Menakan language: Difference between revisions

Jump to navigation Jump to search
No edit summary
Line 152: Line 152:
! Examples
! Examples
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" | b
! b
| ''in most cases:''
| [b] unaspirated {{wp|Voiced bilabial stop}}
:{{IPA-is|p|}} unaspirated [[voiceless bilabial stop]]
| ''bok'' [buk] "book"
| ''bær'' {{IPA-is|paːir̥||Is-Bær.ogg}} "town"
|-
| ''between '''m''' and '''d''', '''t''', '''s''', or '''g''':''
:{{IPA|∅}}
| ''kembt'' {{IPA-is|cʰɛm̥t|}} "combed [past participle]"
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" | d
! rowspan="2" | d
| ''in most cases:''
| [t] unaspirated {{wp|voiceless dental stop}}
:{{IPA-is|t|}} unaspirated [[voiceless dental stop]]
| ''duk'' [duk] "towel"
| ''dalur'' {{IPA-is|ˈtaːlʏr̥||Is-dalur.oga}} "valley"
|-
| ''between '''l''' or '''n''' and '''g''', '''n''', '''l''', '''k''', or '''s''':''
:{{IPA|∅}}
| ''lands'' {{IPA-is|lans|}} "land's [genitive]"
|-
! rowspan="3" | ð
| ''between vowels, between a vowel and a voiced consonant, or at end of word:''
:{{IPA-is|ð̠|}} [[Voiced alveolar fricative#voiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative|voiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative]]
| ''eða'' {{IPA-is|ˈɛːða||Is-eða.oga}} "or"<br />''bað'' {{IPA-is|paːð||Is-bað.ogg}} "bath"
|-
| ''before a [[voiceless consonant]] and before a pause:''
:{{IPA-is|θ̠|}} [[voiceless alveolar fricative#voiceless alveolar non-sibilant fricative|voiceless alveolar non-sibilant fricative]]
| ''maðkur'' {{IPA-is|ˈmaθkʏr̥||Is-maðkur.oga}} "worm"
|-
| ''between '''r''' and '''n''', and between '''g''' and '''s''':''
:{{IPA|∅}}
| ''harðna'' {{IPA-is|ˈhartna|}} "to harden"<br />''bragðs'' {{IPA-is|praxs|}} "trick's [genitive], flavour's [genitive]"
|-
! rowspan="4" | f
| ''at the beginning of a word or before a voiceless consonant, and when doubled:''
: {{IPA-is|f|}}
| ''fundur'' {{IPA-is|ˈfʏntʏr̥|}} "meeting"<br />''haft'' {{IPA-is|haft|}} "had [past participle]"
|-
| ''between vowels, between a vowel and a voiced consonant, or at the end of a word:''
: {{IPA-is|v|}}
| ''lofa'' {{IPA-is|ˈlɔːva||lofa.ogg}} "to promise"<br />''horfa'' {{IPA-is|ˈhɔrva|}} "look"
|-
| ''between '''ó''' and a vowel:''
: {{IPA|∅}}
| ''prófa'' {{IPA-is|ˈpʰr̥ou.a||is-prófa.ogg}} "test"<br />''gulrófa'' {{IPA-is|ˈkʏlˌrou.a||is-gulrófa.ogg}} "rutabaga"
|-
| ''before '''l''' or '''n''':''
: {{IPA-is|p|}}
| ''Keflavík'' {{IPA-is|ˈcʰɛplaˌviːk||is-keflavík.ogg}} "[[Keflavík]]"
|-
! fnd
| {{IPA-is|mt|}}
| ''hefnd'' {{IPA-is|hɛmt||is-hefnd.ogg}} "revenge"
