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=Valaisan Language Guide=
=Treverian Language Guide=


==Basic Classification and Sound Changes==
==Basic Classification and Sound Changes==
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==Sample Text==
==Sample Text==
=Aranese Language Guide=
==Phonology==
===Phonological differences from RL!Chechen===
====Vowels====
* /ə/ (an allophone of /ɑ/ in Chechen) becomes an independent phoneme in Aranese, typically found word-finally.
* Open /e/ and /o/ in Chechen is split into /ɛ/ and /ɔ/ in Aranese.
* /ɥø/ and /yø/ in Chechen are collapsed into /œ/ and /œː/ in Aranese
* Nasalization, while present in Chechen (particularly for the {{wp|genitive}}, {{wp|infinitive}}, and for some speakers, the {{wp|nominative}} case of adjectives) is even more pronounced as a result of influence from Arpitan and French, with vowels now nasalized word-finally and before <n> and another consonant.
====Consonants====
* /ɲ/ and /ʎ/ were gradually introduced (generally from /n/ and /l/ before /i/ or /j/) due to the influence of neighboring languages (ie Romansh, Occitan)
* /r/ is /ʁ/ due to influence from French (see {{wp|guttural r}})
==Alphabet==
===Aranese alphabet===
{| class="wikitable" style=" text-align: center;"
|-
!Main forms
| A || B || C || D || E || F || G || H || Ħ || I || J || K || L || M || N || O || P || Q || R || S || T || U || V || W || X || Y || Z || Ä || Ë || Ö || Ü || ʻ
|-
!Modified forms
| À || || || || || É È || || || || Í || || || || || Ó Ò || || || || || || Ú || || || || || || || A̋ || || Ő || Ű ||
|-
|}
===General sound/letter correspondence===
====Vowels====
{|class="wikitable"
! style="background:#efefef;" | {{wp|International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA}}
! style="background:#efefef;" | Aranese
! style="background:#efefef;" | {{wp|Chechen language|Chechen}}<br>(Cyrillic)
|-
|/ɑ/
|a
|rowspan=2|a
|-
|-
|/ɑː/
|à
|-
|/æ/
|rowspan=2|ä
|rowspan=2|ӓ
|-
|/æː/
|-
|-
|/e/
|e
|rowspan=4|е
|-
|/eː/
|é
|-
|/je/
|rowspan=2|ie¹
|-
|/ie/
|-
|/ɛ/
|rowspan=2|è
|rowspan=2|''no phoneme''
|-
|/ɛː/
|-
|/ə/
|ë
|а
|-
|/ɪ/
|rowspan=3|i
|и
|-
|/iː/
|ий
|-
|/j/
|й
|-
|/o/
|o
|rowspan=4|о
|-
|/oː/
|ó
|-
|/wo/
|rowspan=2|uo
|-
|/uo/
|-
|/ɔ/
|rowspan=2|ò
|rowspan=2|''no phoneme''
|-
|/ɔː/
|-
|/ɥø/ <small>(Chec.)</small><br>/œ/ <small>(Aran.)</small>
|rowspan=2|ö
|rowspan=2|оь
|-
|/yø/ <small>(Chec.)</small><br>/œː/ <small>(Aran.)</small>
|-
|/ʊ/
|u
|у
|-
|/uː/
|ú
|ув
|-
|/y/
|rowspan=2|ü
|уь
|-
|/yː/
|уьй
|-
|}
¹before all consonants except /l/, /n/, /ʃ/, and /ʒ/, which have merged into their palatal forms.
====Consonants====
{|class="wikitable"
! style="background:#efefef;" | {{wp|International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA}}
! style="background:#efefef;" | Aranese
! style="background:#efefef;" | {{wp|Chechen language|Chechen}}<br>(Cyrillic)
|-
|/b/
|b
|б
|-
|/ts/
|c
|ц
|-
|/tsʼ/
|cħ
|цӏ
|-
|/d/
|d
|д
|-
|/f/
|f
|ф
|-
|/g/
|rowspan=2|g
|г
|-
|/ɣ/
|гӏ
|-
|/ˤ/
|rowspan=2|għ
