User:Native Qazh/Sandbox4: Difference between revisions

Jump to navigation Jump to search
Line 312: Line 312:
! Case
! Case
! Suffix
! Suffix
! Examlple:<br>Stem-Consonant/Plosive-Affricate
! Examlple: Variant 1
! Examlple:<br>Stem-Vowel/Sonorant
! Examlple: Variant 2
! Examlple: Variant 3
|-
|-
! Nominative
! Nominative
| -Ø
| -Ø
| ewask (canoe)
| ewask (canoe)
| dlhe (rain)
| maske (dog)
| salh (bow)
|-
|-
! Genitive
! Genitive
| -{{color|#DC0000|a}}lh
| -{{color|#DC0000|a}}lh
| ewask'''{{color|#DC0000|a}}lh''' (of a canoe)
| ewask'''{{color|#DC0000|a}}lh''' (of a canoe)
| dlhe'''lh''' (of rain)
| maske'''lh''' (of a dog)
| salh''''lh''' (of a bow)
|-
|-
! Dative
! Dative
| -u/w
| -u/w
| ewask'''u''' (to a canoe)
| ewask'''u''' (to a canoe)
| dlhe'''w''' (to (a) rain)
| maske'''w''' (to a dog)
| salh'''u''' (to a bow)
|-
|-
! Accusative
! Accusative
| -i/y
| -i/y
| ewask'''i''' (canoe)
| ewask'''i''' (canoe)
| dlhe'''y''' (rain)
| maske'''y''' (dog)
| salh'''i''' (bow)
|-
|-
! Instrumental
! Instrumental
| -{{color|#DC0000|a}}s{{color|#0050FA|a}}
| -{{color|#DC0000|a}}s{{color|#0050FA|a}}
| ewask'''{{color|#DC0000|a}}s{{color|#0050FA|a}}''' (with a canoe)
| ewask'''{{color|#DC0000|a}}s{{color|#0050FA|a}}''' (with a canoe)
| dlhe'''s{{color|#0050FA|i}}''' (with rain)
| maske'''s{{color|#0050FA|i}}''' (with a dog)
| salh''''s{{color|#0050FA|i}}''' (with a bow)
|-
|-
! Comparative{{efn|When the Comparative case is used with the {{wp|Comparison (grammar)|comparative}} affix, the meaning shifts to "than"}}
! Comparative{{efn|When the Comparative case is used with the {{wp|Comparison (grammar)|comparative}} affix, the meaning shifts to "than"}}
| -{{color|#DC0000|a}}dlh{{color|#0050FA|a}}
| -{{color|#DC0000|a}}dlh{{color|#0050FA|a}}
| ewask'''{{color|#DC0000|a}}dlh{{color|#0050FA|a}}''' (as a canoe)
| ewask'''{{color|#DC0000|a}}dlh{{color|#0050FA|a}}''' (as a canoe)
| dlhe'''dlh{{color|#0050FA|i}}''' (as rain)
| maske'''dlh{{color|#0050FA|i}}''' (as a dog)
| salh'''dlh{{color|#0050FA|i}}''' (as a bow)
|-
|-
! Locative
! Locative
| -{{color|#DC0000|a}}t{{color|#0050FA|a}}
| -{{color|#DC0000|a}}t{{color|#0050FA|a}}
| ewask'''{{color|#DC0000|a}}t{{color|#0050FA|a}}''' (at/neer/in a canoe)
| ewask'''{{color|#DC0000|a}}t{{color|#0050FA|a}}''' (at/neer/in a canoe)
| dlhe'''t{{color|#0050FA|i}}''' (at/neer/in rain)
| maske'''t{{color|#0050FA|i}}''' (at/neer/in a dog)
| salh'''t{{color|#0050FA|i}}''' (at/neer/in a bow)
|-
|-
! Allative
! Allative
| ka'''{{color|#00B400|'}}'''-
| ka'''{{color|#00B400|'}}'''-
| '''ka{{color|#00B400|'}}'''ewask (to/towards a canoe)
| '''ka{{color|#00B400|'}}'''ewask (to/towards a canoe)
| '''ka'''dlhe(to/towards rain)
| '''ka'''maske (to/towards a dog)
| '''ka'''salh (to/towards a bow)
|-
|-
! Ablative
! Ablative
| ta'''{{color|#00B400|'}}'''-
| ta'''{{color|#00B400|'}}'''-
| ''' ta{{color|#00B400|'}}'''ewask (from a canoe)
| ''' ta{{color|#00B400|'}}'''ewask (from a canoe)
| '''ta'''dlhe (from rain)
| '''ta'''maske (from a dog)
| '''ta'''salh (from a bow)
|-
|-
! Benefactial
! Benefactial
| -{{color|#DC0000|a}}r{{color|#0050FA|a}}
| -{{color|#DC0000|a}}r{{color|#0050FA|a}}
| ewask'''{{color|#DC0000|a}}r{{color|#0050FA|a}}''' ({{H:title|for the benefit of|for}} a canoe)
| ewask'''{{color|#DC0000|a}}r{{color|#0050FA|a}}''' ({{H:title|for the benefit of|for}} a canoe)
| dlhe'''r{{color|#0050FA|i}}''' ({{H:title|for the benefit of|for}} rain)
| maske'''r{{color|#0050FA|i}}''' ({{H:title|for the benefit of|for}} a rain)
| salh''''r{{color|#0050FA|i}}''' ({{H:title|for the benefit of|for}} a bow)
|-
|-
! Vocative
! Vocative
| -ee<br>-/oo
| -ee<br>-/oo
| ewask'''ee''' (''canoe!'')
| ewask'''ee''' (''canoe!'')
| dlh'''oo''' (''rain!'')
| mask'''oo''' (''dog!'')
| salh'''ee''' (''bow!'')
|-
|-
|}
|}

