User:IEPH/Sandbox/Ausonia-2

Aranese Language Guide

Phonology

Phonological differences from RL!Chechen

Vowels

• /ə/ (an allophone of /ɑ/ in Chechen) becomes an independent phoneme in Aranese, typically found word-finally.
• Open /e/ and /o/ in Chechen is split into /ɛ/ and /ɔ/ in Aranese.
• /ɥø/ and /yø/ in Chechen are collapsed into /œ/ and /œː/ in Aranese
• Nasalization, while present in Chechen (particularly for the genitive, infinitive, and for some speakers, the nominative case of adjectives) is even more pronounced as a result of influence from Arpitan and French, with vowels now nasalized word-finally and before <n> and another consonant.

Consonants

• /ɲ/ and /ʎ/ were gradually introduced (generally from /n/ and /l/ before /i/ or /j/) due to the influence of neighboring languages (ie Romansh, Occitan)
• /r/ is /ʁ/ due to influence from French (see guttural r)

Alphabet

Aranese alphabet

Main forms	A	B	C	D	E	F	G	H	Ħ	I	J	K	L	M	N	O	P	Q	R	S	T	U	V	W	X	Y	Z	Ä	Ë	Ö	Ü	ʻ
Modified forms	À					É È				Í					Ó Ò						Ú							A̋		Ő	Ű

General sound/letter correspondence

Vowels

IPA	Aranese	Chechen (Cyrillic)
/ɑ/	a	a
/ɑː/	à
/æ/	ä	ӓ
/æː/
/e/	e	е
/eː/	é
/je/	ie¹
/ie/
/ɛ/	è	no phoneme
/ɛː/
/ə/	ë	а
/ɪ/	i	и
/iː/		ий
/j/		й
/o/	o	о
/oː/	ó
/wo/	uo
/uo/
/ɔ/	ò	no phoneme
/ɔː/
/ɥø/ (Chec.) /œ/ (Aran.)	ö	оь
/yø/ (Chec.) /œː/ (Aran.)
/ʊ/	u	у
/uː/	ú	ув
/y/	y	уь
/yː/		уьй

¹before all consonants except /l/, /n/, /ʃ/, and /ʒ/, which have merged into their palatal forms.

Consonants

IPA	Aranese	Chechen (Cyrillic)
/b/	b	б
/ts/	c	ц
/tsʼ/	cħ	цӏ
/d/	d	д
/f/	f	ф
/g/	g	г
/ɣ/		гӏ
/ˤ/	għ	ӏ
/ʡ/
/ʎ/	gl	no phoneme
/ɲ/	gn
/h/	h	хь
/ʜ/		хӏ
/ʒ/	j	ж
/k/	k	к
/kː/		кк
/kʼ/	kħ	кӏ
/l/	l	л
/m/	m	м
/n/	n	н
/p/	p	п
/pː/		пп
/pʼ/	pħ	пӏ
/q/	q	кх
/qː/		ккх
/qʼ/	qħ	къ
/r/ (Chec.) /ʁ/ (Aran.)	r¹ rr¹	р
/r̥/ (Chec.) /ʀ̥/ (Aran.)		рхӏ
/s/	s	с
/sː/		сс
/ʃ/	sc	ш
/t/	t	т
/tː/		тт
/tʼ/	tħ	тӏ
/tʃ/	tg	ч
/dʒ/		ж
/tʃʼ/	tgħ	чӏ
/v/	v	в
/x/	x	х
/z/	z	з
/dz/	zz
/ʔ/	ʻ	ъ

¹in complimentary distribution

Vocabulary

Practically the biggest changes between Aranese and Chechen, due to the distinct influences from the two languages (Romansh, Occitan, Arpitan, and French for Aranese; Persian, Arabic, Turkish, and Russian for Chechen)

