6.45x48 mm: Difference between revisions

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{{Infobox Firearm Cartridge
{{Infobox firearm cartridge
|name= 6.45x48 mm
|name= 6.45x48 mm
|image= NekorBullet1.jpg | image_size = 300px
|image= NekorBullet1.jpg | image_size = 300px
|caption=  
|caption=  
|origin= {{flag|Temuair}}
|origin= {{flag|Luminerra}}
|type= Rifle
|type= Rifle
<!-- Service history -->
<!-- Service history -->
|service= 1990 -
|service= 2007
|used_by= [[Imperial Army of Temuair]]
|used_by= [[Lumenic Army]] <br> [[Lumenic Air Force]] <br> [[Lumenic Armada]] <br> [[Lumenic Armada Naval Infantry]]
|wars=  
|wars=  
<!-- Production history -->
<!-- Production history -->
|designer= [[ParaCell (Pardes)|Srad]]
|designer= [[Royal Defense Research Agency]] <br> [[Arsenale Reale e Ordinanza S.p.A]]
|design_date= 1983 - 1987
|design_date= 1992 - 1999
<!-- Specifications -->
<!-- Specifications -->
|is_SI_specs=yes
|is_SI_specs=yes
Line 36: Line 36:
}}
}}


'''6.45x48 mm''' is an {{wpl|Intermediate cartridge|intermediate rifle cartridge}} that was developed in conjunction with the [[IRA-90]] rifle as a potential successor to the {{wpl|7.62×51mm CETME|7.62×41mm}} cartridge. The rimless cartridge has a base diameter of 11.82&nbsp;mm  and a case length of 47.72&nbsp;mm. The bullet is an unusual 6.65&nbsp;mm diameter (6.45mm refers to the bore diameter), fractionally smaller than the common 6.5&nbsp;mm (bore diameter) bullet.  The {{convert|6.3|g|gr|disp=flip|abbr=on}} bullet was fired at a muzzle velocity of {{convert|900|m/s|ft/s|abbr=on}} with {{convert|2,550|J|ftlb|abbr=on}} of muzzle energy.
'''6.45x48 mm''' is an {{wpl|Intermediate cartridge|intermediate rifle cartridge}} that was developed in conjunction with the [[ARO FC-7]] rifle as a potential successor to the 5.56x45 mm cartridge in use by the [[Lumenic Legion]] in the {{Wpl|Beretta AR70/90|FC-76}} assault rifle. The rimless cartridge has a base diameter of 11.82&nbsp;mm  and a case length of 47.72&nbsp;mm. The bullet is an unusual 6.65&nbsp;mm diameter (6.45mm refers to the bore diameter), fractionally smaller than the common 6.5&nbsp;mm (bore diameter) bullet.  The {{convert|6.3|g|gr|disp=flip|abbr=on}} bullet was fired at a muzzle velocity of {{convert|900|m/s|ft/s|abbr=on}} with {{convert|2,550|J|ftlb|abbr=on}} of muzzle energy.


The 6.45x48 mm offers similar ballistic performance to the {{wpl|5.56×45mm NATO|5.56×45 mm}} round in terms of velocity loss, drop, and drift, with a slight advantage in energy retention through the flight of the round. In terms of weight, the round is somewhat heavy at 15.4 grams versus the 5.56x45 mm round's 12.3g, however, it is lighter than the 7.65×53 mm round it replace, which weighs in at 18.9 g. 
The 6.45x48 mm offers similar ballistic performance to the {{wpl|5.56×45mm NATO|5.56×45 mm}} round in terms of velocity loss, drop, and drift, with a slight advantage in energy retention through the flight of the round. In terms of weight, the round is somewhat heavy at 15.4 grams versus the 5.56x45 mm round's 12.3g.  


==History==
==History==


In 1999, after seeing {{wpl|Stopping power|overpenetration}} issue while fighting in {{wpl|Urban warfare|urban environments}} the Imperial Army requested a low penetration round. Srrad developed the {{wpl|Frangible bullet|frangible}} C99B round.
==Cartridge types==