|-
|-
! fnt
| ''at end of a word''
| {{IPA-is|m̥t|}} (voiceless)
:[ð̠] {{Wp|Voiced alveolar fricative#voiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative|voiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative}}
| ''nefnt'' {{IPA-is|nɛm̥t||IsNefnt.ogg}} "named"
| ''bad'' [bɑð̠]
|-
|-
! rowspan="6" | g
! dn
| ''beginning of word, before a consonant or '''a''', '''á''', '''é''', '''o''', '''ó''', '''u''', '''ú''' or '''ö'''; or between vowel and '''l''' or '''n''':''
| [ð̠n]  
: {{IPA-is|k|}} unaspirated [[voiceless velar stop]]
| ''bidner'' [biːð̠nər] "invite"
| ''glápa'' {{IPA-is|ˈklaːupa||Is-glápa.oga}} "to stare"<br />''logn'' {{IPA-is|lɔkn||Is-logn.ogg}} "windstill"
|-
|-
| ''beginning of word, before '''e''', '''i''', '''í''', '''j''', '''y''', '''ý''', '''æ''', '''ei''' or '''ey''':''
! f
: {{IPA-is|c|}} unaspirated [[voiceless palatal stop]]
| [f]
| ''geta'' {{IPA-is|ˈcɛːta||Is-geta.oga}} "to be able"
| ''fot'' [fɔt] "foot"
|-
|-
| ''between a vowel and '''a''', '''u''', '''ð''', '''l''' or '''r'''; or at end of word:''
! rowspan="2" | g
: {{IPA-is|ɣ|}} [[voiced velar fricative]]
| ''in most cases''
| ''fluga'' {{IPA-is|ˈflʏːɣa||Is-fluga.oga}} "fly"<br />''lag'' {{IPA-is|laːx||Is-lag.oga}} "layer"
: [g] {{wp|Voiced velar stop}}
| ''grot'' [grɔt] "big"
|-
|-
| ''before '''t''' or '''s''' or before a pause:''
| ''before '''t''' or '''s''' or before a pause:''
: {{IPA-is|x|}} [[voiceless velar fricative]]
: [x] [[voiceless velar fricative]]
| ''dragt'' {{IPA-is|traxt|}} "suit"
| ''Magt'' [mɑxt] "power"
|-
| ''between a vowel and '''j''' or '''i''':''
: {{IPA-is|j|}} [[palatal approximant]]
| ''segja'' {{IPA-is|ˈsɛjːa|}} "to say"
|-
| ''between '''á''', '''ó''', '''ú''', and '''a''' or '''u''':''
: {{IPA|∅}}
| ''fljúga'' {{IPA-is|ˈfljuː.a|}} "to fly"
|-
! gj
| {{IPA-is|c|}} unaspirated [[voiceless palatal stop]]
| ''gjalda'' {{IPA-is|ˈcalta|}} "to pay"
|-
|-
! h
! h
| {{IPA-is|h|}} [[voiceless glottal fricative]]
| [h] [[voiceless glottal fricative]]
| ''hár'' {{IPA-is|haːur̥|}} "hair"
| ''har'' [haːr] "hair"
|-
! hj
| {{IPA-is|ç|}} [[voiceless palatal fricative]]
| ''hjá'' {{IPA-is|çaːu|}} "next to"
|-
! hl
| {{IPA-is|l̥|}} voiceless [[alveolar lateral approximant]]
| ''hlýr'' {{IPA-is|l̥iːr̥|}} "warm"
|-
! hn
| {{IPA-is|n̥|}} [[voiceless alveolar nasal]]
| ''hné'' {{IPA-is|n̥jɛː|}} "knee"
|-
! hr
| {{IPA-is|r̥|}} [[voiceless alveolar trill]]
| ''hratt'' {{IPA-is|r̥aʰt|}} "fast"
|-
! hv
| {{IPA-is|kʰv|}} ({{IPA-is|xv|}} among some older speakers in southern Iceland)
