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The '''Republic of the Ikelemba''' ({{wpl|French language|French}}: ''République de l'Ikélemba'', {{wpl|Lingala}}: ''Republíki ya Ikélemba'') also known as '''Congo-Françoisville''' and '''Congo-Ndoki''' or simply as '''Ikelemba''' or '''the Ikelemba''', is a {{wpl|landlocked country}} in {{wpl|Central Africa}}. It is bordered by the {{wpl|Central African Republic}} to the north, the {{wpl|Democratic Republic of the Congo}} to the east and south, the {{wpl|Republic of the Congo}} to the south-west and {{wpl|Cameroon}} to the west. It has an area of nearly 300,000 square kilometers (115,830 sq mi) and it has an estimated population of 4,102,832 people. It is divided into 6 districts including the capital and largest city [[Ndoki]]. The official language of the country is {{wpl|French language|French}}.
The area was inhabited by numerous {{wpl|Bantu peoples|Bantu}} tribes along the {{wpl|Ikelemba river}} and {{wpl|Congo river}}. Ikelemba was colonised by {{wpl|France}} who settled the area as the colony of the [[French Ikelemba]] which was incorporated into {{wpl|French Equatorial Africa}}. The [[Republic of Congo-Françoisville]] was declared on 2 December 1958 and gained independence from France on 15 August 1960. After the [[1963 Congo-Françoisville general election|1963 elections]] resulted in violence and the ruling party being ousted from power, a [[1963 Congo-Françoisville coup d'état|coup d'état]] installed [[Laurent Shifu]] as the {{wpl|Military dictatorship|Military dictator}} of [[Democratic People's Republic of Congo-Françoisville]] (DPRCF), a {{wpl|Communist state|Marxist-Leninist state}}.
A [[1975 Congo-Françoisville coup d'état|French-backed coup d'état]] removed Shifu from office and a series of Military-dictators ruled Congo-Françoisville which was renamed to the Republic of the Ikelemba in 1983. Student protests and a worsening economic situation led to the [[1998 Ikelemban revolution|toppling of the government]] and the first multi-party [[2000 Ikelemban general election|elections]] which were won by [[François Kimpembe]]. Kimpembe's rule became increasingly {{Wpl|Authoritarian}} and the [[2004 Ikelemban general election|2004 election]] was deemed to have been rigged by Kimpembe and the ruling party by international observers. Kimpembe was removed as President for several weeks after the [[2011 Ikelemban revolution]] but was reinstalled in a [[2011 Ikelemban coup d'état|military coup d'état]]. The [[Ikelemban civil war]] erupted shortly afterwards, the conflict has killed over 100,000 people and has led to [[Human Rights in Ikelemba|Human Rights abuses]] by pro-government and pro-opposition forces such as extrajudicial executions, the use of child soldiers, forced disappearances and imprisonment without trial.
The Republic of the Ikelemba is a member of the {{Wpl|African Union}}, the {{wpl|United Nations}}, the {{wpl|Economic Community of Central African States}}, the {{wpl|Non-Aligned Movement}} and the {{wpl|Organisation internationale de la Francophonie}}. Ikelemba is also one of the {{wpl|poorest countries in the world in terms of GDP per capita}} and has one of the highest income inequality rates in the world. It is the 183rd lowest country in the world in terms of it's {{wpl|Human Development Index}}. Despite this Ikelemba is rich in natural resources such as {{wpl|Gold}} and {{wpl|lumber}} but due to the civil war and sanctions placed on members of the government these resources have not been exploited.
==Etymology==
The Republic of the Ikelemba is named after the {{wpl|Ikelemba river}} which runs through the south of the country. The name is derived from the Ekelemba tribe that resided on the south bank of the river in the present day {{wpl|Republic of the Congo}}.
Before the country was renamed in 1983 the country was known as Congo-Françoisville after the capital city of ''Congo-Françoisville'', now called [[Ndoki]]. Congo-Françoisville is still sometimes used to refer to the country along with ''Congo-Ndoki'' which was used briefly by the French government to refer to the country. Françoisville was named after François Dutoit who led an expedition into what is now Ikelemba in the 18th century to convert the local population to {{wpl|Christianity}}.
==History==
===Early history===
===French colonial history===
* French Ikelemba
* Brutal work conditions in French projects
* Kongo-Wara conflict
Shortly after the {{wpl|Fall of France}}, pro-de Gaulle army officers took control of Françoisville in a bloodless coup replacing the pro-Vichy administrators and soon after reaffirmed their loyalty to {{wpl|Charles de Gaulle}} against {{wpl|Vichy France}}. French Ikelemba avoided conflict during the war.
Following the establishment of the {{wpl|France|Fifth Republic}}, the AEF was dissolved and French Ikelemba became an autonomous colony within the {{wpl|French Community}}. The [[Republic of Congo-Françoisville]] was established on 2 December 1958 and was led by [[Alexis Ngazu]] from the [[Party of Congolese Labour and Independence]] (PTIC). Ngazu's government's priority was independence but inter-ethnic rioting broke out in Françoisville which had to be put down by the French Army to prevent a civil war. Ngazu organised the independence of Congo-Françoisville which was achieved on 15 August 1960. Despite independence Ngazu attempted to remain close to France politically which he saw as a guarantee of his rule against the opposition.
