Modern TNO Vietnam: Difference between revisions

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{{pp-protected|reason=Persistent [[WP:Disruptive editing|disruptive editing]]. Restoring previous indefinite semi-protection, which was superseded by temporary extended-confirmed protection|small=yes}}
{{pp-protected|reason=Persistent [[WP:Disruptive editing|disruptive editing]]. Restoring previous indefinite semi-protection, which was superseded by temporary extended-confirmed protection|small=yes}}
{{EngvarB|date = May 2022}}
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{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}{{Template:WIP}}{{Infobox country
<!-- Note: All of the following within double brackets is template text. Please skip over it to edit the main body of the article. -->
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Socialist Republic of Vietnam
| conventional_long_name = Socialist Republic of Vietnam
| common_name            = Vietnam
| common_name            = Vietnam
Line 18: Line 16:
| map_caption            = {{map caption|location_color=green|region=[[ASEAN]]|region_color=dark grey}}
| map_caption            = {{map caption|location_color=green|region=[[ASEAN]]|region_color=dark grey}}
| capital                = [[Hanoi]]
| capital                = [[Hanoi]]
| coordinates            = {{coord|21|2|N|105|51|E|type:city}}
| largest_city          = [[Saigon - Ho Chi Minh]]}
| largest_city          = [[Saigon - Ho Chi Minh]]<br />{{coord|10|48|N|106|39|E|type:city}}
| languages_type        = Official language
| languages_type        = Official language
| languages              = [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Vietnam |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/vietnam/ |website=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |access-date=27 April 2023 |language=en |date=18 April 2023 |archive-date=10 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610173010/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/vietnam/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
| languages              = [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Vietnam |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/vietnam/ |website=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |access-date=27 April 2023 |language=en |date=18 April 2023 |archive-date=10 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610173010/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/vietnam/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
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  | 85.32% [[Kinh Vietnamese]]
  | 85.32% [[Kinh Vietnamese]]
  | 14.68% [[List of ethnic groups in Vietnam|other]]{{sfn|General Statistics Office of Vietnam|2019}}}}
  | 14.68% [[List of ethnic groups in Vietnam|other]]{{sfn|General Statistics Office of Vietnam|2019}}}}
| ethnic_groups_year    = 2019
| ethnic_groups_year    = 2016
| religion              = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |86.32% [[Irreligion|no religion]] / [[Vietnamese folk religion|folk]] |6.1% [[Catholic Church in Vietnam|Catholicism]]|4.79% [[Buddhism in Vietnam|Buddhism]]|1.02% [[Hòa Hảo|Hoahaoism]] |1% [[Protestantism in Vietnam|Protestantism]]  |0.58% [[Caodaism]]  |0.07% [[Islam]] |0.12% [[Religion in Vietnam|other]]{{sfn|General Statistics Office of Vietnam|2019}}}}{{efn|The census data was also cited in the United States Department of State's 2022 Report on International Religious Freedom regarding Vietnam. However, the report indicated that this figure did not include the potentially significant number of individuals who engage in Buddhist practices to a certain extent without being formally participated in a Buddhist religious group.<ref>{{cite report |date=2022 |title=2022 Report on International Religious Freedom: Vietnam |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-report-on-international-religious-freedom/vietnam/ |publisher=Office of International Religious Freedom, United States Department of State|access-date=2024-02-11|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240211024605/https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-report-on-international-religious-freedom/vietnam/ |archive-date=2024-02-11}}</ref> An earlier United States Department of State report from 2019 revealed that 26.4 percent of the population identified with an organized religion. This breakdown included 14.9 percent identifying as Buddhist, 7.4 percent as Roman Catholic, 1.5 percent as Hoa Hao Buddhist, 1.2 percent as Cao Dai, and 1.1 percent as Protestant. The remainder did not identify with any religious group or observed beliefs such as animism or the reverence of ancestors, tutelary and protective saints, national heroes, or esteemed local figures.<ref>Vietnam Government Committee for Religious Affairs, 2018, cited in {{Cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2019-report-on-international-religious-freedom/vietnam/|title=2019 Report on International Religious Freedom: Vietnam|publisher=[[United States Department of State]]|access-date=12 October 2020|archive-date=26 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926185352/https://www.state.gov/reports/2019-report-on-international-religious-freedom/vietnam/|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
| religion              = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |86.32% [[Irreligion|no religion]] / [[Vietnamese folk religion|folk]] |6.1% [[Catholic Church in Vietnam|Catholicism]]|4.79% [[Buddhism in Vietnam|Buddhism]]|1.02% [[Hòa Hảo|Hoahaoism]] |1% [[Protestantism in Vietnam|Protestantism]]  |0.58% [[Caodaism]]  |0.07% [[Islam]] |0.12% [[Religion in Vietnam|other]]{{sfn|General Statistics Office of Vietnam|2019}}}}{{efn|The census data was also cited in the United States Department of State's 2022 Report on International Religious Freedom regarding Vietnam. However, the report indicated that this figure did not include the potentially significant number of individuals who engage in Buddhist practices to a certain extent without being formally participated in a Buddhist religious group.<ref>{{cite report |date=2022 |title=2022 Report on International Religious Freedom: Vietnam |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-report-on-international-religious-freedom/vietnam/ |publisher=Office of International Religious Freedom, United States Department of State|access-date=2024-02-11|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240211024605/https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-report-on-international-religious-freedom/vietnam/ |archive-date=2024-02-11}}</ref> An earlier United States Department of State report from 2019 revealed that 26.4 percent of the population identified with an organized religion. This breakdown included 14.9 percent identifying as Buddhist, 7.4 percent as Roman Catholic, 1.5 percent as Hoa Hao Buddhist, 1.2 percent as Cao Dai, and 1.1 percent as Protestant. The remainder did not identify with any religious group or observed beliefs such as animism or the reverence of ancestors, tutelary and protective saints, national heroes, or esteemed local figures.