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== Controversy ==
== Controversy ==
=Meharian language=
{{Infobox language
|name      = Meharian
|nativename = ''מעהיירי or מהיר, mehiiri''
|pronunciation = <small>IPA:</small> {{wp|Help:IPA/Finnish|[mehiːri]}}
|states  = [[Valimia]]
|speakers = 2,1 million
|speakers2 =
|familycolor = Uralic
|fam1  =  {{wp|Uralic|Emic}}
|fam2  = {{wp|Finnic languages|Gollic}}
|fam3  = {{wp|Northern Finnic languages|South Gollic}}
|fam4  = {{wp|Finnish|Valimian}}
|ancestor      =
|ancestor2    =
|ancestor3    =
|ancestor4    =
|ancestor5    =
|stand1 = ווסהאַכּאַתייבי, ''uushakatiivi''
|stand2 = ישן, ''jesan''
|stand3 =
|script = {{wp|Hebrew Script|Shapah script}} ([[Meharian orthography]])
|nation = {{flagicon|Valimia}} [[Valimia]]
|agency = [[Paavalpori Language Council]]
|iso1  = mh
|iso2  = meh
|iso3  = meh
}}
'''Meharian''' (Mehearian: מעהיירי, ''mehiiri'' {{wp|IPA|[mehiːri]}}, {{wp|Finnish language|Valimian}}: Mehaari, {{wp|german language|Hesurian}}: ''Mehärisch'') is an {{wp|uralic languages|Emic}} {{wp|language}} spoken in [[Valimia]] and [[Berea|East Berea]]. The status of Meharian as a separate language has historically been contested, but it is recognized as an official language in [[Valimia]]. It was considered a dialect of {{wp|Finnish language|Valimian}} until the 19th century and is still today its closest relative. 
Meharian is divided into two main dialect groups, [[Urban Meharian]] and [[Kaukais Meharian]] both of which are mutually intelligible. It is written using an adapted form of the {{wp|Hebrew script|Shapah}}.  Meharian is characterised by its conservative development and extensive lexical borrowing from {{wp|Hebrew language|Shapah}} and {{wp|german language|Hessurian}}. Phonologically, Meharian is the closest language to {{wp|Finnish langauge|Old Valimian}}.
{{anchor|Yiddish alphabet|alphabet}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" rules=all align="center" style="text-align: center; border: 1px solid darkgray;" cellpadding=3
! Symbol !!  {{wp|Finnish orthography|Valimian}} !! IPA Transcription !! {{wp|German orthography|Hesurian}} !! Meharian Name !! {{wp|Finnish language|Valimian}} Name !! Notes
|-
| style="font-size: larger"| <span style="font-size:190%;">{{lang|yi|א}}</span> || a || ɑ || a || ''אלעװי'' || ''Alevi'' || Can act as the blank vowel and represent ɑ, æ and o.
|-
| style="font-size: larger"| <span style="font-size:190%;">{{lang|yi|אַ}}</span> || ä || æ || ä || ''אלעװי אַאַ''|| ''Alevi ää'' ||
|-
| style="font-size: larger"| <span style="font-size:190%;">{{lang|yi|אָ}}</span> ||colspan=3 | o || '' אלעװי אָאָ'' || ''Alevi oo'' ||
|-
| style="font-size: larger"| <span style="font-size:190%;">{{lang|yi|ב}}</span> || v || ʋ || w || ''בעטי'' || ''Veti'' || Mostly used in loandwords.
|-
| style="font-size: larger"| <span style="font-size:190%;">{{lang|yi|בּ}}</span> || b || p || b || ''בּעטי''|| ''Peti'' || Pronounced the same as פּ.
|-
| style="font-size: larger"| <span style="font-size:190%;">{{lang|yi|ג}}</span> || g || k || g || ''גיימעלי''|| ''Kiimeli'' || Pronounced the same as ק.
|-
| style="font-size: larger"| <span style="font-size:190%;">{{lang|yi|ד}}</span> || d || t || d || ''דאאלעטטי''|| ''Taaleti'' || Pronounced the same as ט.
|-
| style="font-size: larger"| <span style="font-size:190%;">{{lang|yi|ה}}</span> || h || h, ç, x, ɦ || h || ''העע''|| ''Hee'' ||
|-
| style="font-size: larger"| <span style="font-size:190%;">{{lang|yi|ו}}</span> ||colspan=3 | u || ''ואָו''|| ''Vov'' || Pronounced װ in old words.
|-
| style="font-size: larger"| <span style="font-size:190%;">{{lang|yi|וּ}}</span> || colspan=2 | y || ü || ''ואָו וּוּ''|| ''Vov yy'' ||
|-
| style="font-size: larger"| <span style="font-size:190%;">{{lang|yi|וֹ}}</span> || ö || ø || ö || ''ואָו וֹוֹ''|| ''Vov öö'' ||