Revision as of 21:06, 23 October 2021

-
-
Khanalhk'aa
Pronunciation/xa.naɮ̊.k’aː/
Native to Mokhavia
Ethnicity- people
Official status
Official language in
 Mokhavia
Language codes
ISO 639-1-
ISO 639-2-
ISO 639-3-
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For a guide to IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Phonology

Labial Alveolar Post-Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
plain sibilant lateral
Plosive /
Affricate 		plain b̥ ⟨b⟩ d̥ ⟨d⟩ d̥z̥ ⟨dz⟩ d̥ɮ̊ ⟨dlh⟩ d̥z̝̊~d̥ʒ̊ ⟨j⟩ g̊ ⟨g⟩ ʔ ⟨ʼ⟩
aspirated pʰ ⟨p⟩ tʰ ⟨t⟩ tsʰ ⟨ts⟩ tɬʰ ⟨tlh⟩ ts̝ʰ~tʃʰ ⟨ch⟩ kʰ ⟨k⟩
ejective pʼ ⟨pʼ⟩ tʼ ⟨tʼ⟩ tsʼ ⟨tsʼ⟩ tɬʼ ⟨tlhʼ⟩ ts̝ʼ~tʃʼ ⟨chʼ⟩ kʼ ⟨kʼ⟩
Sonorants Fricative s ⟨s⟩ ɮ̊ ⟨lh⟩ s̝~ʃ ⟨sh⟩ x ⟨kh⟩
Nasal m ⟨m⟩ n ⟨n⟩
Approximant /
Tap 		ɾ ⟨r⟩ l ⟨l⟩ j ⟨y⟩ w ⟨w⟩
  • /m/ and /n/ can apear as syllabic
Front Central Back
short long short long short long
High i ⟨i⟩ iː ⟨ii⟩ u ⟨u⟩ uː ⟨uu⟩
Mid ɛ ⟨e⟩ eː ⟨ee⟩ o ⟨o⟩ oː ⟨oo⟩
Low a ⟨a⟩ aː ⟨aa⟩
Harmony i a u
  • short vowels raise up when unstressed (/ɛ/→/e̝~i/;/a/→/ɐ~ə/;/o/→/o̝~u/)
  • the /o/ is sound closer to /o̞/

