Esthursia

United Democratic Kingdom of Osynstry and Cymbreland Teyrnas Deg Unedig Yr Ocynstri a Cymbria
Flag
Motto: Y Cwymp Gwan The Weak Fall
Osynstry, upon the West of Auroria.
Status	Constitutional monarchy, personal union
Capital and largest city	Athersbury 40°15'N, 96°34'E
Official languages	Osynstric, Cymbrish
Recognised national languages	Osynstric, Cymbrish
Religion (416CE (Osynstry), 490CE (Cymbreland))	Church of Athersism
Demonym(s)	Osynstric
Government	Unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy
• High King	Llywellyn IV
• Prime Minister	Jeremy Wilson (2016-, OWP)
• Deputy Prime Minister	Sir Oswald Harewood (2020-, OWP)
• Cyntaf Gweinidog af Cymbria	Dafydd af Gwynydd (2020-, OWP)
• Speaker of the Senate	George Aylesbury (2019-, OWP)
• Speaker of the House	Harold Skipbern (2013-, SLP)
• Chief Whip of the Ruling Party	Charles Leytonsey (2016-, OWP)
Formation of Osynstry  72 BCE
• Proclamation of the Osynstric Union	January 17, 926
• Republic of Osynstry	1284-1376
• Act of Senate	December 29, 1376
• Devolution Act of Cymbria and the West	May 16, 1928
Area
•	687,396 km2 (265,405 sq mi)Includes rivers and water
Population
• 2020 estimate	163,832,600
• 2015 census	155,881,097
• Density	212.98/km2 (551.6/sq mi)
GDP (nominal)	2019 estimate
• Total	7,517,366,430,000 IBU
• Per capita	51,347.92 IBU
Gini (2019)	19.1 low
HDI (2019)	0.949 very high
Currency	Osynstric pound sterling (£) (OPS)
Time zone	UTC+6, +7 (OWWT, OEWT)
• Summer (DST)	UTC+7, +8 (OWST, OEST)
	First Sunday of March - First Sunday of October
Date format	CE
Driving side	left
Calling code	+44
Internet TLD	.oy

Osynstry, officially the The United Democratic Kingdom of Osynstry and Cymbreland (Cymbrish: Teyrnas Deg Unedig Yr Ocynstri a Cymbria), is a large, highly developed and fairly populous sovereign state in the west of Auroria. It is bordered by the Athersbury Sea to the east, and Great Central Ocean to the west - sharing no territorial borders with other nations.

Osynstry was formed in the early 10th century CE, and has since remained fairly stable, partly as a result of the bloody conflicts named the Great Osynstric Wars for the centuries previously; with this peace being cemented by the Treaty of the Black Tower in 925 CE. The area is inhabited by Osynstric people in the South, and Cymbrish people in the North - and this has been the case since at least the turn of the 1st century BCE.

Osynstry has a long history of infighting and cultural wars, however has gained a reputation over the following centuries as a centre for peaceful negotiation, democracy and the freedom of speech. As a result of this relative peace, Osynstry's borders have not changed over the past 1,100 years after the Union of Cymbria and Osynstry in 926, and the shape has become recognisable to any Osynstric native. The nation is renouned for its rich culture, its varied climate which makes it a destination of tourist interest in both summer and winter, and its place in the world stage as an ardent defender of human rights worldwide.

In spite of recent economic turmoil, caused by Black Monday and escalated further by the prospect of a second Black Monday in Wilson's second term, Osynstry remains a relatively prosperous, and ardently representative nation. Osynstry is a member state of the Auronian Economic Alliance, as the previous and current Prime Ministers have both pursued for the nation to solidify its place on the world stage.

Etymology

Osynstry is derived from the Old Lower Osynstric "Asynctria" - meaning "synchronised state". This is due to the fact that from a relatively primitive time, Osynstry functioned as a federalised, or localised state under one King. Cymbria is derived from the Cymbric "cwm" - meaning valley - which reflects the terrain that the capital, Yr Gwynydd, resides within.