<ref>Vietnam Government Committee for Religious Affairs, 2018, cited in {{Cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2019-report-on-international-religious-freedom/vietnam/|title=2019 Report on International Religious Freedom: Vietnam|publisher=[[United States Department of State]]|access-date=12 October 2020|archive-date=26 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926185352/https://www.state.gov/reports/2019-report-on-international-religious-freedom/vietnam/|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
| religion_year          = 2019
| religion_year          = 2019
| demonym                = [[Vietnamese people|Vietnamese]]<br />Viet (colloquial)
| demonym                = [[Vietnamese people|Vietnamese]]<br />Viet (colloquial)
| government_type        = Unitary [[Marxist–Leninist]] one-party [[Socialist state|socialist republic]]<!-- The Constitution of Vietnam states that the country is a "socialist republic". This is often regarded as being interchangeable with "communist state" by Western scholars, but legally and officially speaking it is not. --><ref>{{cite web |title=Constitution of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam |url=https://www.fao.org/faolex/results/details/en/c/LEX-FAOC127527/ |website=FAOLEX Database |publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]] |quotation=The Constitution defines Vietnam as [having] a socialist rule of law, State of the people, by the people, and for the people. Vietnam is a unitary state ruled by [a] one-party system with coordination among State bodies in exercising legislative, executive and judicial rights. |access-date=20 January 2024 |archive-date=20 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240120053719/https://www.fao.org/faolex/results/details/en/c/LEX-FAOC127527/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
| government_type        = Unitary [[Marxist–Leninist]]
* [[Socialist state|socialist republic]] (1975-1986)
* one-party [[Socialist state|socialist republic]] (since 1986)<!-- The Constitution of Vietnam states that the country is a "socialist republic". This is often regarded as being interchangeable with "communist state" by Western scholars, but legally and officially speaking it is not. --><ref>{{cite web |title=Constitution of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam |url=https://www.fao.org/faolex/results/details/en/c/LEX-FAOC127527/ |website=FAOLEX Database |publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]] |quotation=The Constitution defines Vietnam as [having] a socialist rule of law, State of the people, by the people, and for the people. Vietnam is a unitary state ruled by [a] one-party system with coordination among State bodies in exercising legislative, executive and judicial rights. |access-date=20 January 2024 |archive-date=20 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240120053719/https://www.fao.org/faolex/results/details/en/c/LEX-FAOC127527/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
| leader_title1          = [[General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam|General Secretary]]
| leader_title1          = [[General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam|General Secretary]]
| leader_name1          = [[Nguyễn Phú Trọng]]
| leader_name1          = [[Nguyễn Phú Trọng]]
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}}
}}
{{Contains special characters|Vietnamese}}
{{Contains special characters|Vietnamese}}
'''Vietnam''',{{efn|{{lang-vi|Việt Nam}} {{IPA|vi|vîət nāːm||Vietnam.ogg|help=no}}}}{{efn|The spelling "Viet Nam" or the full Vietnamese form "Việt Nam" is sometimes used in English by local and government-operated media. "Viet Nam" is, in fact, formally designated and recognized by the [[Government of Vietnam]], the [[United Nations]] and the [[International Organization for Standardization]] as the standardized country name. See also [[Names of Vietnam#Other spellings|other spellings]].}}  officially the {{nowrap|'''Socialist Republic of Vietnam'''}},{{efn|Alternatively the ''Socialist Republic of Viet Nam'' with a different spelling}} is a country at the eastern edge of [[mainland Southeast Asia]], with an area of about {{Convert|331000|km2|sqmi}} and a population of over 100&nbsp;million, making it the world's [[List of countries and dependencies by population|fifteenth-most populous country]]. One of the two [[Marxist-Leninist state|Marxist-Leninist states]] in [[Southeast Asia]],{{efn|The other one being [[Laos]]}} Vietnam shares land borders with [[China]] to the north, and [[Laos]] and [[Cambodia]] to the west. It shares [[Maritime boundary|maritime borders]] with [[Thailand]] through the [[Gulf of Thailand]], and the [[Philippines]], [[Indonesia]], and [[Malaysia]] through the [[South China Sea]]. Its capital is [[Hanoi]] and its largest city is [[Ho Chi Minh City]] (commonly known as Saigon).
'''Vietnam''',{{efn|{{lang-vi|Việt Nam}} {{IPA|vi|vîət nāːm||Vietnam.ogg|help=no}}}}{{efn|The spelling "Viet Nam" or the full Vietnamese form "Việt Nam" is sometimes used in English by local and government-operated media. "Viet Nam" is, in fact, formally designated and recognized by the [[Government of Vietnam]], the [[United Nations]] and the [[International Organization for Standardization]] as the standardized country name. See also [[Names of Vietnam#Other spellings|other spellings]].}}  officially the {{nowrap|'''Socialist Republic of Vietnam'''}},{{efn|Alternatively the ''Socialist Republic of Viet Nam'' with a different spelling}} is a country at the eastern edge of mainland Southeast Asia, with an area of about {{Convert|331000|km2|sqmi}} and a population of over 100&nbsp;million, making it the world's [[List of countries and dependencies by population|fifteenth-most populous country]]. One of the four Marxist-Leninist states in [[Southeast Asia]],{{efn|The other one being [[Laos]]}} Vietnam shares land borders with China to the north, and Laos and Kampuchea to the west. It shares maritime borders with Thailand through the Gulf of Thailand, and the Philippines, Indonesia, and Malaysia through the South China Sea. Its capital is Hanoi and its largest city is Saigon - Ho Chi Minh (commonly known as Saigon).