In 2007, the C02BPM enhanced penetration cartilage was chosen as the newest standard service round for the [[Imperial Army of Temuair]]. Troops serving in {{wpl|low intensity conflict}} zones such as [[Terrica]] have complained that the high speed, copper alloy cored round has a tendency to {{wpl|Stopping power|over penetrate}} targets, rapidly entering and exiting the body, as opposed to remaining lodged inside the target. This results in more rounds fired to eliminate a hostile combatant. In 2006, the Imperial Army released stock of older C87BE cartridges to units stationed in Terrica, however, this round was also designed with a steel penetrator over a lead core and thus, has similar issue to the newer C02BPM rounds. Troops first attempted to use the already issued C99B frangible round, which had been developed in 1999 for conflicts in urban environments, but found its performance unsatisfactory in longer-range engagements and in penetrating light barriers like sandbags or car windshields. In 2010, the Imperial Army contracted [[ParaCell (Pardes)|Srad]] to produce a standard ball round for the IRA-90. The new round was more effective against soft targets, but did not allow for penetration of light objects. In 2016, and improved version designated C16CBI offers sufficient range for most engagements as well as the ability
* '''C07PS (Cartridge, 2007, Ball, Standard)''': Standardized cartridge first produced in 1998 for the {{wpl|Beretta ARX160|FC-98}}. It is a brass plated {{convert|6.3|g|gr|disp=flip|abbr=on}} ball round with a steel penetrator tip over a lead core in a full copper jacket. Standard issue from 1990 to 2007. Designed to penetrate standard {{wpl|Body armor|infantry armor}} of the time.
* '''C07V (Cartridge, 2007, Blank)''':  High-pressure blank round for various applications. Denoted with a red lacquer seal
* '''C07T (Cartridge, 2007, Tracer)''': {{convert|6.2|g|gr|disp=flip|abbr=on}} tracer cartridge, orange types denote an orange colored tracer. No other colors currently in service. 
* '''C07PP (Cartridge, 2007, Pressure Test)''': High-pressure cartridge used when proofing weapons during manufacture, test, or repair. This cartridge will always be nickel plated to differentiate them from service ammunition.
* '''C07F (Cartridge, 2007, Training)''' 6.45x48 mm inert cartridge with fluted indentations in the case. Used for loading and unloading drills during basic training.
* '''C10PA (Cartridge, 2010, Armor Piercing)''': Black-tipped {{convert|6.9|g|gr|disp=flip|abbr=on}} armor piercing cartridge with a tungsten core. Able to penetrate heavier body armor and light obsticles.  
* '''C11TS (Cartridge, 2011, Long Range)''': Green tipped {{wpl|match grade}} {{convert|8|g|gr|disp=flip|abbr=on}} long range round for use with the {{wpl|Beretta ARX160|FC-98}} and [[ARO FC-7|FC-7TS]] {{wpl|Designated marksman rifle|marksmen rifle}}. It is the only {{wpl|Hollow-point bullet|hollow-point}} round in service with the [[Lumenic Army]].
* '''C13BPM (Cartridge, 2013, Standard, Enhanced Penetration)''': {{convert|6.3|g|gr|disp=flip|abbr=on}} with a 19-grain steel penetrator tip over a copper alloy core in a partial copper jacket. Had a blue tip until 2007, when it became standard issue.
* '''C13T1 (Cartridge, 2013, Tracer, 1st Improvement)''': Improved {{convert|6.2|g|gr|disp=flip|abbr=on}} tracer cartridge, orange types denote an range colored tracer. No other colors currently in service. Round has improved trace to range consistency and is basically similar to the C02PM
* '''C13DT (Cartridge, 2013, Tracer, Dim)''': Reduced effect tracer primarily for use with {{wpl|Night-vision device|night vision devices}}.
* '''C16S (Cartridge, 2016, Frangible)''' White tipped {{convert|6|g|gr|disp=flip|abbr=on}} reduced penetration frangible round.
 
==Firearms chambered in 6.45x48 mm==
 
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
! style="width:10%;"| Name
! style="width:20%;"| Image
! style="width:15%;"| Role
! style="width:15%;"| Origin
! style="width:30%;"| Manufacturer
 
|-
| <center>  {{wpl|Beretta ARX160|ARO FC-98}} || <center> [[File:Exercise TRIDENT JUNCTURE (22804826445).jpg|200px]] || <center> {{wpl|Assault rifle}} || <center> {{flag|Luminerra}} || <center> [[Arsenale Reale e Ordinanza S.p.A]]
|-
| <center> [[ARO FC-7]] || <center> [[File:XM8 and Marine.jpg|200px]] || <center> {{wpl|Assault rifle}} || <center> {{flag|Luminerra}} || <center> [[Arsenale Reale e Ordinanza S.p.A]]
|-
| <center> {{Wpl|FARA 83|F-1}} || <center> [[File:FARA 83.JPG|200px]] || <center> {{wpl|Assault rifle}} || <center> {{Flag|Rocha Sur}} || <center> [[Arsenal do Estado Real]]
|-
| <center>  {{wpl|FN Minimi|ML-95}} || <center> [[File:M249 FN MINIMI DM-SD-05-05342.jpg|200px]] || <center> {{wpl|Light machine gun}} || <center> {{flag|Trinovantum}} <br> {{flag|Luminerra}} || <center> [[Wilton-Nash Firearms Company]] <br> [[Arsenale Reale e Ordinanza S.p.A]]
|-
| <center>  {{wpl|M249 light machine gun#Variants|ML-11}} || <center> [[File:U.S. Army Ranger, 2nd Battalion, 75th Ranger Regiment providing Overwatch in Iraq 2006.jpg|200px]] || <center> {{wpl|Light machine gun}} || <center> {{flag|Trinovantum}} <br> {{flag|Luminerra}} || <center> [[Wilton-Nash Firearms Company]] <br> [[Arsenale Reale e Ordinanza S.p.A]]
|-
|}