| ''hvað'' {{IPA-is|kʰvaːθ||Is-hvað.oga}} "what"
|-
|-
! j
! j
| {{IPA-is|j|}}
| [j]
| ''já'' {{IPA-is|jaːu|}} "yes"
| ''ja'' [jaː] "yes"
|-
! rowspan="6" | k
| ''beginning of word, before a consonant or '''a''', '''á''', '''é''', '''o''', '''ó''', '''u''', '''ú''' or '''ö''':''
: {{IPA-is|kʰ|}}
| ''kaka'' {{IPA-is|ˈkʰaːka||Is-kaka.oga}} "cake"
|-
| ''beginning of word, before '''e''', '''i''', '''í''', '''y''', '''ý''', '''æ''', '''ei''' or '''ey''':''
: {{IPA-is|cʰ|}} aspirated [[voiceless palatal stop]]
| ''keyra'' {{IPA-is|ˈcʰeːira|}} "to drive"<br />''kynskiptingur'' {{IPA-is|ˈcʰɪːnscɪftiŋkʏr̥||is-kynskiptingur.ogg}} "transsexual"
|-
| ''other contexts, before '''a''', '''á''', '''é''', '''o''', '''ó''', '''u''', '''ú''' or '''ö''':''
: {{IPA-is|k|}}
| ''skarfur'' {{IPA-is|ˈskarvʏr̥|}} "cormorant"<br />''haka'' {{IPA-is|ˈhaːka|}} "chin"
|-
| ''other contexts, before '''e''', '''i''', '''í''', '''y''', '''ý''', '''æ''', '''ei''' or '''ey''':''
: {{IPA-is|c|}} unaspirated [[voiceless palatal stop]]
| ''skip'' {{IPA-is|ˈscɪːp|}} "boat"<br />''hroki'' {{IPA-is|ˈr̥ɔːcɪ|}} "arrogance"
|-
| ''before '''n''', '''l''' or '''m''':''
: {{IPA-is|ʰk|}}
| ''vakna'' {{IPA-is|vaʰkna|}} "wake up", ''miklir'' {{IPA-is|mɪʰklɪr̥|}} "great (pl.)"
|-
| ''before '''t''':''
: {{IPA-is|x|}} [[voiceless velar fricative]]
| ''október'' {{IPA-is|ˈɔxtoːupɛr̥|}} "October"
|-
! rowspan="2" | kj
| ''beginning of word:''
: {{IPA-is|cʰ|}} aspirated [[voiceless palatal stop]]
| ''kjöt'' {{IPA-is|cʰœːt|}} "meat"
|-
| ''other contexts:''
: {{IPA-is|c|}} unaspirated [[voiceless palatal stop]]
| ''þykja'' {{IPA-is|ˈθɪːca|}} "to regard"
|-
! kk
| {{IPA-is|ʰk|}}, {{IPA-is|ʰc|}}
| ''þakka'' {{IPA-is|ˈθaʰka||is-þakka.ogg}} "to thank"<br />''ekki'' {{IPA-is|ˈɛʰcɪ|}} "not"
|-
! rowspan="2" | l
| ''in most cases:''
: {{IPA-is|l|}}
| ''lás'' {{IPA-is|laːus||Is-Lás.ogg}} "lock"
|-
| ''at end of word, or next to a voiceless consonant:''
: {{IPA-is|l̥|}} voiceless [[alveolar lateral approximant]]
| ''sól'' {{IPA-is|soːul̥||Is-sól.oga}} "sun"<br />''stúlka'' {{IPA-is|ˈstul̥ka|}} "girl"
|-
! rowspan="2" | ll
| ''in most cases:''
: {{IPA-is|tl|}}
| ''bolli'' {{IPA-is|ˈpɔtlɪ||Is-bolli.oga}} "cup"<br />''milli'' {{IPA-is|ˈmɪtlɪ||Is-milli.oga}} "between"
|-
| ''in loan words and pet names:''
: {{IPA-is|lː|}}
| ''bolla'' {{IPA-is|ˈpɔlːa||Is-bolla.oga}} "bun, bread roll"<br />''mylla'' {{IPA-is|ˈmɪlːa||Is-mylla.oga}} "mill"
|-
! rowspan="2" | m
| ''in most cases:''
: {{IPA-is|m|}}
| ''mamma'' {{IPA-is|ˈmamːa|}} "mum"
|-