|rowspan=2|ӏ
|-
|/ʡ/
|-
|/ʎ/
|gl
|rowspan=2|''no phoneme''
|-
|/ɲ/
|gn
|-
|/h/
|rowspan=2|h
|хь
|-
|/ʜ/
|хӏ
|-
|/ʒ/
|j
|ж
|-
|/k/
|rowspan=2|k
|к
|-
|/kː/
|кк
|-
|/kʼ/
|kħ
|кӏ
|-
|/l/
|l
|л
|-
|/m/
|m
|м
|-
|/n/
|n
|н
|-
|/p/
|rowspan=2|p
|п
|-
|/pː/
|пп
|-
|/pʼ/
|pħ
|пӏ
|-
|/q/
|rowspan=2|q
|кх
|-
|/qː/
|ккх
|-
|/qʼ/
|qħ
|къ
|-
|/r/ <small>(Chec.)</small><br>/ʁ/ <small>(Aran.)</small>
|rowspan=2|r¹<br>rr¹
|р
|-
|/r̥/ <small>(Chec.)</small><br>/ʀ̥/ <small>(Aran.)</small>
|рхӏ
|-
|/s/
|rowspan=2|s
|с
|-
|/sː/
|сс
|-
|/ʃ/
|sc
|ш
|-
|/t/
|rowspan=2|t
|т
|-
|/tː/
|тт
|-
|/tʼ/
|tħ
|тӏ
|-
|/tʃ/
|rowspan=2|tg
|ч
|-
|/dʒ/
|ж
|-
|/tʃʼ/
|tgħ
|чӏ
|-
|/v/
|v
|в
|-
|/x/
|x
|х
|-
|/z/
|z
|rowspan=2|з
|-
|/dz/
|zz
|-
|/ʔ/
|ʻ
|ъ
|}
¹in {{wp|complimentary distribution}}
==Vocabulary==
Practically the biggest changes between Aranese and Chechen, due to the distinct influences from the two languages (Romansh, Occitan, Piedmontese, Italian, and French for Aranese; Persian, Arabic, Turkish, and Russian for Chechen)
===General table===
{|class="sortable wikitable"
! style="background:#efefef;" | English word
! style="background:#efefef;" | {{wp|Chechen language|Chechen}}<br>(Cyrillic/Aranese Lat. translit.)
! style="background:#efefef;" | Chechen Etymology
! style="background:#efefef;" | Aranese
! style="background:#efefef;" | Aranese Etymology
|-
|accountant
|бухгалтер (''buxgalter'')
|Germ. ''buchhalter''<br>through Rus. ''бухгалтер''
|kontabël
|Fren. ''comptable''
|-
|actor
|артист (''artist'')
|Fren. ''artiste''<br>through Rus. ''артист''
|aktur
|Late Lat. ''actor''
|-
|book
|китаб (''kitab'')
|Arab. ''ساعة''
|libër
|Lat. ''liber''
|-
|coffee
|кофе (''kofe'')<br>къахьо (''qħaho'')
|кофе = Rus. ''кофе''<br>къахьо = Arab. ''قهوة''
|kafé
|Fren. ''café''
|-
|crown
|таж (''taj'')
|Pers. ''تاج''
|kurunë
|Lat. ''corōna''
|-
|eagle
|аьрзу (''ärzu'')
|Old Arm. ''արծուի''
|àgülë
|Lat. ''aquila''
|-
|earth, world
|дуьне (''dügne'')
|Arab. ''دنيا''
|mond
|Lat. ''mundus''
|-
|flag, banner
|байракх (''bairaq'')
|Turk. ''bayrak''
|bandierë
|Latinate ''banda''
|-
|gun, firearm
|топ (''top'')
|Ottoman Turk. ''طوپ'' (''top'')
|pistolë
|Czech ''píšťala'' through Fren. ''pistole''
|-
|{{wp|hell}}
|жоьжахати (''tgöjëxati'')
|Geor. ''ჯოჯოხეთი''
|enfiern
|Lat. ''infernus''
|-
|hour
|сахьт (''saht'')
|Arab. ''ساعة''
|għorë
|Lat. ''hōra''
|-
|lawyer, advocate
|юрист (''iurist'')
|Rus. ''юрист''
|advokat
|Lat. ''advocātus''
|-
|lime
|кир (''kir'')
|Sumerian ''𒌋𒀜''<br> through Old Arm. ''կիր''
|kalzz
|Lat. ''calcem''
|-
|lion
|лом (''lom'')
|Geor. ''ლომი''
|leu
|Lat. ''leō''
|-
|manager
|менеджер (''menetger'')
|Eng. ''manager''<br>through Rus. ''менеджер''
|direitur
|Late Lat. ''director''
|-
|needle
|маха (''maxë'')
|Old Arm. ''մախաթ''
|nàcħë
|Proto-Celt. ''*snātanto-''<br>through Gaulish
|-
|nest
|бен (''ben'')
|Old Arm. ''բոյն''
|nezzë
|Proto-Celt. ''nisdos''<br>through Gaulish
|-
|orange
|апельсин (''apeglsin'')
|Dut. ''appelsien''<br> through Rus. ''апельсин''
|aranjë