|-
| style="font-size: larger"| <span style="font-size:190%;">{{lang|yi|װ}}</span> || v || ʋ || w || ''טופּלאַ ואָו''|| ''Tuppla vov'' ||
|-
| style="font-size: larger"| <span style="font-size:190%;">{{lang|yi|ז}}</span> || z || colspan=2 | s || ''זאַיעני''|| ''Sajeni'' || Pronounced the same as ס.
|-
| style="font-size: larger"| <span style="font-size:190%;">{{lang|yi|ח}}</span> || kh || x || ch || ''חעעסי''|| ''Kheesi'' || Mostly used in loandwords.
|-
| style="font-size: larger"| <span style="font-size:190%;">{{lang|yi|ט}}</span> || colspan=3 | t || ''טעעסי''|| ''Teesi'' ||
|-
| style="font-size: larger"| <span style="font-size:190%;">{{lang|yi|י}}</span> || colspan=3 | i || ''יוטי''|| ''Juti'' ||
|-
| style="font-size: larger"| <span style="font-size:190%;">{{lang|yi|יִ}}</span> || colspan=3 | j || ''יוטי יִיי''|| ''Juti jii'' ||
|-
| style="font-size: larger"| <span style="font-size:190%;">{{lang|yi|כּ}}</span> || colspan=3 | k || ''כּאָװי''|| ''Kovi'' || Mostly used in loandwords.<br>Pronounced the same as ק.
|-
| style="font-size: larger"| <span style="font-size:190%;">{{lang|yi|כ}}</span> || rowspan=2 | kh || rowspan=2 | x || rowspan=2 | ch || ''כאָװי''|| ''Khovi'' ||
|-
| style="font-size: larger"| <span style="font-size:190%;">{{lang|yi|ך}}</span> || ''לאָפּו כאָװי''|| ''Loppu Khovi'' || Final form.
|-
| style="font-size: larger"| <span style="font-size:190%;">{{lang|yi|ל}}</span> || colspan=3 | l || ''לאַמעטי''|| ''Lametti'' ||
|-
| style="font-size: larger"| <span style="font-size:190%;">{{lang|yi|מ}}</span> || colspan=3 rowspan=2 | m || ''מעמע''|| ''Memme'' ||
|-
| style="font-size: larger"| <span style="font-size:190%;">{{lang|yi|ם}}</span> || ''לאָפּו מעמע''|| ''Loppu Memme'' || Final form.
|-
| style="font-size: larger"| <span style="font-size:190%;">{{lang|yi|נ}}</span> || rowspan=2 | n || rowspan=2 | n,ŋ || rowspan=2 | n || ''נונו''|| ''Nunnu'' ||
|-
| style="font-size: larger"| <span style="font-size:190%;">{{lang|yi|ן}}</span> || ''לאָפּו נונו''|| ''Loppu Nunnu'' || Final form
|-
| style="font-size: larger"| <span style="font-size:190%;">{{lang|yi|ס}}</span> ||colspan=2 | s || ss,ß || ''סאַמעהי''|| ''Samehi'' ||
|-
| style="font-size: larger"| <span style="font-size:190%;">{{lang|yi|ע}}</span> ||colspan=3 | e || ''עין ''|| ''Ejn'' ||
|-
| style="font-size: larger"| <span style="font-size:190%;">{{lang|yi|פּ}}</span> || colspan=3 | p || ''פּעי''|| ''Pei'' ||
|-
| style="font-size: larger"| <span style="font-size:190%;">{{lang|yi|פ}}</span> ||rowspan=2  colspan=3| f || ''פעי''|| ''Fei'' ||
|-
| style="font-size: larger"| <span style="font-size:190%;">{{lang|yi|ף}}</span> || ''לאָפּו פעי''|| ''Loppu Fei'' || Final form.
|-
| style="font-size: larger"| <span style="font-size:190%;">{{lang|yi|צ}}</span> || rowspan=2 | ts || rowspan=2 | θ ||  rowspan=2 | th || ''צאַדעקאַ''|| ''Tsadekka'' ||
|-
| style="font-size: larger"| <span style="font-size:190%;">{{lang|yi|ץ}}</span> || ''לאָפּו צאַדעקאַ''|| ''Loppu Tsadekka'' || Final form.
|-
| style="font-size: larger"| <span style="font-size:190%;">{{lang|yi|ק}}</span> || colspan=3 | k || ''קווװי''|| ''Kuuvi'' ||
|-
| style="font-size: larger"| <span style="font-size:190%;">{{lang|yi|ר}}</span> || colspan=3 | r || ''רעיסי''|| ''Reissi'' ||
|-
| style="font-size: larger"| <span style="font-size:190%;">{{lang|yi|ש}}</span> || š || ʃ, s || sch || ''שיני''|| ''Sini'' || Mostly used in loandwords. <br>Pronounced the same as ס.
|-
| style="font-size: larger"| <span style="font-size:190%;">{{lang|yi|תּ}}</span> || colspan=3 | t || ''תּאָאָװי''|| ''Toovi''|| Mostly used in loandwords.<br>Pronounced the same as ט.
|-
| style="font-size: larger"| <span style="font-size:190%;">{{lang|yi|ת}}</span> || colspan=2 | s || ss,ß || ''תאָװי''|| ''Sovi''||Mostly used in loandwords.
|}