| ''after and before voiceless consonants:''
: {{IPA-is|m̥|}}
| ''lampi'' {{IPA-is|ˈlam̥pɪ|}} "lamp"
|-
! rowspan="2" | n
| ''in most cases:''
: {{IPA-is|n|}}
| ''nafn'' {{IPA-is|napn̥|}} "name"
|-
| ''after and before voiceless consonants:''
: {{IPA-is|n̥|}}
| ''planta'' {{IPA-is|ˈpʰlan̥ta|}} "plant"<br />''hnífur'' {{IPA-is|ˈn̥iːvʏr|}} "knife"
|-
! rowspan="2" | ng
| ''in most cases:''
: {{IPA-is|ŋk|}}, {{IPA-is|ɲc|}}
| ''vængur'' {{IPA-is|ˈvaiŋkʏr̥|}} "wing"<br />''engi'' {{IPA-is|ˈeiɲcɪ|}} "meadow"
|-
| ''before '''d''', '''l''' or '''s''':''
: {{IPA-is|ŋ|}}
| ''kringla'' {{IPA-is|ˈkʰriŋla|}} "disc"<br />''gangs'' {{IPA-is|ˈkauŋs|}} "movement's [genitive]"
|-
! nk
| {{IPA-is|ŋ̊k|}}, {{IPA-is|ɲ̊c|}}
| ''hönk'' {{IPA-is|ˈhœiŋ̊k|}} "coil, loop"<br />''banki'' {{IPA-is|ˈpauɲ̊cɪ|}} "bank"
|-
! rowspan="2" | nn
| ''after accented vowels or diphthongs:''
: {{IPA-is|tn̥|}}
| ''steinn'' {{IPA-is|steitn̥|}} "rock"<br />''fínn'' {{IPA-is|fitn̥|}} "fine"
|-
| ''all other contexts:''
: {{IPA-is|nː|}}
| ''finna'' {{IPA-is|ˈfɪnːa|}} "to find"
|-
! rowspan="4" | p
| ''beginning of word:''
: {{IPA-is|pʰ|}} aspirated [[voiceless bilabial stop]]
| ''par'' {{IPA-is|pʰaːr̥||Is-par.oga}} "pair"
|-
| ''other contexts:''
: {{IPA-is|p|}} unaspirated [[voiceless bilabial stop]]
| ''spara'' {{IPA-is|ˈspaːra||Is-spara.oga}} "to save"<br />''kápa'' {{IPA-is|ˈkʰaːupa|}} "coat"
|-
|-
| ''before '''s''', '''k''' or '''t''':''
! k
: {{IPA-is|f|}} [[voiceless labiodental fricative]]
| [k]
| ''September'' {{IPA-is|ˈsɛftɛmpɛr̥|}} "September"<br />''skips'' {{IPA-is|scɪfs|}} "ship's [genitive]"<br />''kynskiptingur'' {{IPA-is|ˈcʰɪːnscɪftiŋkʏr̥||is-kynskiptingur.ogg}} "transsexual"
| ''ok'' [ɔk] "and"
|-
|-
| ''before '''n''', '''l''' or '''m''':''
! l
: {{IPA-is|ʰp|}}
| [l]
| ''vopn'' {{IPA-is|vɔʰpn̥|}} "weapon(s)", ''epli'' {{IPA-is|ɛʰplɪ|}} "apple(s)"
| ''län'' [lɛːn] "land"
|-
|-
! pp
! m
| {{IPA-is|ʰp|}}
| [m]
| ''stoppa'' {{IPA-is|ˈstɔʰpa||is-stoppa.ogg}} "to stop"
| ''mamma'' [mamːa] "mum"
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" | r
! n
| ''at the beginning of words and between vowels:''
| [n]
: {{IPA-is|r|}} (voiced [[alveolar trill]] or [[alveolar tap|tap]])
| ''nam'' [naːm] "name"
| ''rigna'' {{IPA-is|ˈrɪkna|}} "to rain"<br />''læra'' {{IPA-is|ˈlaːira|}} "to learn"
|-
|-
| ''before and after voiceless consonants and before a pause:''
! ŋ
: {{IPA-is|r̥|}} (voiceless alveolar trill or [[voiceless alveolar tap|tap]])
| [ŋ]
| ''svartur'' {{IPA-is|ˈsvar̥tʏr̥|}} "black"
| ''kring'' [kriŋ] "circle"
|-
|-
! rl
! ŋk