===Republic of Congo-Françoisville (1960-1963)===
[[File:First Congolese parliament.jpg|thumb|right|The Congo-Françoisville Parliament meeting in 1961]]
Following independence, Ngazu declared himself as both Prime Minister and President of Congo-Françoisville, a move that was decried by opposition parties as illegal under the constitution which Ngazu had helped draft. In January 1961, representatives from the opposition parties introduced a motion to remove Ngazu from office. The PTIC which held a majority in Parliament did not have a coherant response to the challenge and a majority of Representatives in the lower house voted to dismiss Ngazu as Prime Minister and begin impeachment proceedings against his role as President.
Before this could happen Ngazu called the army to the parliament building and soldiers entered the legislative chamber during the vote on impeachment proceedings. The vote failed and one MP who voted in favour was arrested and dragged out of the chamber. Ngazu caved to pressure and instead appointed the Ambassador to the United States, [[Patrick Kwi]] to be Prime Minister. Kwi pressured Parliament to enact new economic reforms to attract investors to help the national economy and between 1961 and 1962 the economy grew at a rapid pace.
Disagreements between Kwi and Ngazu over the state's response to the ongoing {{wpl|Congo Crisis}} led to Kwi resigning as Prime Minister and founding the Union for Development and Independence (UDI) in 1963 shortly before the [[1963 Congo-Françoisville general election|1963 elections]]. Kwi stood against Ngazu in the Presidential election and won with barely 3000 more votes than Ngazu in the second round of voting. Ngazu called the vote rigged and appealed for France to help keep him in power. The French response was muted with the French Ambassador to Congo-Françoisville saying: "France respects the decision of the people of Congo-Françoisville and will work with whoever forms the next government.
Supporters of Ngazu began rioting in Françoisville weeks before election day and caused property damage to shops owned by pro-Kwi voters. On inauguration day Ngazu did not attend and rioters blocked Kwi's car for two hours to try and prevent the inauguration from occurring. The riots continued after Kwi was inaugurated. On 17 September Kwi called the army in to put down the riots, the following crackdown killed 18 demonstrators and Kwi was largely blamed for the bloodshed. Whilst Kwi was addressing the {{wpl|United Nations General Assembly}} when soldiers led by [[Laurent Shifu]] took over Françoisville and declared martial law. Kwi was informed of the [[1963 Congo-Françoisville coup d'état|coup d'état]] minutes after he finished his speech.
Shifu declared himself President on 2 October 1963 before Kwi could return to Françoisville. Both Kwi and Ngazu were sent into exile in France where both claimed to be the legitimate President of Congo-Françoisville.
===DPRCF and military rule (1963-1982)===
* Laurent Shifu
* Relations with the USSR
* Shifu's arrest and execution
* Other Military leaders
===Ikelemba and Tombere (1982-1999)===
* Appointment of Tombere
* Moves towards Democracy
* Renaming
* Famine
* Growing authoritarianism
* 1998 revolution
===Kimpembe's government (1999-)===
* Rise of Kimpembe
* 2000 general election
* Populist economic policies
* Growing authoritarianism
* Arrest of opposition leaders
* 2011 Revolution
* Kimpembe's return
* Civil war
==Geography==
* Geography description
===Terrain===
* Rainforest
===Wildlife===
* Wildlife species
===Climate===
* Climate
===Districts and Prefectures===
* Districts
* District map
==Politics and Government==
* Brief explanation on politics
* Change of power
===Executive branch===
* President
* Prime Minister
===Legislative branch===
* Parliament
* Senate
* House of Representatives
===Judicial branch===
* French influence
* Since 2003, effective legal wing of the ruling party
===Foreign relations===
* Relations with other African states/Conflict with CAR
* Relationship with France
====Foreign Aid and UN intervention====
* Foreign Aid
* Controversies (Blocking foreign aid to opposition forces)
* UN Intervention force
===Military===
* Brief description of the Armed Forces
* Role in politics
===Human rights===
* Mob violence
* FGM
* Human rights abuses by the government and opposition
* Freedom of speech
* Child labour
==Demographics==
* Population
* Largest cities/towns
===Religion===
* Christianity
===Language===
* Main languages
* Minor languages
===Ethnic groups===
* Native ethnic groups
* Very small french settler communities
===Education===
* Education system
* Access to education
===Healthcare===
* Malaria
* Lack of access to healthcare
* Civil war impact
====HIV====
* Percentage of HIV positive citizens
* Fight against HIV
==Economy==
* Natural resources
* Foreign aid
* CFA Franc
* Chinese investment
==Infrastructure==
===Transportation===
* Road networks
* Ferries
* Bridge to Bangui
* Airport/State airline
* Rail
===Energy===
* Main source of electricity
* Other sources
===Communications===
* Mobile carrier
* Internet access
==Culture==
* Notable Ikelemban authors
* Cuisine
===Media===
* State media
* Newspapers
* Opposition media
===Music===
* Traditional music
* Modern music
===Sports===
* Sports
===Festivals and Holidays===
* List of holidays