|Sansk. ''नारङ्ग'' <br>through Pers. ''نارنگ'' and Ita. ''arancia''
|-
|people
|халкъ (''halq'')
|Arab. ''خلق''
|popul
|Lat. ''populus''
|-
|person
|адам (''adam'')
|Arab./Pers. ''آدم''
|personë
|Lat. ''persona''
|-
|police officer
|милцо (''milco'')
|presumably Rus. ''милиция''
|jandarmo
|Fren. ''gendarme'' (ultimately from ''gens d'armes'')
|-
|prince
|эла (''elë'')
|Alanic
|princip
|Lat. ''prīnceps''
|-
|rag, floorcloth
|горгам (''gogram'')
|Old Arm. ''գորգ''
|panosë
|Lat. ''pannucia'' (dim. of ''pannus'')
|-
|republic
|пачхьалкх (''patgxalq'')
|combines ''халкъ'' from Arab. ''خلق''
|patgpopёl
|combines ''popul'' from Lat. ''populus''¹
|-
|sabre
|тур (''tur'')
|Possibly Old Arm. ''թուր''
|sabёr
|Pol./Hun. ''szablya'' <br>through Germ. ''säbel'' > Fren. ''sabre''
|-
|sand
|гӏум (''gum'')
|Turk. ''kum''
|areinë
|Lat. ''arēnā''<br> through Old Fren. ''areine''
|-
|street, road
|урам (''uram'')
|Kipchak Turk. ''oram''
|karierë
|Late Lat. ''carrāria''<br> through Old Occ. ''carreira''
|-
|time
|хан (''xan'')
|probably Geor. ''ხანი''
|anserà
|Proto-Celt. ''amsterā''<br> through Gaulish
|-
|town
|гӏала (''galë'')
|Arab. ''قلعہ''
|kiutat
|Lat. ''*cīvitās''
|-
|village, hamlet
|юрт (''jurt'')
|Kum. ''юрт''
|burx
|Proto-Germ. ''*burgz''
|-
|waiter
|официант (''oficiant'')
|Rus. ''официант''
|kamarier
|Ital. ''cameriere'' (ultimately from Lat. ''camera'')
|-
|week
|кӏира (''kħirë'')
|Geor. ''კვირა''
|setmanë
|Lat. ''septimāna''
|-
|}
¹One other term used (''republikё'', directly from Lat. ''res publica'') refers strictly to [[Ausonia|the Commonwealth]].
==Names of Days and Months of the Week==
Chechen names for Tuesday and Wednesday (''шинара'' and ''кхаара'' respectively) were moved to Monday and Tuesday, with Thursday and Friday continuing the pattern from there
{|class="wikitable"
! style="background:#efefef;" | English name
! style="background:#efefef;" | {{wp|Chechen language|Chechen}}<br>(Cyrillic/Aranese Lat. translit.)
! style="background:#efefef;" | Chechen Etymology
! style="background:#efefef;" | Aranese
! style="background:#efefef;" | Aranese Etymology
|-
|Sunday
|кӏиранде (''kħirande'')
|presumably Geor. ''კვირადღე''
|dòmenkë
|Lat. ''(diēs) Dominica''
|-
|Monday
|оршот (''orscot'')
|Geor. ''ორშაბათი''
|scinarë
|Ara./Nakh "second day"
|-
|Tuesday
|шинара (''scinarë'')
|Ara./Nakh "second day"
|qaarë
|Ara./Nakh "third day"
|-
|Wednesday
|кхаара (''qaarë'')
|Ara./Nakh "third day"
|diʻë
|Ara./Nakh "fourth day"
|-
|Thursday
|еара (''iearë'')
|Unknown Ara./Nakh
|pxë
|Ara./Nakh "fifth day"
|-
|Friday
|пӏераска (''pħeraskë'')
|Geor. ''პარასკევი''
|ialxë
|Ara./Nakh "sixth day"
|-
|Saturday
|шот (''scot'')
|Arm. ''շաբաթ''
|saptëdie
|Lat. ''diēs Sabbatī'' (possibly through Vul. Lat. ''Sabbati diēs'')
|}


[[Category:Ausonia]]
[[Category:Ausonia]]

Revision as of 17:42, 17 August 2021

Treverian Language Guide

Basic Classification and Sound Changes

Sound Change Isoglosses

Phonology

Orthography

Grammar

Sample Text

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