Revision as of 20:13, 19 March 2021

Valimian Hesuurinormi
Heſuurinormi
PronunciationIPA: [hesuːrinormi]
Native toValimia
Native speakers
None
(written only)
Standard forms
Hesuurinormi (official)
Ylänormi (unofficial)
Tasakieli (unofficial)
Cambran script (Valimian alphabet)
Official status
Official language in
Valimia Valimia
Regulated byPaavalpori Language Council
Language codes
ISO 639-1hn
ISO 639-2vhn
ISO 639-3vhn

Hesuurinormi (Valimian: [hesuːrinormi]; literally "Hesurian norm") or Valimian Hesuurinormi is one of the two official written standards of the Valimian language. Hesuurinormi is largely based on the Gulf Valimian dialect. Although Yleiskieli (Valimian: [ylei̯skie̯li]; literally common/standard language) is the overall prefered written standard of Valimian, Hesuurinormi remains used by around 24% of all Valimian speakers as their primary standard mostly in and round the Gulf of Valimia. Hesuurinormi is characterised by its Hesurian influences in spelling, grammar and punctuation.

History

Alphabet

Valimian is written using a modified version of the Cambran Alphabet. Both Yleiskieli and Hesuurinormi use the same alphabet. The Valimian Alphabet has 33 letters.

A a B b C c Č č D d E e F f G g
H h I i J j K k L l M m N n O o
P p Q q R r S s Š š T t U u V v
W w X x Y y Z z Ž ž Ä ä Ö ö ſ
ß
  • The letter Č only appears in yleiskieli in foreign words with the voiceless postalveolar affricate /tʃ/. Hesuurinormi uses "tsch".
  • The letter S represents a voiced alveolar fricative /z/ in Hesuurinormi. The voiceless alveolar fricative /s/ is written using the short s (Yleiskieli: lyhyt ässä) "ſ" and the double s (Yleiskieli: tuppla ässä) "ß".
  • Yleiskieli does not distinguish between /z/, /s/, /tʃ/ and /dz/ whereby it only uses the letter S.
  • Both ß and ſ only appear in lowercase form and are written as "SS" and "S" respectively when capitalized.

Grammar

Differences from Yleiskieli

Similar to Hesurian, Hesuurinormi capitalizes all nouns.

