
Legislative
Judiciary
The judicial branch is led by the Supreme Court, with a Chief Justice and Nine Associate Justices.
Administrative Divisions
Nuovatoscana is divided into provinces, with Caiena also serving as metropolitan province, and subdivided into communes. Each communes is subdivided into municipalities.
Venezuela still claims the provinces of Essequibo and western Demerara as its own province. Venezuela and Nuovatoscana signed a treaty in 1920 establishing the borders as final but Venezuela under Hugo Chavez revoked it in 2003.
| Name | Type | Capital | Area (km2) | Population |
|---|---|---|---|---|
 Berbice |
Province | Ituni | ||
.svg){kind=small} Broccopondo |
Province | Broccopondo | ||
 Caiena |
Metropolitan province | Caiena | ||
 Curantino |
Province | Niccheri | 12,891 | |
 Essequibo |
Province | Bartica | ||
 Guyana |
Province | Demerara | ||
 Palissandria |
Province | San Giorgio | ||
 Inini |
Province | San Lorenzo d'Marroni | ||
.svg){kind=small} Sinamari |
Province | Sinamari | ||
 Suriname |
Province | Paramaribo |
Largest population centers in Nuovatoscana
census of 2021 | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rank | Province | Pop. | Rank | Province | Pop. | ||||
| 1 | Caiena | Caiena | 11 | Oiapocca | [[]] | ||||
| 2 | Paramaribo | Suriname | 12 | Palmaria | [[]] | ||||
| 3 | Demerara | [[]] | 13 | Malfalconi | [[]] | ||||
| 4 | Castelli | [[]] | 14 | Saramacca | [[]] | ||||
| 5 | Curu | [[]] | 15 | Albina | [[]] | ||||
| 6 | San Lorenzo d'Marrone | [[]] | 16 | Uanari | [[]] | ||||
| 7 | Niccheri | [[]] | 17 | Pamari | [[]] | ||||
| 8 | Bartica | [[]] | 18 | Paraname | [[]] | ||||
| 9 | Monteneri | [[]] | 19 | Torarica | [[]] | ||||
| 10 | Maturi | [[]] | 20 | Bartica | [[]] | ||||
Military
The Nuovatuscan Armed Forces is descended from the Independence Armies of Nuovatuscana in the early 1800s. It is considered the best-equipped army in South America, due to fear of Venezuelan incursions into its territory. Its total strength is about 193,300 personnel in 2020.
The Armed Forces is composed of:
- The Army - the land forces
- Marina - the naval forces
- Forza Aerea - the air forces
- Guardia Repubblicana - the gendarmerie and border guards force.
Law and Order
Law enforcement is done by the Guardia Repubblicana and the Polizia Nazionale, the latter which investigates lower-level crimes. The Guardia Repubblicana is used for suppressing heavy armed disturbances such as riots.
Foreign relations
Nuovatoscana practices a neutral foreign policy. A founding member of the United Nations, The republic is also a member of the Organization of American States, and UNASUR.
Nuovatoscana maintains strong historical ties with its former colonizer, Italy, in which it shares a common cultural bond. It was said that Nuovatoscana and Italy are "brothers separated by an ocean".
Economy
The official government policy of Nuovatoscana is for a highly-liberalized economy. The Nuovatoscanan Ministry of Economic Affairs claim that this is necessary for the economic growth and prosperity of the country.
Agriculture
Agriculture originally formed the backbone of the Nuovatoscanan economy. It was believed that the poor soil in eastern Nuovatuscana was one of the motivations of the independence armies to seize the more fertile Dutch Guiana. Thus, the country was able to utilize the former sugar and cotton plantations and were able also to switch into rice, bananas, and coffee.
Rice accounts for 34 percent of agricultural output. Nuovatoscana is the fourth largest producer of rice in South America.
Petroleum
Nuovatoscana's proven oil reserves are abount 11 billion barrels; Venezuelan threats to seize the fields hampered their development, as Nuovatoscana was dependent on Venezuelan refined oil back then; only due to the rise of Hugo Chavez in Venezuela was Nuovatoscana able to fully commit in oil exploration and production. The refineries in Demerara is the fifth largest in South America.
Energy
Industry
Nuovatoscana shifted to industry during the "Golden Era" to enhance its standard of living. Manufacturing peaked during the Capellini dictatorship, then declined in the late 1990s. However, in the early 2000s, it picked up again. The country has the fourth-largest automotive industry in Latin America, but it is the largest among them who have locally produced brands. Nuovacarro is the largest company in Nuovatoscana, due to its aggressive marketing in the Americas and Asia.
Infrastructure
Transport
Nuovatoscana has built an extensive railroad system totalling 2,305 kilometers of track, and had the original intention to transport ore and agricultural goods. Passenger services of trains were largely still confined at the coastal areas.