History

The Rise of Modern Osynstry (1920-1945)

With Charles Lansbury being seen by many as a centre-right politician of few morals and easily corruptible in his first term, the Workers' Party began campaigning heavily and co-operating with the trade unions to demand an upheaval against the Lansbury administration. In the 1921 election, Lansbury would lose his entire majority and would only remain with his majority due to the fact that the Speaker was elected as his party.

The General Strike of 1923-1925 would last two years and eight months, and would grind the nation's economy to a halt. With Lansbury trying to impose poll taxes and privatise the nation's industry - a move that many Conservative successors would also try and fail - he became immensely unpopular in his final term, and his slogan "you've never had it better" did not wash with the millions who participated or were affected by the General Workers' Strike, despite record growth in the Osynstric economy taking place before the strike.

As the 1920s recession took hold and Lansbury continued to become unpopular, he refused to leave his party. This would later lead to his downfall and the Workers' Party winning the election of 1925, and cementing their power for two decades.

George Asmont, the leader of the General Strike and the Workers' Party, began his plans for fully reforming the nation. He nationalised the nation's industry, created millions of highly paying middle-class jobs, closed tax loopholes, created the NHS, NCS, NES and NTU, made universities free - something that was repealed under Newbury, then reinstated under Wilson - and the economy, especially in the industrial North and West of the nation, boomed. With a universal basic income and the right to food being a human right - something only consolidated later under Wilson - he then began to demand that the industrialists create millions of cars for the workers and that the government will pay them, rather than them receive wages. This idea was soon rejected, so Asmont gave them one year to create a national car brand for the nation and begin mass production, or face 100% tax rates to make up for the lost income. They complied, and thus the Leopard car brand was born.

Asmont would later win his next 2 elections, as well as his two successors each winning an election, giving the Workers' Party two decades of uninterrupted leadership between 1925 and 1945. This would finally be reversed by the narrow victory of Conservative Richard Newbury, and the Workers' Party would next get in during the late 1980s during the unfolding of the Greenwood affair.

Mid-20th century (1945-1977)

After the 20-year-long leadership of the Workers' Party during the 20s, 30s and 40s, mostly under George Asmont, Sir Richard Newbury was to campaign on a centrist ticket to gain the Prime Ministry in 1945, and would win. Although the polls expected his victory to cement a majority, he only gained 99 seats in the Senate, and about 250 seats in the House, so his position as Prime Minister was very much as a lame duck.

Under Newbury's leadership, the North's economy began to slump. As the capital began to draw in jobs with the new tertiary sector, and Newbury's attempts to push a private tertiary sector through the House and Senate received at best mixed results, the North stopped growing completely. This would have multiple knockon effects, and eventually contribute to the very left-leaning Osynstry we see today.

As the North was slumping, and so stopped paying taxes as much, Newbury had little option but to either increase taxes for the middle-classes or for the rich. He chose the middle-classes as to save his position in the party, and soon Newbury's approval rates plunged from -2 in 1947 to -29 in 1948; no Prime Minister had increased taxes in such a uniform and unrepresentative way. Newbury would later learn for his next few terms that right-wing politics rarely works in post-Asmont Osynstry. Michael Thurston arose as an ardent campaigner for the "end of unfair taxation", and this would soon earn him the mantra of "the peoples' bodyguard"

In the election of 1949, Michael Thurston began a coalition with most opposition parties - Liberals, Social Democrats and the Workers Party - and won 169 out of 200 seats in the Senate, and over two-thirds of the House. This put Newbury in an uncomfortable position - leaving his party in a civil war that was eventually to cause the polarisation between centrist Thomas Walston and centre-right Charlotte Greenwood, and the death of the Conservative Party as we know it.