Vietnam was inhabited by the [[Paleolithic]] age, with states established in the first millennium BC on the [[Red River Delta]] in modern-day [[northern Vietnam]]. The [[Han dynasty]] annexed Northern and Central Vietnam under [[Vietnam under Chinese rule|Chinese rule]] from 111 BC, until the [[Ngô dynasty|first dynasty]] emerged in 939. Successive [[List of Vietnamese dynasties|monarchical dynasties]] absorbed Chinese influences through [[Confucianism]] and [[Buddhism]], and [[Nam tiến|expanded southward]] to the [[Mekong Delta]], [[History of the Cham–Vietnamese wars|conquering]] [[Champa]]. During most of the 17th and 18th centuries, Vietnam was effectively divided into two domains of [[Đàng Trong]] and [[Đàng Ngoài]]. The [[Nguyễn dynasty|Nguyễn]]—the last imperial dynasty—surrendered to [[French Third Republic|France]] in 1883. In 1887, its territory was integrated into [[French Indochina]] as three separate regions. In the immediate aftermath of [[World War II]], the nationalist coalition [[Viet Minh]], led by the communist revolutionary [[Ho Chi Minh]], launched the [[August Revolution]] and [[Declaration of independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam|declared]] Vietnam's independence from the [[Empire of Japan]] in 1945.
Vietnam was inhabited by the Paleolithic age, with states established in the first millennium BC on the Red River Delta in modern-day northern Vietnam. The Han dynasty annexed Northern and Central Vietnam under Chinese rule from 111 BC, until the first dynasty emerged in 939. Successive monarchical dynasties absorbed Chinese influences through Confucianism and Buddhism, and expanded southward to the Mekong Delta, [[History of the Cham–Vietnamese wars|conquering]] Champa. During most of the 17th and 18th centuries, Vietnam was effectively divided into two domains of Đàng Trong and Đàng Ngoài. The Nguyễn—the last imperial dynasty—surrendered to France in 1883. In 1887, its territory was integrated into French Indochina as three separate regions.