Writing system

Aa
/a/		 Bb
/b̥/		 Cc
/k~ts/[a]		 Dd
/d̥/		 Dz dz
/d̥z̥/		 Dlh dlh
/d̥ɮ̊/		 Ee
/ɛ/		 Ff
/f/		 Gg
/g̊/		 Hh[b]
(/x/)[c]		 Ii
/i/		 Jj
/d̥z̝̊~d̥ʒ̊/
Kk
/kʰ/		 K' k'
/kʼ/		 Kh kh
/x/		 'Kh 'kh
/x̩/		 Ll
/l/		 'L 'l
/l̩/		 Lh lh
/ɮ̊/		 'Lh 'lh
/ɮ̩̊/		 Mm
/m/		 'M 'm
/m̩/		 Nn
/n/		 'N 'n
/n̩/
Oo
/o/		 Pp
/pʰ/		 P' p'
/pʼ/		 Qq
/kʷ/		 Rr
/ɾ/		 'R 'r
/ɾ̩/		 Ss
/s/		 'S 's
/s̩/		 Sh sh
/s̝~ʃ/		 'Sh 'sh
/s̝̍~ʃ̩/		 Tt
/tʰ/		 T' t'
/tʼ/
Ts ts
/tsʰ/		 Ts' ts'
/tsʼ/		 Tlh tlh
/tɬʰ/		 Tlh' tlh'
/tɬʼ/		 Uu
/u/		 Vv
/w~ʋ/		 Ww
/w/		 Xx
/ks/		 Yy
/j/		 Zz
/z̥~s/		 '
/ʔ/
  1. ↑ /ts/ before /i/, /ɛ/ or /j/
  2. ↑ Letter used in multigraphs, and words of foreign origin
  3. ↑ In foreign words

Grammar


  - Vowel Harmony
  - Vowel Harmony, that apears if the word ends/begins in a plosive/stop consonant
  - Apears if the word ends/begins in a vowel

Syntax & Syllable structure

Pronouns

Possessive

Nouns

Number

Number Suffix Example: variant 1 Example: variant 2 Example: variant 3
Singular -Ø dansi' (boat) thl'a (fish - sin) ch'wen (animal)
Plural -an dansi'in (boats) thl'an (fish - plr) ch'wen'n (animals)

Cases

Case Suffix Examlple: Variant 1 Examlple: Variant 2 Examlple: Variant 3
Nominative -Ø ewask (canoe) maske (dog) salh (bow)
Genitive -alh ewaskalh (of a canoe) maskelh (of a dog) salh'lh (of a bow)
Dative -u/w ewasku (to a canoe) maskew (to a dog) salhu (to a bow)
Accusative -i/y ewaski (canoe) maskey (dog) salhi (bow)
Instrumental -asa ewaskasa (with a canoe) maskesi (with a dog) salh'si (with a bow)
Comparative[a] -adlha ewaskadlha (as a canoe) maskedlhi (as a dog) salhdlhi (as a bow)
Locative -ata ewaskata (at/neer/in a canoe) masketi (at/neer/in a dog) salhti (at/neer/in a bow)
Allative ka'- ka'ewask (to/towards a canoe) kamaske (to/towards a dog) kasalh (to/towards a bow)
Ablative ta'- ta'ewask (from a canoe) tamaske (from a dog) tasalh (from a bow)
Benefactial -ara ewaskara (for a canoe) maskeri (for a rain) salh'ri (for a bow)
Vocative -ee
-/oo 		ewaskee (canoe!) maskoo (dog!) salhee (bow!)
  1. ↑ When the Comparative case is used with the comparative affix, the meaning shifts to "than"

Comparison

  • Positive - Bassic form of the word: big - saw
  • Negative - Negation of the word: (yo-) "unbig" - yosaw
  • Comparitive - Form for comparison relative to something, used with the Comparative case: (-'alh) bigger - sawalh
  • Superlative - Form showing absolute relative to a group: (-'alhka) bigest - sawalhka

Articles

Type Word Аffix Example:
Stem-Consonant/Plosive-Affricate 		Example:
Stem-Vowel/Sonorant
indefinite
definite
Proximal-demonstrative
Distal-demonstrative
Partitive
Partitive-Collective
Non-Partitive

Verbs

"be"

Lexicon

Suffix Used to create... Example(s)
-akh agents from verbs/nouns tlh'e (fish) → tlh'ekh (fisherman)
- collective nouns
-atsa nouns from verbs sa'a (to grow) → sa'atsa (plant)
-al verbs from nouns k'aa (language) → k'aal (to speak)
- adjectives indicating the lack of something
- adjectives from nouns/verbs
- adverbs from nouns/verbs
- diminutives of nouns
- augmentatives of nouns
- locations (places related to the stem)
- inhabitants (of places)
-achan decendents (of people, or nouns/adjectives) shem (bear) → shemchan (of the bear)
Retrieved from "https://iiwiki.us/mediawiki/index.php?title=User:Native_Qazh/Sandbox4&oldid=416328"