Under Michael Thurston, however, the contrasting politicians could not run the government well at all. Most disagreed with one another's opinions, and refused to back each other, leading Thurston to contemplate resigning in June 1951. The North also received little to no help at this point, and this Grand Coalition government soon turned from a progressive victory against a right-wing leader to a bureaucratic deadlock, uniformly disliked by the people.

As Thurston began to sense that he could lose if he does not break up the Coalition, he spent over a year campaigning for the end of the Coalition - which was to break up on March 19, 1952 - and then for the election of more Social Democrat MSs and MHs. Many accredit Thurston as a good leader due to his actions after the breakup of the coalition, such as the Great Rights Act of 1952 guaranteeing the right to life, the right to free speech and the right to a vote, as well as the removal of the tax reforms Newbury had implemented in 1953.

After Thurston passed the New Taxation Act 1953, his approval ratings recovered to a neutral level, and in the election this was reflected by modest gains. However, Thurston still controlled a slim minority government and would rely on Workers' Party support during later elections, as well as growing discontent within the factions of his party. The Social Democrats erupted into a civil war over its leader and its future, which would later lead Thurston to resign a few months after the 1957 election.

As the economy continued to stagnate under greater pressure in the North and Central regions, Newbury won a landslide victory against new Social Democrat leader Elizabeth Weston, and began his two-term leadership known as the "Great Stagnation". Under Newbury, despite his arguably more perceptive and centrist leadership into the 1960s, the North continued to deindustrialise in chaos and was largely isolated and ignored by the incumbent South-East-centric Conservative government.

As Newbury continued to slowly become less popular across the country, his majority was decimated and his House plurality reduced in the 1961 election, and this is when he finally began to become a properly centrist leader, state most political experts. Faced by election defeat when polls show he could have easily extended his majority massively, and with rebel Conservatives voting down his bills, he soon began to make concessions with the Liberals across the house. The long-standing co-operation between the Liberal Party and Conservative Party later became known as the "Newbury effect", and took place during Walston's jurisdiction as well.

However, many Liberal voters began to support the Social Democrats as they saw the Conservatives and Liberals as one party - and this won Elizabeth Weston two electoral wins - the first being a landslide. She began to reshape the nation and her administrations would be the ones to properly address and repair the nation's institutions, as well as the leadership of Stephen Hastings in 1973-1977 - with his policies later being reflected upon in the period now known as the "Hastings-liberal decades" (1997-2016).

1970s and 1980s (1977-1993)

After Sir Thomas Walston's victory against left-wing Harold Grantham in 1977, he would soon unify Osynstry under one leader. Although his approval ratings at first stayed relatively modest, his reforms and his delivering on the promise to "prioritise the North's reinforcing as a powerful region" proved popular. Through "partial privatisation" - by giving companies more free rein on what they choose to do - as well as the respecting of the National Trade Union, Education Union and Healthcare Union (NTU, NEU, NHU), Walston earnt a reputation as a centrist, strong and stable leader. It is fair to consider the Conservatives as quite critical of Walston's position - particularly Charlotte Greenwood, who was 13 years his senior and a more conservative woman, who would spend the next eight years campaigning for "real conservatism". Opposition also came from the Social Democratic Party, under Philip George, the one who had continued the party from the end of Weston's second term.

As Osynstry's economy began to recover from the stagnation of the 50s to 70s, the period between Thomas Walston's first electoral victory in 1977 to Black Monday in 2013 became known as "Osynstry's Golden Age".

However, one thing that Walston stood against was social reform. He was to halt reforms on the decriminalisation of homosexuality, as well as demanding that women "kindly shut up" about the potential for wealth inequality. These remarks coupled with his effective leadership earnt him the badge of "the man's leader, the woman's enemy". However, to give credit to the Prime Minister, these views were commonplace in Osynstry at the time and were part of the reason he was elected as both leader of the Conservative Party, and Prime Minister twice.