Demographics
Nuovatoscana's population saw an increase in 2017, due Venezuelan migration to Nuovatoscana.
Language
The official language is Italian, and is regarded as the language of government, business, and daily life; the Nuovatuscanan government claims that 97% speaks Italian and the rest who are able to speak regularly can at least comprehend and understand it. Indigenous American and Creole languages such as Sranan Tongo have special status to communities where their ethnic group predominate; schools are taught in their respective languages as well as Italian.
Education
In Nuovatoscana, compulsory schooling, made law since 1919, starts at the age of 6 and ends at secondary school at age 17.
Religion
Nuovatoscana is a historically a majority Catholic state; 83 percent of its population are adherents of the faith. However, since independence, Nuovatuscana proclaimed the separation of church and state in its constitution and other religions flourished ever since. The second largest religion are various Protestant sects, with 6 percent of the population.
In the rural parts of Guiana, there are syncretist faiths among the Marrone and Indigenous communities, and festivals often incorporate such mixture of symbolism.
The Protestant community existed even before the conquest of Dutch Guiana; several Waldensians also established remote communities in the southern interior and also converted many indigenous tribes. Later, the Dutch Reformed Church also has many adherents, mainly from the black community. Other sects such as the Latter Day Saints, Baptists, Jehovah's Witnesses, and others also made inroads.
The Jewish community started with both the Portuguese Jews in Suriname Province and Italkims from Caiena Metropolitan Province. Jews total 92,000 of the population and is mostly concentrated on Caiena and other major cities.
Islam is introduced among Indian laborers imported from Trinidad, and made converts among the rest of the population. An estimated 102,000 people in 2019 are said to be Muslim, mostly those of Indian and African descent.
Culture
Nuovatoscana's culture reflects its Italian, Carribean, and Indigenous American heritage. Styles of traditional music from Italy were considered as Nuovatoscanan as well as Afro-Carribean cultural art forms. Its Italian language sets it apart from other Latin American countries, who use Spanish instead, along with its southern Portuguese neighbor Brazil; Nuovatoscana is however, firmly in the Latin American cultural sphere.
Festivals
Nuovatoscana has distinct Carnival tradition; the Masrameni of the Demerara region, the Tululu of the east, and the Carnivale of Caiena. The Carnivale of Caiena resembles most of Italy; the Masrameni and Tululu have Afro-Carribean roots; Tululu was also derived from the former French Guiana colonies.
Music and art
Nuovatoscana has a lively and rich tradition, emanating mainly from Afro-Caribbean and Italian sources. The Caseco is a very well-known Nuovatoscan dance coming from the Afro-Nuovatoscanan population. Ciatni, also known in Trinidad and Tobago as Chutney, is also a well-known Nuovatoscan music genre.
European-derived Nuovatuscan music is also present, mainly imported from Southern Italy and modified to incorporate local influences.
Cuisine
Nuovatoscana is known for its rich cuisine, due to its African, East Indian, Indigenous American, and Italian heritage. Due to the majority of the population being culturally Italian, Italian cuisine, modified in using rice and cassava instead of the usual wheat in Italy, became the hallmark of Nuovatuscan cuisine. Capra Pasta, Pasticcio (also known in Venezuela as Pasticho) and Spaghetti di Bami, a mixture of Italian and Dutch and Indonesian influence, are the most celebrated dishes in Nuovatuscan cuisine.
Sports
Football is Nuovatoscana's national sport and is the most popular one. The Nuovatoscanan National Football Team participated in several World Cups and won the Cup in 1994, in what was called "The Miracle of Pasadena", when it defeated heavily-favored Brazil with a score of 2-1. It also won at least 2 Copa America trophies.
Second in popularity are baseball and cricket, mainly played by the Afro-Nuovatoscanan populations.
Nuovatoscana has participated in the Summer Olympics since its inception and won 23 medals, including 3 gold medals, all in track and field.
National Holidays
National holidays
| Date | Local name | Name |
|---|---|---|
| 1 January | Capodanno | New Year's Day |
| 6 January | Epifania | Epiphany |
| moveable feast | Pasqua | Easter Sunday |
| day after Pasqua | Pasquetta | Easter Monday |
| 1 May | Festa del Lavoro | Labour Day |
| 60 days after Easter | Corpus Christi | Corpus Christi |
| 15 August | Assunzione | Assumption Day |
| 12 September | Dia della Memoria | Day of Memory (commemorating the start of the Disinfectionist dictatorship and honoring its victims) |
| 3 October | Dia dell'indipendenza | Day of Independence (celebrating the independence of Nuovatoscana from Italy) |
| 1 November | Tutti i santi | All Saints' Day |
| 25 December | Natale | Christmas Day |
| 26 December | Santo Stefano | Saint Stephen's Day |