  • YK: Minä ostin Ruokaa edellisenä päivänä marketista
  • HM: Mä ostisin Kissan erellisen P
Hesuurinormi IPA Yleiskieli IPA Translation
Oekeoſ [oe̯keo̯s] oikeus [oi̯keu̯s] justice
Mettä [metːæ] metsä [metsæ] forest
tasane [tɑsɑnʲe] tasainen [tasai̯nen] even
uſotela Example uskotella Example believe/sell
Example Example Example Example Example
Example Example Example Example Example
Example Example Example Example Example
Example Example Example Example Example
Example Example Example Example Example
Example Example Example Example Example


Sample

Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Hesuurinormi and Ylesikieli with transcriptions into the IPA:

"Kaik Ichmißet sntüwät wapaen ja tasawerttaſin Arvolttan ja Eukeochsilttan. Heil on annettu Järk ja Omatunt, ja heirä on toemittava toissia kohtta Weljeören Henges."
/kɑi̯k içmisːet sntyʋæt ʋapɑe̯n jɑ tɑsɑʋertːɑsin ɑrʋoltːan jɑ oi̯keo̯ksiltːɑn hei̯l on ɑnːetːu jærk jæ omɑtunt jæ hei̯ræ on toe̯mitːɑʋɑ toi̯sːiɑ koxtːɑ ʋeljey̯ren heŋes/

"Kaikki ihmiset syntyvät vapaina ja tasavertaisina arvoltaan ja oikeuksiltaan. Heille on annettu järki ja omatunto, ja heidän on toimittava toisiaan kohtaan veljeyden hengessä."

Controversy

Meharian language

Meharian
מעהיירי or מהיר, mehiiri
PronunciationIPA: [mehiːri]
Native toValimia
Native speakers
2,1 million
Standard forms
ווסהאַכּאַתייבי, uushakatiivi
ישן, jesan
Shapah script (Meharian orthography)
Official status
Official language in
Valimia Valimia
Regulated byPaavalpori Language Council
Language codes
ISO 639-1mh
ISO 639-2meh
ISO 639-3meh

Meharian (Mehearian: מעהיירי, mehiiri [mehiːri], Valimian: Mehaari, Hesurian: Mehärisch) is an Emic language spoken in Valimia and East Berea. The status of Meharian as a separate language has historically been contested, but it is recognized as an official language in Valimia. It was considered a dialect of Valimian until the 19th century and is still today its closest relative.

Meharian is divided into two main dialect groups, Urban Meharian and Kaukais Meharian both of which are mutually intelligible. It is written using an adapted form of the Shapah. Meharian is characterised by its conservative development and extensive lexical borrowing from Shapah and Hessurian. Phonologically, Meharian is the closest language to Old Valimian.

Symbol Valimian IPA Transcription Hesurian Meharian Name Valimian Name Notes
א a ɑ a אלעװי Alevi Can act as the blank vowel and represent ɑ, æ and o.
אַ ä æ ä אלעװי אַאַ Alevi ää
אָ o אלעװי אָאָ Alevi oo
ב v ʋ w בעטי Veti Mostly used in loandwords.
בּ b p b בּעטי Peti Pronounced the same as פּ.
ג g k g גיימעלי Kiimeli Pronounced the same as ק.
ד d t d דאאלעטטי Taaleti Pronounced the same as ט.
ה h h, ç, x, ɦ h העע Hee
ו u ואָו Vov Pronounced װ in old words.
וּ y ü ואָו וּוּ Vov yy
וֹ ö ø ö ואָו וֹוֹ Vov öö
װ v ʋ w טופּלאַ ואָו Tuppla vov
ז z s זאַיעני Sajeni Pronounced the same as ס.
ח kh x ch חעעסי Kheesi Mostly used in loandwords.
ט t טעעסי Teesi
י i יוטי Juti
יִ j יוטי יִיי Juti jii
כּ k כּאָװי Kovi Mostly used in loandwords.
Pronounced the same as ק.
כ kh x ch כאָװי Khovi
ך לאָפּו כאָװי Loppu Khovi Final form.
ל l לאַמעטי Lametti
מ m מעמע Memme
ם לאָפּו מעמע Loppu Memme Final form.
נ n n,ŋ n נונו Nunnu
ן לאָפּו נונו Loppu Nunnu Final form
ס s ss,ß סאַמעהי Samehi
ע e עין Ejn
פּ p פּעי Pei
פ f פעי Fei
ף לאָפּו פעי Loppu Fei Final form.
צ ts θ th צאַדעקאַ Tsadekka
ץ לאָפּו צאַדעקאַ Loppu Tsadekka Final form.
ק k קווװי Kuuvi
ר r רעיסי Reissi
ש š ʃ, s sch שיני Sini Mostly used in loandwords.
Pronounced the same as ס.
תּ t תּאָאָװי Toovi Mostly used in loandwords.
Pronounced the same as ט.
ת s ss,ß תאָװי Sovi Mostly used in loandwords.
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