General table

English word	Chechen (Cyrillic/Aranese Lat. translit.)	Chechen Etymology	Aranese	Aranese Etymology
accountant	бухгалтер (buxgalter)	Germ. buchhalter through Rus. бухгалтер	kontabël	Fren. comptable
actor	артист (artist)	Fren. artiste through Rus. артист	aktur	Late Lat. actor
book	китаб (kitab)	Arab. ساعة	libër	Lat. liber
coffee	кофе (kofe) къахьо (qħaho)	кофе = Rus. кофе къахьо = Arab. قهوة	kafé	Fren. café
crown	таж (taj)	Pers. تاج	kurunë	Lat. corōna
eagle	аьрзу (ärzu)	Old Arm. արծուի	àgülë	Lat. aquila
earth, world	дуьне (dügne)	Arab. دنيا	mond	Lat. mundus
flag, banner	байракх (bairaq)	Turk. bayrak	bandierë	Latinate banda
gun, firearm	топ (top)	Ottoman Turk. طوپ (top)	pistolë	Czech píšťala through Fren. pistole
hell	жоьжахати (tgöjëxati)	Geor. ჯოჯოხეთი	enfiern	Lat. infernus
hour	сахьт (saht)	Arab. ساعة	għorë	Lat. hōra
lawyer, advocate	юрист (iurist)	Rus. юрист	advokat	Lat. advocātus
lime	кир (kir)	Sumerian 𒌋𒀜 through Old Arm. կիր	kalzz	Lat. calcem
lion	лом (lom)	Geor. ლომი	leu	Lat. leō
manager	менеджер (menetger)	Eng. manager through Rus. менеджер	direitur	Late Lat. director
needle	маха (maxë)	Old Arm. մախաթ	nàcħë	Proto-Celt. *snātanto- through Gaulish
nest	бен (ben)	Old Arm. բոյն	nezzë	Proto-Celt. nisdos through Gaulish
orange	апельсин (apeglsin)	Dut. appelsien through Rus. апельсин	aranjë	Sansk. नारङ्ग through Pers. and نارنگ Ita. arancia
people	халкъ (halq)	Arab. خلق	popul	Lat. populus
person	адам (adam)	Arab./Pers. آدم	personë	Lat. persona
police officer	милцо (milco)	presumably Rus. милиция	jandarmo	Fren. gendarme (ultimately from gens d'armes)
prince	эла (elë)	Alanic	princip	Lat. prīnceps
rag, floorcloth	горгам (gogram)	Old Arm. գորգ	panosë	Lat. pannucia (dim. of pannus)
republic	пачхьалкх (patgxalq)	combines халкъ from Arab. خلق	patgpopёl	combines popul from Lat. populus¹
sabre	тур (tur)	Possibly Old Arm. թուր	sabёr	Pol./Hun. szablya through Germ. säbel > Fren. sabre
sand	гӏум (gum)	Turk. kum	areinë	Lat. arēnā through Old Fren. areine
street, road	урам (uram)	Kipchak Turk. oram	karierë	Late Lat. carrāria through Old Occ. carreira
time	хан (xan)	probably Geor. ხანი	anserà	Proto-Celt. amsterā through Gaulish
town	гӏала (galë)	Arab. قلعہ	kiutat	Lat. *cīvitās
village, hamlet	юрт (jurt)	Kum. юрт	burx	Proto-Germ. *burgz
waiter	официант (oficiant)	Rus. официант	kamarier	Ital. cameriere (ultimately from Lat. camera)
week	кӏира (kħirë)	Geor. კვირა	setmanë	Lat. septimāna

¹One other term used (republikё, directly from Lat. res publica) refers strictly to the Commonwealth.

Names of Days and Months of the Week

Chechen names for Tuesday and Wednesday (шинара and кхаара respectively) were moved to Monday and Tuesday, with Thursday and Friday continuing the pattern from there

English name	Chechen (Cyrillic/Aranese Lat. translit.)	Chechen Etymology	Aranese	Aranese Etymology
Sunday	кӏиранде (kħirande)	presumably Geor. კვირადღე	dòmenkë	Lat. (diēs) Dominica
Monday	оршот (orscot)	Geor. ორშაბათი	scinarë	Ara./Nakh "second day"
Tuesday	шинара (scinarë)	Ara./Nakh "second day"	qaarë	Ara./Nakh "third day"
Wednesday	кхаара (qaarë)	Ara./Nakh "third day"	diʻë	Ara./Nakh "fourth day"
Thursday	еара (iearë)	Unknown Ara./Nakh	pxë	Ara./Nakh "fifth day"
Friday	пӏераска (pħeraskë)	Geor. პარასკევი	ialxë	Ara./Nakh "sixth day"
Saturday	шот (scot)	Arm. շաբաթ	saptëdie	Lat. diēs Sabbatī (possibly through Vul. Lat. Sabbati diēs)