|{{IPA-is|tl̥|}}, occasionally {{IPA-is|rtl̥|}}{{refn|group=note|name=rl|The pronunciation change rn→{{IPA-is|tl̥|}} and rn→{{IPA-is|tn̥|}} occurred in the 14th century, pronouncing them as {{IPA-is|rtl̥|}} and {{IPA-is|rtn̥|}} is a more recent development that may have been influenced by the orthography.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ait.arnastofnun.is/grein.php?id=703|title=Íslensk málsaga|last=Vesturliði Óskarsson|first=|date=2001|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref>}}
| [ŋk]
| ''karlmaður'' {{IPA-is|ˈkʰatl̥ˌmaːðʏr̥|}} "male human"
| ''drunk'' [dryːŋk] "drink"
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" | rn
! p
|{{IPA-is|tn̥|}}, occasionally {{IPA-is|rtn̥|}}{{refn|group=note|name=rl}}
| [p]
| ''þorn'' {{IPA-is|θɔtn̥|}} "the name of the letter Þ"
| ''par'' [paːr] "pair"
|-
|-
| ''before '''d''':''
! r
: {{IPA-is|rn|}}
| [r] (voiced {{Wp|alveolar trill}} or {{wp|alveolar tap|tap}})
| ''vernd'' {{IPA-is|vɛrnt|}} "protection"  
| ''rik'' [riːk] "realm"
|-
|-
! s
! s
| {{IPA-is|s|}}
| [s]
| ''sósa'' {{IPA-is|ˈsoːusa|}} "sauce"
| ''sos'' [sɔs] "sauce"
|-
! sl
| {{IPA-is|stl̥|}}
| ''rusl'' {{IPA-is|rʏstl̥|}} "garbage"
|-
! sn
| {{IPA-is|stn̥|}}
| ''býsna'' {{IPA-is|ˈpistn̥a|}} "extremes"
|-
! rowspan="3" | t
| ''beginning of word:''
: {{IPA-is|tʰ|}} aspirated [[voiceless dental stop]]
| ''taka'' {{IPA-is|ˈtʰaːka||Is-taka.oga}} "take"
|-
|-
| ''before '''n''', '''l''' or '''m''':''
! rowspan="2" | t
: {{IPA-is|ʰt|}}
| ''in most cases''
| ''vatn'' {{IPA-is|vaʰtn̥|}} "water", ''Atli'' {{IPA-is|aʰtlɪ|}} "man's name", ''rytmi'' {{IPA-is|rɪʰtmɪ|}} "rhythm"
: [t]
| ''takk'' [tɑk] "thanks"
|-
|-
| ''other contexts:''
| ''at end of word''
: {{IPA-is|t|}} unaspirated [[voiceless dental stop]]
: [θ̠]
| ''stela'' {{IPA-is|ˈstɛːla||Is-stela.oga}} "to steal"<br />''skutur'' {{IPA-is|ˈskʏːtʏr̥|}} "stern"
| ''sätt'' [sɛθ̠] "seated"
|-
|-
! tt
! tn
| {{IPA-is|ʰt|}}
| [θ̠]
| ''detta'' {{IPA-is|ˈtɛʰta|}} "to fall"
| ''sältna'' [sɛːlθ̠na] "salted"
|-
|-
! v
! v
| {{IPA-is|v|}}
| [v]
| ''vera'' {{IPA-is|ˈvɛːra|}} "to be"
| ''varer'' [vaːrər] "to be"
|-
! x
|{{IPA-is|ks|}}
| ''lax'' {{IPA-is|laks|}} "salmon"
|-
! z
| {{IPA-is|s|}}
| ''beztur'' {{IPA-is|ˈpɛstʏr̥|}} "the best" (former orthography)<br />''Zakarías'' {{IPA-is|ˈsaːkʰariːas|}} "Zachary"
|-
! þ
| {{IPA-is|θ̠|}} [[voiceless alveolar fricative#voiceless alveolar non-sibilant fricative|voiceless alveolar non-sibilant fricative]]
| ''þú'' {{IPA-is|θuː|}} "you"<br />''Aþena'' {{IPA-is|ˈaːθɛna||is-aþena.ogg}} "Athens"
|}
|}