Charlotte Greenwood of the Conservative Party won by a relative landslide in 1985, mostly carried by her endorsing of her predecessor's leadership, after the resignation of the Former Prime Minister who had served the maximum of two consecutive terms. This gave her the jurisdiction to carry out her populist conservative ideals - nicknaming her the "Milk Snatcher" for temporarily abolishing milk for primary school children until the House demanded it was replaced. She was partly responsible for the economic crisis of 1988-1989, which would later spell the end to her Prime Ministry - despite relatively positive approval ratings before the crisis - and would "turn her into the mad, fraudulent person she became in following years". 59 Conservative MHs resigned in protest to her regime in January 1987.

After the election of 1989, Harold Grantham won his first landslide - the first Osynstric Workers' Party administration since 1945 -, as voters gave him the mandate to "fix the crisis". He did so immediately - by beginning to borrow from the banks, a problem that would later lead to the 2013 Black Monday crisis and end the consensus he had began - and the economy began to recover into the early 1990s. As he was far more youthful than Greenwood, he was known as the "Peoples' Grantham". He resided over the success of Robert Atkinston, who became known as "Mister Plum" in the early 1990s and was known for his antics and easily recognisable Osynstric accent - a charade that has remained to this day. Atkinston would later become a public speaker on behalf of the Social Liberal Party.

As unemployment fell dramatically, Grantham began repairing the welfare state and healthcare that Greenwood had "ripped to shreds". Meanwhile, the average wage of people went up dramatically, and Osynstry became known on the world stage for its relative prosperity, as the rest of the developed world began to stagnate post-industrially (albeit that Osynstry's North grew slower in the 60s to 80s). Prime Minister Grantham would fix the issue of Osynstry's sluggish North by creating more agricultural and technological jobs up in these regions, as lifespan topped 80 and average income hugely increased with the catch-up of Northern regions. The Pollution Act of 1992 was passed prior to the March 1993 elections, to demand the protection of "peoples' lungs in urban areas", an Act that would finally fully be adhered by 1996.

Post-Greenwood Consensus (1993-2013)

After the landslide in favour of Harold Grantham in the spring of 1993, the Elder Council demanded Greenwood's resignation on May 19, 1993 - the first usage of the Elder Council in this context for over a century. After initial refusals, the Elders threatened to render the Conservative Party as unlawful and dissolve it forcibly - a move of which Harold Grantham promised to approve in the Senate and the House - Greenwood resigned on June 9, 1993. She was to be the final Conservative Prime Minister, and left her party in a civil war that it remains in today. The Conservatives would also have their reputation tarnished, and struggle to this day to shrug off this incident. King Llywelyn would be revered as a liberal statesman for his role in demanding her removal, and prominent figures that participated included future Prime Minister Anthony Black.

Birth rates, which had been "unsustainable" - said Harold Grantham himself - began to pick up again, as the economy recovered from a 5% recession in 1993 - nicknamed the "Elders' Crash". With unemployment in the millions and the welfare state struggling to cope, Grantham announced the New Plan for Osynstry, which re-nationalised much of the industry Greenwood had earlier privatised, cancelled debt with foreign nations, and demanded employers created new jobs. Although the last would at first prove to be unsustainable, Grantham became once again popular during the mid-90s when the economy improved considerably.

In 1994, Cymbreland held a referendum for its own Assembly - named the Senedd - and approved it by a 74%-26% verdict. With Conservatives and Nationals calling it "a further harness holding our nation back with endless red tape", Cymbreland gained its Senedd in 1995, and voted in the Cymbria Party in a landslide. It would be the 2020 Election that would finally deprive the Cymbria Party of this role, 25 years on.

The 1997 election was nicknamed "the mandatory transfer". With Grantham resigning and the Athersic Democrats under the now former Prime Minister Nicholas Oakland ahead in the polls, it seemed inevitable that Oakland would win a landslide, which he indeed did do - albeit more subdued than the wins of Grantham in 1989 and 1993.