==Cartridge types==


* '''C87BE (Cartridge, 1987, Ball, Standard)''': Standardized cartridge first produced in 1987 for the [[IRA-90]]. It is a brass plated {{convert|6.3|g|gr|disp=flip|abbr=on}} ball round with a steel penetrator tip over a lead core in a full copper jacket. Standard issue from 1990 to 2007. Designed to penetrate standard {{wpl|Body armor|infantry armor}} of the time.
* '''C87B (Cartridge, 1987, Blank)''':  High-pressure grenade-launching blank for use with the {{wpl|Instalaza rifle grenade|GDR-60}} series {{wpl|rifle grenade}}s. Denoted with a red lacquer seal
* '''C87T (Cartridge, 1987, Tracer)''': {{convert|6.2|g|gr|disp=flip|abbr=on}} tracer cartridge, orange types denote an orange colored tracer. No other colors currently in service. 
* '''C87PP (Cartridge, 1987, Pressure Test)''': High-pressure cartridge used when proofing weapons during manufacture, test, or repair. This cartridge will always be nickel plated to differentiate them from service ammunition.
* '''C87A (Cartridge, 1987, Training)''' 6.45x48 mm inert cartridge with fluted indentations in the case. Used for loading and unloading drills during basic training.
* '''C95PA (Cartridge, 1995, Armor Piercing)''': Black-tipped {{convert|6.9|g|gr|disp=flip|abbr=on}} armor piercing cartridge with a tungsten core. Able to penetrate heavier body armor and light obsticles.
* '''C98LA (Cartridge, 1998, Long Range)''': Green tipped {{wpl|match grade}} {{convert|8|g|gr|disp=flip|abbr=on}} long range round for use with the [[IRA-90|IRA-90TE]] {{wpl|Designated marksman rifle|marksmen rifle}}. It is the only {{wpl|Hollow-point bullet|hollow-point}} round in service with the Imperial Army. It is reportedly able of achieving kills at 700 meters, in one engagement in 2004, a small team of [[Cazadores]] were encircled at their small camp in Terica, the teams marksman reported 75 kills with 77 rounds during the three day battle.
* '''C02BPM (Cartridge, 2002, Standard, Enhanced Penetration)''': {{convert|6.3|g|gr|disp=flip|abbr=on}} with a 19-grain steel penetrator tip over a copper alloy core in a partial copper jacket. Had a blue tip until 2007, when it became standard issue.
* '''C03T2 (Cartridge, 2003, Tracer, 1st Improvement)''': Improved {{convert|6.2|g|gr|disp=flip|abbr=on}} tracer cartridge, orange types denote an range colored tracer. No other colors currently in service. Round has improved trace to range consistency and is basically similar to the C02PM
* '''C99B (Cartridge, 1999, Frangible)''' White tipped {{convert|6|g|gr|disp=flip|abbr=on}} reduced penetration frangible round.
* '''C05DT (Cartridge, 2005, Tracer, Dim)''': Reduced effect tracer primarily for use with {{wpl|Night-vision device|night vision devices}}.
* '''C12CBI (Cartridge, 2014, Ball)''': Original attempt at a low intensity conflict round. Afforded good stopping power against unarmored targets, but lacked penetration against light barriers.
* '''C16CBI (Cartridge, 2016, Ball)''': {{convert|6|g|gr|disp=flip|abbr=on}} ball round with no penetrator ordered by the Imperial Army in 2016 for troops serving in {{wpl|low intensity conflict}} zones. The round fragments consistently with the lead portion fragments in the first few inches of soft tissue, while the solid copper rear penetrates up to 18 in of tissue. This allows for penetration of light barriers such as car doors and windshields without considerable loss of accuracy, but also reduces the rounds risk of overpenetrating and exiting the target without causing severe damage


[[Category: Temuair]]
[[Category: Luminerra]]
[[Category: Armed Forces of the Temuair Empire]]
[[Category: Lumenic Legion]]
[[Category: Weapon Systems in Annwynn]]