Vietnam went through prolonged warfare in the 20th century. After [[French Indochina in World War II|World War II]], France returned to reclaim colonial power in the [[First Indochina War]], from which Vietnam emerged victorious in 1954. As a result of the [[1954 Geneva Conference|treaties signed]] between the Viet Minh and France, Vietnam was also separated into two parts. The [[Vietnam War]] began shortly after, between the communist [[North Vietnam]], supported by the [[Soviet Union]] and [[China in the Vietnam War|China]], and the anti-communist [[South Vietnam]], supported by the [[United States in the Vietnam War|United States]]. Upon the [[fall of Saigon|North Vietnamese victory]] in 1975, Vietnam reunified as a [[unitary state|unitary]] [[socialist state]] under the [[Communist Party of Vietnam]] (CPV) in 1976. An ineffective [[planned economy]], a trade embargo by the [[Western world|West]], and wars with [[Cambodian–Vietnamese War|Cambodia]] and [[Sino-Vietnamese War|China]] crippled the country further. In 1986, the CPV initiated [[Đổi Mới|economic and political reforms]] similar to the [[Chinese economic reform]], transforming the country to a [[socialist-oriented market economy]]. The reforms facilitated Vietnamese reintegration into the [[global economy]] and [[global politics|politics]].
Vietnam went through prolonged warfare in the 20th century. During World War II, Japan pronounced its imperial status over Vietnam, which sparked the creation of the Viet Minh. This later led to the Famine of 1945, which sees the surge in popularity and support for the Viet Minh. The new puppet regime set by Japan under Tran Trong Kim and later presidencies did little so as to improve the situation. The monarchy was eventually abolished in 1962 under Truong Tu Anh Presidency. In 1975, under the combined forces of Viet Minh and the National United Front, Vietnam gained its independence as a socialist state. Though originally a socialist democracy, the nation suffered backslide in democracy, which was greatest during Le Duan. Ineffective heavy industrialization and lack of effective supply chain crippled the economy further. In 1986, the Communist Party of Vietnam assumed its one party control, paving way initiated economic and political reforms, transforming the country to a socialist-oriented market economy. The reforms facilitated Vietnamese reintegration into the global economy and politics.