Revision as of 17:49, 10 March 2020

Menakan
Menskans
Native toMenako Islands
RegionMenako Islands
Native speakers
ca. 1 million
Veterran
  • Vismaric
    • East Vismaric
      • Menako-Feinan
        • Menakan
Official status
Official language in
Flag of the Menako Islands.svg Menako Islands
Regulated byMinistry for Cultural Preservation
Language codes
ISO 639-3mnk

Menakan (Menskans) is an East Vismaric language spoken mainly and orginating from the Menako Islands. Currently there are around 1 million native speakers of Menakan, almost all of them situated on the Menako Islands themselves. It is sometimes spoken as a second language, with currently there being 300.000 second language speakers. it most closely related to Feinan and Vistrasjorder, spoken in Norsund.

Due to the language being spoken in an important trading hub for the Hellonian Realm, it has adopted elements from both Hellonian and German. Due to its late standardization and status as a relatively simple language for communication, it is one of the least inflective language in the Vismaric languages. Menakan only has one common gender and officially only has two cases - nominative and genitive (expect for pronouns which are also inflected in the object form). Menakan has two grammatical numbers – plural and singular. Adjectives are only inflected when used with a linking verb for number, otherwise all adjectives are standardly inflected with the suffix -na. The definiteness of nouns is marked primarily through suffixes, complemented with separate definite and indefinite articles. Verbs are entirely regular and are only inflected based on tense.

History

Phonology

Consonant phonemes
Labial Dental/
Alveolar 		Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal m n ɲ ŋ
Stop p b t d k ɡ
Continuant sibilant s
non-sibilant f v θ (ð) j h
Lateral l   ʎ
Trill r
Short/lax vowels
Front
unr. 		Front
rnd. 		Central Back
Close ɪ ʏ
Mid ɛ ə ɔ
Open ɑ
 
Long/tense vowels
Front
unr. 		Front
rnd. 		Back
Close i ~ iː y ~ yː u ~ uː
Close-mid eː øː oː
Open-mid (ɛː) (œː) (ɔː)
Open aː

Grammar

Orthography

Menakan is written using the Hellonian runic alphabet.

Consonants
Grapheme Phonetic realization (IPA) Examples
b [b] unaspirated Voiced bilabial stop bok [buk] "book"
d [t] unaspirated voiceless dental stop duk [duk] "towel"
at end of a word
[ð̠] voiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative
 bad [bɑð̠]
dn [ð̠n] bidner [biːð̠nər] "invite"
f [f] fot [fɔt] "foot"
g in most cases
[g] Voiced velar stop
 grot [grɔt] "big"
before t or s or before a pause:
[x] voiceless velar fricative
 Magt [mɑxt] "power"
h [h] voiceless glottal fricative har [haːr] "hair"
j [j] ja [jaː] "yes"
k [k] ok [ɔk] "and"
l [l] län [lɛːn] "land"
m [m] mamma [mamːa] "mum"
n [n] nam [naːm] "name"
ŋ [ŋ] kring [kriŋ] "circle"
ŋk [ŋk] drunk [dryːŋk] "drink"
p [p] par [paːr] "pair"
r [r] (voiced alveolar trill or tap) rik [riːk] "realm"
s [s] sos [sɔs] "sauce"
t in most cases
[t]
 takk [tɑk] "thanks"
at end of word
[θ̠]
 sätt [sɛθ̠] "seated"
tn [θ̠] sältna [sɛːlθ̠na] "salted"
v [v] varer [vaːrər] "to be"
Retrieved from "https://iiwiki.us/mediawiki/index.php?title=Menakan_language&oldid=176316"