Latest revision as of 21:42, 11 August 2024

6.45x48 mm
NekorBullet1.jpg
TypeRifle
Place of origin Luminerra
Service history
In service2007
Used byLumenic Army
Lumenic Air Force
Lumenic Armada
Lumenic Armada Naval Infantry
Production history
DesignerRoyal Defense Research Agency
Arsenale Reale e Ordinanza S.p.A
Designed1992 - 1999
Specifications
Bullet diameter6.65 mm (0.262 in)
Neck diameter7.56 mm (0.298 in)
Shoulder diameter10.95 mm (0.431 in)
Base diameter11.82 mm (0.465 in)
Rim diameter11.81 mm (0.465 in)
Rim thickness1.55 mm (0.061 in)
Case length47.72 mm (1.879 in)
Overall length65.06 mm (2.561 in)
Ballistic performance
Bullet mass/type Velocity Energy
6.3 g (97 gr) 900 m/s (3,000 ft/s) 2,550 J (1,880 ft⋅lbf)

6.45x48 mm is an intermediate rifle cartridge that was developed in conjunction with the ARO FC-7 rifle as a potential successor to the 5.56x45 mm cartridge in use by the Lumenic Legion in the FC-76 assault rifle. The rimless cartridge has a base diameter of 11.82 mm and a case length of 47.72 mm. The bullet is an unusual 6.65 mm diameter (6.45mm refers to the bore diameter), fractionally smaller than the common 6.5 mm (bore diameter) bullet. The 97 gr (6.3 g) bullet was fired at a muzzle velocity of 900 m/s (3,000 ft/s) with 2,550 J (1,880 ft⋅lb) of muzzle energy.

The 6.45x48 mm offers similar ballistic performance to the 5.56×45 mm round in terms of velocity loss, drop, and drift, with a slight advantage in energy retention through the flight of the round. In terms of weight, the round is somewhat heavy at 15.4 grams versus the 5.56x45 mm round's 12.3g.

History

Cartridge types

  • C07PS (Cartridge, 2007, Ball, Standard): Standardized cartridge first produced in 1998 for the FC-98. It is a brass plated 97 gr (6.3 g) ball round with a steel penetrator tip over a lead core in a full copper jacket. Standard issue from 1990 to 2007. Designed to penetrate standard infantry armor of the time.
  • C07V (Cartridge, 2007, Blank): High-pressure blank round for various applications. Denoted with a red lacquer seal
  • C07T (Cartridge, 2007, Tracer): 96 gr (6.2 g) tracer cartridge, orange types denote an orange colored tracer. No other colors currently in service.
  • C07PP (Cartridge, 2007, Pressure Test): High-pressure cartridge used when proofing weapons during manufacture, test, or repair. This cartridge will always be nickel plated to differentiate them from service ammunition.
  • C07F (Cartridge, 2007, Training) 6.45x48 mm inert cartridge with fluted indentations in the case. Used for loading and unloading drills during basic training.
  • C10PA (Cartridge, 2010, Armor Piercing): Black-tipped 106 gr (6.9 g) armor piercing cartridge with a tungsten core. Able to penetrate heavier body armor and light obsticles.
  • C11TS (Cartridge, 2011, Long Range): Green tipped match grade 120 gr (8 g) long range round for use with the FC-98 and FC-7TS marksmen rifle. It is the only hollow-point round in service with the Lumenic Army.
  • C13BPM (Cartridge, 2013, Standard, Enhanced Penetration): 97 gr (6.3 g) with a 19-grain steel penetrator tip over a copper alloy core in a partial copper jacket. Had a blue tip until 2007, when it became standard issue.
  • C13T1 (Cartridge, 2013, Tracer, 1st Improvement): Improved 96 gr (6.2 g) tracer cartridge, orange types denote an range colored tracer. No other colors currently in service. Round has improved trace to range consistency and is basically similar to the C02PM
  • C13DT (Cartridge, 2013, Tracer, Dim): Reduced effect tracer primarily for use with night vision devices.
  • C16S (Cartridge, 2016, Frangible) White tipped 93 gr (6 g) reduced penetration frangible round.

Firearms chambered in 6.45x48 mm

Name Image Role Origin Manufacturer
ARO FC-98
Exercise TRIDENT JUNCTURE (22804826445).jpg
Assault rifle
 Luminerra
Arsenale Reale e Ordinanza S.p.A
ARO FC-7
XM8 and Marine.jpg
Assault rifle
 Luminerra
Arsenale Reale e Ordinanza S.p.A
F-1
FARA 83.JPG
Assault rifle
 Rocha Sur
Arsenal do Estado Real
ML-95
M249 FN MINIMI DM-SD-05-05342.jpg
Light machine gun
 Trinovantum
 Luminerra
Wilton-Nash Firearms Company
Arsenale Reale e Ordinanza S.p.A
ML-11
U.S. Army Ranger, 2nd Battalion, 75th Ranger Regiment providing Overwatch in Iraq 2006.jpg
Light machine gun
 Trinovantum
 Luminerra
Wilton-Nash Firearms Company
Arsenale Reale e Ordinanza S.p.A
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