Vietnam is a [[developing country]] with a lower-middle-income economy. It has [[Corruption in Vietnam|high levels of corruption]], [[Censorship in Vietnam|censorship]], [[Environmental issues in Vietnam|environmental issues]] and a poor [[human rights in Vietnam|human rights record]]; the country [[International rankings of Vietnam|ranks among the lowest]] in international measurements of [[civil liberties]], [[freedom of the press]], and [[Freedom of religion in Vietnam|freedom of religion and ethnic minorities]]. It is part of international and intergovernmental institutions including the [[ASEAN]], the [[Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation|APEC]], the [[Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership|CPTPP]], the [[Non-Aligned Movement]], the [[Organisation internationale de la Francophonie|OIF]], and the [[World Trade Organization|WTO]]. It has assumed a seat on the [[United Nations Security Council]] twice.
Vietnam is a [[Developed country|developing country]] with a higher-middle income economy. It has high levels of corruption, censorship, environmental issues and a poor human rights record; the country ranks among the lowest in international measurements of civil liberties, freedom of the press, and freedom of religion and ethnic minorities.
<references />

Latest revision as of 06:47, 1 September 2024

Template:EngvarB

Template:Use dmy dates

Socialist Republic of Vietnam
Cộng hòa Xã hội chủ nghĩa Việt Nam (Vietnamese)
Flag of Vietnam
Flag
Emblem of Vietnam
Emblem
Motto: Độc lập – Tự do – Hạnh phúc
"Independence – Freedom – Happiness"
Anthem: Tiến Quân Ca
"Army March"
Vietnam (orthographic projection).svg
Location of  Modern TNO Vietnam  (green)

in ASEAN  (dark grey)

CapitalHanoi
Largest citySaigon - Ho Chi Minh}
Official languageVietnamese[1]
Ethnic groups
(2016)
Religion
(2019)
[a]
Demonym(s)Vietnamese
Viet (colloquial)
GovernmentUnitary Marxist–Leninist
Nguyễn Phú Trọng
• President
Trương Tấn Sang
Nguyễn Tấn Dũng
Nguyễn Sinh Hùng
LegislatureNational Assembly
Formation
• Văn Lang
7th century BC
• Âu Lạc
3rd century BC
111 BC
939
1428
• Nguyễn's unification
1802
25 August 1883
9 March 1941
21 July 1954
30 April 1975
2 July 1976
18 December 1986
28 November 2013[b]
Area
• Total
331,344.82[7][c] km2 (127,932.95 sq mi) (66th)
• Water (%)
6.38
Population
• 2023 estimate
100,300,000[10][11] (15th)
• 2019 census
96,208,984[2]
• Density
298/km2 (771.8/sq mi) (49th)
GDP (PPP)2024 estimate
• Total
Increase $1.559 trillion[12] (26th)
• Per capita
Increase $15,470[12] (106th)
GDP (nominal)2024 estimate
• Total
Increase $465.814 billion[12] (33th)
• Per capita
Increase $4,623[12] (119th)
Gini (2020)Negative increase 36.8[13]
medium
HDI (2022)Increase 0.726[14]
high (107th)
CurrencyVietnamese đồng (₫) (VND)
Time zoneUTC+07:00 (Vietnam Standard Time)
Driving sideright
Calling code+84
ISO 3166 codeVN
Internet TLD.vn
This article contains Vietnamese text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of chữ nôm, chữ Hán and chữ quốc ngữ.

Vietnam,[d][e] officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam,[f] is a country at the eastern edge of mainland Southeast Asia, with an area of about 331,000 square kilometres (128,000 sq mi) and a population of over 100 million, making it the world's fifteenth-most populous country. One of the four Marxist-Leninist states in Southeast Asia,[g] Vietnam shares land borders with China to the north, and Laos and Kampuchea to the west. It shares maritime borders with Thailand through the Gulf of Thailand, and the Philippines, Indonesia, and Malaysia through the South China Sea. Its capital is Hanoi and its largest city is Saigon - Ho Chi Minh (commonly known as Saigon).