Revision as of 13:10, 7 November 2021

Republic of the Ikelemba
République de l'Ikélemba (French)
Republíki ya Ikélemba (Lingala)
Repubilika ya Ikélemba (Kituba)
Flag of The Ikelemba
Flag
of The Ikelemba
Coat of arms
Motto: "Unité, Égalité, Liberté" (French)
(English: "Unity, Equality, Liberty")
File:Location of Ikelemba.png
The Ikelemba within the African Union
Capital
and largest city
Ndoki
Official languagesFrench
Lingala
Ethnic groups
Baya • Kota • Kwele • M'Bochi • Mbaka • Mongo • Sangha
Religion
(2015)
Demonym(s)Ikelemban
GovernmentUnitary semi-presidential constitutional republic
• President
François Kimpembe
Rémi Emane
Gaëtan Yikoshu
LegislatureParliament
• Upper house
Senate
• Lower house
Chamber of Deputies
Independence
• Republic established
2 December 1958
• from France
15 August 1960
Area
• 
299,742 km2 (115,731 sq mi)
• Water (%)
0%
Population
• 2020 estimate
4,102,832
• 2004 census
3,281,299
• Density
10.9/km2 (28.2/sq mi)
GDP (PPP)2020 estimate
• Total
$3.786 billion
• Per capita
$923
GDP (nominal)2020 estimate
• Total
$1.370 billion
• Per capita
$334
Gini (2020)58.4
high
HDI (2021)Increase 0.449
low
CurrencyCentral African CFA franc (XAF)
Time zoneUTC+1 (WAT)
Date formatdd/mm/yyyy
Driving sideright
Calling code+233

The Republic of the Ikelemba (French: République de l'Ikélemba, Lingala: Republíki ya Ikélemba) also known as Congo-Françoisville and Congo-Ndoki or simply as Ikelemba or the Ikelemba, is a landlocked country in Central Africa. It is bordered by the Central African Republic to the north, the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the east and south, the Republic of the Congo to the south-west and Cameroon to the west. It has an area of nearly 300,000 square kilometers (115,830 sq mi) and it has an estimated population of 4,102,832 people. It is divided into 6 districts including the capital and largest city Ndoki. The official language of the country is French.