Nicholas Oakland, defying the old Conservative MHs from the Greenwood Conservative Party who joined after the crash of the Conservatives in the early 90s, demanded the "rightful protection of the peoples' assets and welfare state". This would be the defining moment of the post-Greenwood consensus, which Anthony Black would also stand by in following years.

The 1990s and 2000s were defined as a period of relative prosperity, with employment at a near-all time high, and with most parties getting very well along. Foreign leaders often called Osynstry a one-party state, as the parties were often so similar in ideology. This began the start of the 25 year old Jeremy Wilson's Osynstric Workers' Party in 2009 - just years before the beginning of the economic crisis.

Black Monday, the Sterling and Anthony Black (2013-2016)

On April 1, 2013, the Athersbury Stock Exchange fell 6 points in just a few minutes of opening in the morning - reflecting local tensions. This economic crisis shaved 3% of the pound sterling's value, and precipitated a period known as the "Liberal Stagnation". With Anthony Black attempting to solve the problem through subsidising the banks' recovery, prominent voices from both sides of the political spectrum voiced their concerns and demands for this expenditure to be cut and stopped, and instead spent on the millions of jobs at risk.

Although the Osynstric economy never fell into recession - only contracting modestly for the Q2 2013 - it stagnated for four years, despite a growing population, contrasting greatly with the 20 years of relative prosperity since the early 1990s. Anthony Black popularly opposed austerity, but instead borrowed billions of sterlings, leaving the currency in a bubble that burst in August - nicknamed "Black's Credit Crunch" - and leaving Anthony Black in a power struggle as his approval rating declined and the Social Liberals seeked to remove him from power.

At the time, Anthony Black was criticised for his potentially wasteful levels of spending on both welfare and the banks, he is now credited for the ability to keep Osynstry out of recession for the entirety of the crisis, and for repairing the economy. However, due to a mix of bad timing, his confidence declining and hard campaigning by the Osynstric Workers' Party leader Jeremy Wilson, he lost the 2016 election. Jeremy Wilson's promise of "a stable economy, free university and jobs, jobs, jobs" appeared to wash well with a country in crisis, and in turn, Wilson won a plurality in the House and a slim, working majority in the Senate.

Despite the economic turmoil during this period, it was the crisis that brought tourism over to Osynstry. Anthony Black's "open the borders" remark, and the pound sterling falling - leading foreigners to be able to purchase far more for their currency, with the pound reaching a low of £1.59 - led to Osynstry becoming the ideal location to go on holiday and spend their money. Anthony Black, although unpopular for the economic crisis, was revered as a figurehead for democratic institutions, for the post-Greenwood consensus in politics, for stereotypical Osynstric charisma.

Wilson and Post-Liberalism (2016-2025)

After his election victory in 2016, Wilson set about reforming the country without delay. In September, he entered a legal battle with the Supreme Courts, demanding that they suspend conservative justice Liam Richardson for his involvement in the Greenwood scandals - a decision that passed a month later without objection. After appointing the socialist justice Charles Goose - the whole affair became nicknamed "the wild Goose chase" as a result - the Supreme Court was now a majority socialist court, and would co-operate extensively in future years.

Wilson became known for his parliamentary antics, being known to fall asleep in the Senate on repeated occasions and for loudly proclaiming "Georgia (Anderson, Athersic Democrat Leader from 2015) can't be trusted, she's a crook!" on January 4, 2017. This led to the famous speech by Anderson, "I am not a crook.", followed by the Court's verdict a day later that she had indeed co-operated in the Greenwood affair - a decision she later unsuccessfully appealed.

