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==Vocabulary== | ==Vocabulary== | ||
Practically the biggest changes between Aranese and Chechen, due to the distinct influences from the two languages (Romansh, Occitan, | Practically the biggest changes between Aranese and Chechen, due to the distinct influences from the two languages (Romansh, Occitan, Piedmontese, Italian, and French for Aranese; Persian, Arabic, Turkish, and Russian for Chechen) | ||
===General table=== | ===General table=== |
Revision as of 14:06, 25 April 2020
Valaisan Language Guide
Basic Classification and Sound Changes
Sound Change Isoglosses
Phonology
Orthography
Grammar
Sample Text
Aranese Language Guide
Phonology
Phonological differences from RL!Chechen
Vowels
- /ə/ (an allophone of /ɑ/ in Chechen) becomes an independent phoneme in Aranese, typically found word-finally.
- Open /e/ and /o/ in Chechen is split into /ɛ/ and /ɔ/ in Aranese.
- /ɥø/ and /yø/ in Chechen are collapsed into /œ/ and /œː/ in Aranese
- Nasalization, while present in Chechen (particularly for the genitive, infinitive, and for some speakers, the nominative case of adjectives) is even more pronounced as a result of influence from Arpitan and French, with vowels now nasalized word-finally and before <n> and another consonant.
Consonants
- /ɲ/ and /ʎ/ were gradually introduced (generally from /n/ and /l/ before /i/ or /j/) due to the influence of neighboring languages (ie Romansh, Occitan)
- /r/ is /ʁ/ due to influence from French (see guttural r)
Alphabet
Aranese alphabet
Main forms | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | Ħ | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | Ä | Ë | Ö | Ü | ʻ |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Modified forms | À | É È | Í | Ó Ò | Ú | A̋ | Ő | Ű |
General sound/letter correspondence
Vowels
IPA | Aranese | Chechen (Cyrillic) |
---|---|---|
/ɑ/ | a | a |
/ɑː/ | à | |
/æ/ | ä | ӓ |
/æː/ | ||
/e/ | e | е |
/eː/ | é | |
/je/ | ie¹ | |
/ie/ | ||
/ɛ/ | è | no phoneme |
/ɛː/ | ||
/ə/ | ë | а |
/ɪ/ | i | и |
/iː/ | ий | |
/j/ | й | |
/o/ | o | о |
/oː/ | ó | |
/wo/ | uo | |
/uo/ | ||
/ɔ/ | ò | no phoneme |
/ɔː/ | ||
/ɥø/ (Chec.) /œ/ (Aran.) |
ö | оь |
/yø/ (Chec.) /œː/ (Aran.) | ||
/ʊ/ | u | у |
/uː/ | ú | ув |
/y/ | y | уь |
/yː/ | уьй |
¹before all consonants except /l/, /n/, /ʃ/, and /ʒ/, which have merged into their palatal forms.
Consonants
IPA | Aranese | Chechen (Cyrillic) |
---|---|---|
/b/ | b | б |
/ts/ | c | ц |
/tsʼ/ | cħ | цӏ |
/d/ | d | д |
/f/ | f | ф |
/g/ | g | г |
/ɣ/ | гӏ | |
/ˤ/ | għ | ӏ |
/ʡ/ | ||
/ʎ/ | gl | no phoneme |
/ɲ/ | gn | |
/h/ | h | хь |
/ʜ/ | хӏ | |
/ʒ/ | j | ж |
/k/ | k | к |
/kː/ | кк | |
/kʼ/ | kħ | кӏ |
/l/ | l | л |
/m/ | m | м |
/n/ | n | н |
/p/ | p | п |
/pː/ | пп | |
/pʼ/ | pħ | пӏ |
/q/ | q | кх |
/qː/ | ккх | |
/qʼ/ | qħ | къ |
/r/ (Chec.) /ʁ/ (Aran.) |
r¹ rr¹ |
р |
/r̥/ (Chec.) /ʀ̥/ (Aran.) |
рхӏ | |
/s/ | s | с |
/sː/ | сс | |
/ʃ/ | sc | ш |
/t/ | t | т |
/tː/ | тт | |
/tʼ/ | tħ | тӏ |
/tʃ/ | tg | ч |
/dʒ/ | ж | |
/tʃʼ/ | tgħ | чӏ |
/v/ | v | в |
/x/ | x | х |
/z/ | z | з |
/dz/ | zz | |
/ʔ/ | ʻ | ъ |
¹in complimentary distribution
Vocabulary
Practically the biggest changes between Aranese and Chechen, due to the distinct influences from the two languages (Romansh, Occitan, Piedmontese, Italian, and French for Aranese; Persian, Arabic, Turkish, and Russian for Chechen)
General table
English word | Chechen (Cyrillic/Aranese Lat. translit.) |
Chechen Etymology | Aranese | Aranese Etymology |
---|---|---|---|---|
accountant | бухгалтер (buxgalter) | Germ. buchhalter through Rus. бухгалтер |