The area was inhabited by numerous Bantu tribes along the Ikelemba river and Congo river. Ikelemba was colonised by France who settled the area as the colony of the French Ikelemba which was incorporated into French Equatorial Africa. The Republic of Congo-Françoisville was declared on 2 December 1958 and gained independence from France on 15 August 1960. After the 1963 elections resulted in violence and the ruling party being ousted from power, a coup d'état installed Laurent Shifu as the Military dictator of Democratic People's Republic of Congo-Françoisville (DPRCF), a Marxist-Leninist state.

A French-backed coup d'état removed Shifu from office and a series of Military-dictators ruled Congo-Françoisville which was renamed to the Republic of the Ikelemba in 1983. Student protests and a worsening economic situation led to the toppling of the government and the first multi-party elections which were won by François Kimpembe. Kimpembe's rule became increasingly Authoritarian and the 2004 election was deemed to have been rigged by Kimpembe and the ruling party by international observers. Kimpembe was removed as President for several weeks after the 2011 Ikelemban revolution but was reinstalled in a military coup d'état. The Ikelemban civil war erupted shortly afterwards, the conflict has killed over 100,000 people and has led to Human Rights abuses by pro-government and pro-opposition forces such as extrajudicial executions, the use of child soldiers, forced disappearances and imprisonment without trial.

The Republic of the Ikelemba is a member of the African Union, the United Nations, the Economic Community of Central African States, the Non-Aligned Movement and the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie. Ikelemba is also one of the poorest countries in the world in terms of GDP per capita and has one of the highest income inequality rates in the world. It is the 183rd lowest country in the world in terms of it's Human Development Index. Despite this Ikelemba is rich in natural resources such as Gold and lumber but due to the civil war and sanctions placed on members of the government these resources have not been exploited.

Etymology

The Republic of the Ikelemba is named after the Ikelemba river which runs through the south of the country. The name is derived from the Ekelemba tribe that resided on the south bank of the river in the present day Republic of the Congo.

Before the country was renamed in 1983 the country was known as Congo-Françoisville after the capital city of Congo-Françoisville, now called Ndoki. Congo-Françoisville is still sometimes used to refer to the country along with Congo-Ndoki which was used briefly by the French government to refer to the country. Françoisville was named after François Dutoit who led an expedition into what is now Ikelemba in the 18th century to convert the local population to Christianity.

History

Early history

French colonial history

  • French Ikelemba
  • Brutal work conditions in French projects
  • Kongo-Wara conflict

Shortly after the Fall of France, pro-de Gaulle army officers took control of Françoisville in a bloodless coup replacing the pro-Vichy administrators and soon after reaffirmed their loyalty to Charles de Gaulle against Vichy France. French Ikelemba avoided conflict during the war.

Following the establishment of the Fifth Republic, the AEF was dissolved and French Ikelemba became an autonomous colony within the French Community. The Republic of Congo-Françoisville was established on 2 December 1958 and was led by Alexis Ngazu from the Party of Congolese Labour and Independence (PTIC). Ngazu's government's priority was independence but inter-ethnic rioting broke out in Françoisville which had to be put down by the French Army to prevent a civil war. Ngazu organised the independence of Congo-Françoisville which was achieved on 15 August 1960. Despite independence Ngazu attempted to remain close to France politically which he saw as a guarantee of his rule against the opposition.

Republic of Congo-Françoisville (1960-1963)

The Congo-Françoisville Parliament meeting in 1961

Following independence, Ngazu declared himself as both Prime Minister and President of Congo-Françoisville, a move that was decried by opposition parties as illegal under the constitution which Ngazu had helped draft. In January 1961, representatives from the opposition parties introduced a motion to remove Ngazu from office. The PTIC which held a majority in Parliament did not have a coherant response to the challenge and a majority of Representatives in the lower house voted to dismiss Ngazu as Prime Minister and begin impeachment proceedings against his role as President.