The economy greatly recovered from its mid-2010s slump under Wilson, however, as he proved an efficient and knowledgable statesman. By demanding the creation of the National Trade Union in 2017, and then capping CEO wages at 3.5x their lowest employee, he became known as "the boss of the bosses". His tax reforms led to hugely increased revenue, as the Thursday Telegraph, a left-wing newspaper, reported "101% Wilson tax introduced on the rich" (mocking the new Taxation Act of 2018, where the rich would pay more than they earnt in 2018-9 if they failed to pay last year). The slogan "pay to stay" for businesses caused a slight slump in the second half of 2017, but with wages hugely increasing, this crash was the first for decades not to be felt in the slightest by 99% of the population.

In 2018, he won the mid-term elections in local areas in a landslide, gaining 39% of the vote, and increasing his power in local affairs. Wilson later demanded that the Conservative MS Robert Thomas respected the counting of the votes, after Conservative voters attempted to seize thousands of ballots and demand that they weren't counted "for they were received after the election ended" - a decision which he finally respected a few days later. Although these votes were indeed received after the election ended, they were valid as they were received in the legal time for votes to be counted if they are mailed in before the election.

Union strikes took place in Cymbreland during the last few months of 2018, demanding better rights and pensions. The Cymbria party would eventually fold to demand from the Unions, which Wilson hailed as "the greatest victory for social rights against a government since the election of George Asmont in the 1920s". This humiliating failure would lead to the election of an OWP representative for the leader of Cymbreland, for the first time in history.

In April 2019, Wilson unveiled the "Human Rights Act 2019", extending Osynstric human rights to the right to a roof over one's head, the right to food security, the right to water security, the right to medical care and the right to a dignified death. Landlords would be heavily controlled under the "Landlordship Act 2019", giving tenants the power to appeal in the new Tenants' Court. Prison was reformed extensively, with greater social welfare programs revealing huge disparities in the perpetration of crime in the nation, and thus slowly but surely rectified by local authorities over the following years. This earnt Osynstry an increased safety status under the independent, Osynstric Institution of Human Rights. Some criticised him for his lack of a referendum on this issue, however.

With Wilson promising "a return to the dark days of Black Monday and Greenwood, or continued prosperity" in the election, pollsters attributed his campaign to that of Anthony Black in 2001, and called it "mildly intriguing at best". This led many to believe that he would garner just 25% of the vote and let Richard Oldston have the chance to contend for a coalition government and Prime Ministry, and exit polls predicted the OWP to lose nearly 100 seats in the House and 50 in the Senate. They did nearly the exact opposite - with 43% of the vote, the OWP gained over 100 seats in the House and just under 50 in the Senate, giving them an effective majority in the Senate, and a "technical" majority in the House (as liberal views will be passed by help from liberals, and socialist from the Communists and Progressive-Greens). In the 2020 election, the Greens performed far better than expected, and the surprise polling fail was attributed to young people "keeping their mouths shut, and voicing their opinion at the election". Osynstry would join the AEA during the election campaign, with only the Nationals and Conservatives refusing to back it. The election produced a record number of women and minority MSs and MHs, with Wilson demanding "the Houses of Parliament represent our nation's demographics". This election landslide produced a baby boom continued from 2016, with the generation of children being born being named the "Wilson Generation". Charlotte Greenwood died on the 12th of November, 2020, some calling it from "shock".

Geography

Osynstry is situated in the temperate zone, near the Central Ocean - from which it receives tropical winds, nicknamed the "Western Stream" - and between two seas. Athersbury, the capital, is situated on the east peninsula, in the Athersbury Sea - and receives a copious quantity of rain every year. Apart from the far south, all of the country receives over 500mm of rain a year, with some mountains in the south receiving a smaller amount on some years, distorting the levels and reducing their annual rainfall. The north and south borders are home to the Cymbrish and Osynstric mountain ranges respectively. The entire country receives snowfall every year for at least a month, as the rolling hills of the central isthmus provide the perfect climate for snow settling and the Western Stream weakens from ice melting in the mountains leading to cold water north and south of where it passes during the summer - meaning the temperature often varies, nicknamed the "Frozen" and "Green" winter years.