kontabël | Fren. comptable |
actor | артист (artist) | Fren. artiste through Rus. артист |
aktur | Late Lat. actor |
book | китаб (kitab) | Arab. ساعة | libër | Lat. liber |
coffee | кофе (kofe) къахьо (qħaho) |
кофе = Rus. кофе къахьо = Arab. قهوة |
kafé | Fren. café |
crown | таж (taj) | Pers. تاج | kurunë | Lat. corōna |
eagle | аьрзу (ärzu) | Old Arm. արծուի | àgülë | Lat. aquila |
earth, world | дуьне (dügne) | Arab. دنيا | mond | Lat. mundus |
flag, banner | байракх (bairaq) | Turk. bayrak | bandierë | Latinate banda |
gun, firearm | топ (top) | Ottoman Turk. طوپ (top) | pistolë | Czech píšťala through Fren. pistole |
hell | жоьжахати (tgöjëxati) | Geor. ჯოჯოხეთი | enfiern | Lat. infernus |
hour | сахьт (saht) | Arab. ساعة | għorë | Lat. hōra |
lawyer, advocate | юрист (iurist) | Rus. юрист | advokat | Lat. advocātus |
lime | кир (kir) | Sumerian 𒌋𒀜 through Old Arm. կիր |
kalzz | Lat. calcem |
lion | лом (lom) | Geor. ლომი | leu | Lat. leō |
manager | менеджер (menetger) | Eng. manager through Rus. менеджер |
direitur | Late Lat. director |
needle | маха (maxë) | Old Arm. մախաթ | nàcħë | Proto-Celt. *snātanto- through Gaulish |
nest | бен (ben) | Old Arm. բոյն | nezzë | Proto-Celt. nisdos through Gaulish |
orange | апельсин (apeglsin) | Dut. appelsien through Rus. апельсин |
aranjë | Sansk. नारङ्ग through Pers. نارنگ and Ita. arancia |
people | халкъ (halq) | Arab. خلق | popul | Lat. populus |
person | адам (adam) | Arab./Pers. آدم | personë | Lat. persona |
police officer | милцо (milco) | presumably Rus. милиция | jandarmo | Fren. gendarme (ultimately from gens d'armes) |
prince | эла (elë) | Alanic | princip | Lat. prīnceps |
rag, floorcloth | горгам (gogram) | Old Arm. գորգ | panosë | Lat. pannucia (dim. of pannus) |
republic | пачхьалкх (patgxalq) | combines халкъ from Arab. خلق | patgpopёl | combines popul from Lat. populus¹ |
sabre | тур (tur) | Possibly Old Arm. թուր | sabёr | Pol./Hun. szablya through Germ. säbel > Fren. sabre |
sand | гӏум (gum) | Turk. kum | areinë | Lat. arēnā through Old Fren. areine |
street, road | урам (uram) | Kipchak Turk. oram | karierë | Late Lat. carrāria through Old Occ. carreira |
time | хан (xan) | probably Geor. ხანი | anserà | Proto-Celt. amsterā through Gaulish |
town | гӏала (galë) | Arab. قلعہ | kiutat | Lat. *cīvitās |
village, hamlet | юрт (jurt) | Kum. юрт | burx | Proto-Germ. *burgz |
waiter | официант (oficiant) | Rus. официант | kamarier | Ital. cameriere (ultimately from Lat. camera) |
week | кӏира (kħirë) | Geor. კვირა | setmanë | Lat. septimāna |
¹One other term used (republikё, directly from Lat. res publica) refers strictly to the Commonwealth.
Names of Days and Months of the Week
Chechen names for Tuesday and Wednesday (шинара and кхаара respectively) were moved to Monday and Tuesday, with Thursday and Friday continuing the pattern from there
English name | Chechen (Cyrillic/Aranese Lat. translit.) |
Chechen Etymology | Aranese | Aranese Etymology |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sunday | кӏиранде (kħirande) | presumably Geor. კვირადღე | dòmenkë | Lat. (diēs) Dominica |
Monday | оршот (orscot) | Geor. ორშაბათი | scinarë | Ara./Nakh "second day" |
Tuesday | шинара (scinarë) | Ara./Nakh "second day" | qaarë | Ara./Nakh "third day" |
Wednesday | кхаара (qaarë) | Ara./Nakh "third day" | diʻë | Ara./Nakh "fourth day" |
Thursday | еара (iearë) | Unknown Ara./Nakh | pxë | Ara./Nakh "fifth day" |
Friday | пӏераска (pħeraskë) | Geor. პარასკევი | ialxë | Ara./Nakh "sixth day" |
Saturday | шот (scot) | Arm. շաբաթ | saptëdie | Lat. diēs Sabbatī (possibly through Vul. Lat. Sabbati diēs) |