Before this could happen Ngazu called the army to the parliament building and soldiers entered the legislative chamber during the vote on impeachment proceedings. The vote failed and one MP who voted in favour was arrested and dragged out of the chamber. Ngazu caved to pressure and instead appointed the Ambassador to the United States, Patrick Kwi to be Prime Minister. Kwi pressured Parliament to enact new economic reforms to attract investors to help the national economy and between 1961 and 1962 the economy grew at a rapid pace.

Disagreements between Kwi and Ngazu over the state's response to the ongoing Congo Crisis led to Kwi resigning as Prime Minister and founding the Union for Development and Independence (UDI) in 1963 shortly before the 1963 elections. Kwi stood against Ngazu in the Presidential election and won with barely 3000 more votes than Ngazu in the second round of voting. Ngazu called the vote rigged and appealed for France to help keep him in power. The French response was muted with the French Ambassador to Congo-Françoisville saying: "France respects the decision of the people of Congo-Françoisville and will work with whoever forms the next government.

Supporters of Ngazu began rioting in Françoisville weeks before election day and caused property damage to shops owned by pro-Kwi voters. On inauguration day Ngazu did not attend and rioters blocked Kwi's car for two hours to try and prevent the inauguration from occurring. The riots continued after Kwi was inaugurated. On 17 September Kwi called the army in to put down the riots, the following crackdown killed 18 demonstrators and Kwi was largely blamed for the bloodshed. Whilst Kwi was addressing the United Nations General Assembly when soldiers led by Laurent Shifu took over Françoisville and declared martial law. Kwi was informed of the coup d'état minutes after he finished his speech.

Shifu declared himself President on 2 October 1963 before Kwi could return to Françoisville. Both Kwi and Ngazu were sent into exile in France where both claimed to be the legitimate President of Congo-Françoisville.

DPRCF and military rule (1963-1982)

  • Laurent Shifu
  • Relations with the USSR
  • Shifu's arrest and execution
  • Other Military leaders

Ikelemba and Tombere (1982-1999)

  • Appointment of Tombere
  • Moves towards Democracy
  • Renaming
  • Famine
  • Growing authoritarianism
  • 1998 revolution

Kimpembe's government (1999-)

  • Rise of Kimpembe
  • 2000 general election
  • Populist economic policies
  • Growing authoritarianism
  • Arrest of opposition leaders
  • 2011 Revolution
  • Kimpembe's return
  • Civil war

Geography

  • Geography description

Terrain

  • Rainforest

Wildlife

  • Wildlife species

Climate

  • Climate

Districts and Prefectures

  • Districts
  • District map

Politics and Government

  • Brief explanation on politics
  • Change of power

Executive branch

  • President
  • Prime Minister

Legislative branch

  • Parliament
  • Senate
  • House of Representatives

Judicial branch

  • French influence
  • Since 2003, effective legal wing of the ruling party

Foreign relations

  • Relations with other African states/Conflict with CAR
  • Relationship with France

Foreign Aid and UN intervention

  • Foreign Aid
  • Controversies (Blocking foreign aid to opposition forces)
  • UN Intervention force

Military

  • Brief description of the Armed Forces
  • Role in politics

Human rights

  • Mob violence
  • FGM
  • Human rights abuses by the government and opposition
  • Freedom of speech
  • Child labour

Demographics

  • Population
  • Largest cities/towns

Religion

  • Christianity

Language

  • Main languages
  • Minor languages

Ethnic groups

  • Native ethnic groups
  • Very small french settler communities

Education

  • Education system
  • Access to education

Healthcare

  • Malaria
  • Lack of access to healthcare
  • Civil war impact

HIV

  • Percentage of HIV positive citizens
  • Fight against HIV

Economy

  • Natural resources
  • Foreign aid
  • CFA Franc
  • Chinese investment

Infrastructure

Transportation

  • Road networks
  • Ferries
  • Bridge to Bangui
  • Airport/State airline
  • Rail

Energy

  • Main source of electricity
  • Other sources

Communications

  • Mobile carrier
  • Internet access

Culture

  • Notable Ikelemban authors
  • Cuisine

Media

  • State media
  • Newspapers
  • Opposition media

Music

  • Traditional music
  • Modern music

Sports

  • Sports

Festivals and Holidays

  • List of holidays
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