Demographics

The population of Osynstry is projected to be 165,471,926, and may even reach 170 million by the year 2025. This reflects the decision by many families to have children younger, higher marriage rates, and the security brought by the Wilson administration. 99.89% of the Osynstric population were born in the nation, with 99.83% being of Osynstric descent - 11.67% of those being Cymbrish. The median age of the nation is 38.6.

Government

The current government is Jeremy Wilson's Osynstric Working Party, with an electoral landslide. They currently hold 454 seats of 1050 in the House, and 151 of 200 seats in the Senate, not counting the Speakers of both. The Vice Prime Minister is Oswald Harewood, elected by the House after the election. The House uses proportional representation (PR), meanwhile the Senate uses first-past-the-post (FPTP). This results in most administrations controlling a coalition in the House and an outright majority in the Senate, in a move hoped to cause more co-operation.

Residing over both houses is the Elder Council and the King. Although they have few powers, they do have the collective power to dismiss leaders and parties. The last time this was used was 1993, upon Charlotte Greenwood of the Conservative Party.

After the Act of Parliament 2020 passed on November 12, 2020, the Senate and House will now both dissolve on March 15, 2025, to have their election on March 21, 2025.

Approval ratings for Wilson stand at 46% approve, 31% disapprove, 23% unsure or neutral (+15)

Date of poll	J. Wilson (WRK)	O. Ledbury (ATH)	D. Charles (SOC)	R. Gordon (LIB)	A-M. Bailey (GRN-PRG)	H. Stewart (CON)	E. Skipton (COM)
13/11/20	45	10	11	8	7	6	4
12/11/20	43	11	12	8	6	7	3
11/11/20	39	13	13	9	4	8	2
11/11/20	38	14	13	8	4	9	3
10/11/20	33	16	15	10	3	9	3
09/11/20	29	18	16	11	3	10	2

Senate, November 12, 2020 - March 21, 2025

House, November 12, 2020 - March 21, 2025

Economy

The GDP of Osynstry is just over 8.7 trillion IBU, or just over 5.4 trillion Osynstric sterlings. Economic growth in 2020 is projected to be 3.0%, up from 2.6% the year previously. It contains 6% primary, 10% secondary, 56% tertiary and 28% quaternary industries. The per capita rate of Osynstry is just over 50,000 IBU, or just over 30,000 OPS.

The OPS is worth approximately 1.711 IBU as of the 13th of November, 2020, after reaching a high of 1.728 IBU on the day before the election of 2020, and a low of 1.576 during the Black Monday crisis.

Economic Growth - 2010s

Year	GDP	GDP per capita	GDP Growth	GDP Growth Change	Population	IBU - OPS
2010	7,745,479,460,000	50,338.45	+3.9%	+0.3%	153,868,056	1.68
2011	7,931,370,970,000	51,213.68	+2.4%	-1.5%	154,868,198	1.67
2012	8,161,380,725,520	52,410.62	+2.9%	+0.6%	155,719,973	1.69
2013	7,713,970,440,000	49,340.09	-5.8%	-8.7%	156,342,853	1.58
2014	7,645,163,960,000	48,705.17	-0.9%	+4.9%	156,968,224	1.59
2015	7,729,260,760,000	48,995.95	+1.1%	+2.0%	157,753,065	1.59
2016	7,798,824,110,000	49,093.26	+0.9%	+1.3%	158,857,336	1.63
2017	8,063,984,130,000	50,160.50	+3.4%	+2.5%	160,763,624	1.65
2018	8,313,967,640,000	51,203.44	+3.1%	-0.3%	162,371,260	1.67
2019	8,530,130,800,000	52,066.14	+2.6%	-0.5%	163,832,601	1.70
2020 (projected)	8,786,034,720,000	53,096.83	+3.0%	+0.4%	165,471,926	1.73

Culture

See History

Infrastructure

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