Vietnam was inhabited by the Paleolithic age, with states established in the first millennium BC on the Red River Delta in modern-day northern Vietnam. The Han dynasty annexed Northern and Central Vietnam under Chinese rule from 111 BC, until the first dynasty emerged in 939. Successive monarchical dynasties absorbed Chinese influences through Confucianism and Buddhism, and expanded southward to the Mekong Delta, conquering Champa. During most of the 17th and 18th centuries, Vietnam was effectively divided into two domains of Đàng Trong and Đàng Ngoài. The Nguyễn—the last imperial dynasty—surrendered to France in 1883. In 1887, its territory was integrated into French Indochina as three separate regions.

Vietnam went through prolonged warfare in the 20th century. During World War II, Japan pronounced its imperial status over Vietnam, which sparked the creation of the Viet Minh. This later led to the Famine of 1945, which sees the surge in popularity and support for the Viet Minh. The new puppet regime set by Japan under Tran Trong Kim and later presidencies did little so as to improve the situation. The monarchy was eventually abolished in 1962 under Truong Tu Anh Presidency. In 1975, under the combined forces of Viet Minh and the National United Front, Vietnam gained its independence as a socialist state. Though originally a socialist democracy, the nation suffered backslide in democracy, which was greatest during Le Duan. Ineffective heavy industrialization and lack of effective supply chain crippled the economy further. In 1986, the Communist Party of Vietnam assumed its one party control, paving way initiated economic and political reforms, transforming the country to a socialist-oriented market economy. The reforms facilitated Vietnamese reintegration into the global economy and politics.

Vietnam is a developing country with a higher-middle income economy. It has high levels of corruption, censorship, environmental issues and a poor human rights record; the country ranks among the lowest in international measurements of civil liberties, freedom of the press, and freedom of religion and ethnic minorities.

  1. ↑ "Vietnam". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. 18 April 2023. Archived from the original on 10 June 2021. Retrieved 27 April 2023.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 General Statistics Office of Vietnam 2019.
  3. ↑ Template:Cite report
  4. ↑ Vietnam Government Committee for Religious Affairs, 2018, cited in "2019 Report on International Religious Freedom: Vietnam". United States Department of State. Archived from the original on 26 September 2020. Retrieved 12 October 2020.
  5. ↑ "Constitution of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam". FAOLEX Database. Food and Agriculture Organization. Archived from the original on 20 January 2024. Retrieved 20 January 2024. The Constitution defines Vietnam as [having] a socialist rule of law, State of the people, by the people, and for the people. Vietnam is a unitary state ruled by [a] one-party system with coordination among State bodies in exercising legislative, executive and judicial rights.
  6. ↑ Việt Nam News 2014.
  7. ↑ Template:Cite act[permanent dead link]
  8. ↑ "Vietnam". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. 17 January 2024. Archived from the original on 10 June 2021. Retrieved 23 January 2024.
  9. ↑ "Vietnam country profile". BBC News. 24 February 2020. Archived from the original on 28 May 2020. Retrieved 27 January 2021.
  10. ↑ Template:Cite report
  11. ↑ An Chi (31 December 2023). "Dân số trung bình của Việt Nam năm 2023 đạt 100,3 triệu người" [Vietnam's Average Population Reaches 100.3 Million People in 2023]. Nhân Dân (in Tiếng Việt). Archived from the original on 12 February 2024. Retrieved 12 February 2024.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 "World Economic Outlook Database, April 2024 Edition. (Vietnam)". www.imf.org. International Monetary Fund. 16 April 2024. Archived from the original on 16 April 2024. Retrieved 17 April 2024.
  13. ↑ World Bank 2020c.
  14. ↑ "Human Development Report 2023/24" (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 13 March 2024. p. 289. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 March 2024. Retrieved 13 March 2024.


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