User:Native Qazh/Sandbox6: Difference between revisions
Native Qazh (talk | contribs) |
Native Qazh (talk | contribs) |
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| сўр (house, home) → сўрюр (homeless) | | сўр (house, home) → сўрюр (homeless) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| - | | -(A)ҫлA | ||
| Adverbs | | Adverbs | ||
| алте (happy) → | | алте (happy) → алтеҫлӗ (happily) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| -(А)нчА | | -(А)нчА |
Revision as of 15:38, 3 January 2022
Phonolohy
Consonants
Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Plosive/ Affricate |
plain | p | t | t͡ɕ | k | |
palatal | pʲ | tʲ | kʲ | |||
Fricative | s | ɕ | x | |||
Nasal | m | n | nʲ | |||
Approximant | ʋ | l | lʲ | j | ||
Rhotic | ɾ |
Vowels
^1 palatalized when it's the first sound of a word, or it comes after a vowel or consonants with palatal equivalents.
Vowels | Harmony | ||
---|---|---|---|
type 1 | type 2 | ||
Front | i, ʲe, ɪ̈ | ɪ̈ | i |
Back | a, ɤ̈, | ɤ̈ | a |
Round | o, u, ʊ | ʊ | u |
A - type1 vowel harmony
А2 - type 2 vowel harmony, which is used in some affixes like the clitic genitive pronouns and when creating new verbs via affixes.
Writing system
А а | Ӑ ӑ | Б б | В в | Г г | Д д | Е е | Ӗ ӗ |
Ж ж | З з | И и | Й й | К к | Л л | М м | Н н |
О о | П п | Р р | С с | Ҫ ҫ | Т т | У у | Ў ў |
Ф ф | Х х | Ц ц | Ч ч | Ш ш | Ь ь | Ю ю | Я я |
А а | Ă ă | B b | C c | Ć ć | D d | E e | Ĕ ĕ |
F f | G g | H h | I i | J j | K k | L l | M m |
N n | O o | P p | Q q | R r | S s | Ś ś | T t |
U u | Ŭ ŭ | V v | W w | X x | Y y | Z z |
Order | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 32 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cyrillic upper case | А | Ӑ | Б | В | Г | Д | Е | Ӗ | Ж | З | И | Й | К | Л | М | Н | О | П | Р | С | Ҫ | Т | У | Ў | Ф | Х | Ц | Ч | Ш | Ь | Ю | Я |
Cyrillic lower case | а | ӑ | б | в | г | д | е | ӗ | ж | з | и | й | к | л | м | н | о | п | р | с | ҫ | т | у | ў | ф | х | ц | ч | ш | ь | ю | я |
Latin upper case | A | Ă | B | V | G | D | E | Ĕ | Ž | Z | I | Y | K | L | M | N | O | P | R | S | Ś | T | U | Ŭ | F | H | C | Ć | Š | Y | Yu | Ya |
Latin lower case | a | ă | b | v | g | d | e | ĕ | ž | z | i | y | k | l | m | n | o | p | r | s | ś | t | u | ŭ | f | h | c | ć | š | y | yu | ya |
IPA sound | a | ɤ̈ | b | ʋ | ɡ | d | ʲe | ɪ̈ | ʑ | z | i | j | k | l | m | n | o | p | ɾ | s | ɕ | t | u | ʊ | ʋ̥ | x | ts | t͡ɕ | ɕ | ◌ʲ | ju | ja |
Affixes don't effect the spelling of the stem.
Palatals
When C- | When -C- | When -C | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ӑ, ӗ, о, и | -а | -у | -е | |||
/pʲ/ | пь / py | пя / pya | пю / pyu | пе / pe | пп / pp | пь / py |
/tʲ/ | ть / ty | тя / tya | тю / tyu | те / te | тт / tt | ть / ty |
/kʲ/ | кь / ky | кя / kya | кю / kyu | ке / ke | кк / kk | кь / ky |
/nʲ/ | нь / ny | ня / nya | ню / nyu | не / ne | нн / nn | нь / ny |
/lʲ/ | ль / ly | ля / lya | лю / lyu | ле / le | лл / ll | ль / ly |
When the consonant is in the -C- possition, it gets pronounced longer, which is why it was chosed to be spelled as geminated rather than with -ь or -ю/я/е.
Affixes don't effect the spelling.
Gramar
Syntax
SOV noun like adjectives possessee - possessor adjective - noun postpossitions
Pronouns
Number and Person | Nominative | Dative / Genetive | Accusative | Locative | Ablative | Allative | Instrumental | Abessive | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
stressed | clitic dative | clitic genitive | stressed | clitic | ||||||||
Singular | First | Пӗ | Пӗн | -'мА2 | -(й)А2м | Пӗй | -'мА | Пӗтӗ | Пӗр | Пӗть | Пӗҫӗн | Пӗҫӗр |
Second | Сӗ | Сӗн | -'сА2 | -(й)А2н | Сӗй | -'сА | Сӗтӗ | Сӗр | Сӗть | Сӗҫӗн | Сӗҫӗр | |
Plural | First | Пӗме | Пӗмен | -'мА2м | -(й)А2мА2 | Пӗмей | -'мАм | Пӗметӗ | Пӗмер | Пӗметь | Пӗмеҫӗн | Пӗмеҫӗр |
Second | Сӗме | Сӗмен | -'сА2м | -(й)А2нА2 | Сӗмей | -'сАм | Сӗметӗ | Сӗмер | Сӗметь | Сӗмеҫӗн | Сӗмеҫӗр | |
Third[2] | Во | Вон | -'вА2 | -(й)А2 | Вой | -'вА | Вотў | Вор | Воть | Воҫўн | Воҫўр | |
Self | Хӑн | Хӑнӑн | -'хА2 | -'(й)А2х | Хӑнӑ | -'хА | Хӑнтӑ | Хӑнӑр | Хӑнӑть | Хӑнҫӑн | Хӑнҫӑр |
^2 There's no singlular or plural distinction of the third person pronouns besides contextual.
Nouns
Number & Definitiness
Grammatical number is implied by the speaker, in the context of singular usually the indefinite article is used, while the definite is also used in the plural context too.
Article | Example | ||
---|---|---|---|
Indefinite | ӗ/ӗн | ӗ сўр | ӗн етӗ |
Definite | -Aп/пА | сўрўп | етӗпӗ |
Partitive | тес | тес сўр | тес етӗ |
Negative Indefinite |
рӗ/рӗн | рӗ сўр | рӗн етӗ |
Negative Definite |
рӗпӗ/рӗнӗп | рӗпӗ сўр | рӗнӗп етӗ |
Negative Partitive |
рӗтес | рӗтес сўр | рӗтес етӗ |
сўр - house
етӗ - dog
Case
Case | Affix | Example | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Nominative | -∅ | аўa | ҫив | тур |
Dative/Genetive | -(А)н | аўaн | ҫивӗн | турўн |
Accusative | -А/й | аўaй | ҫивӗ | турў |
Locative | -тА | аўaтӑ | ҫивтӗ | туртў |
Ablative | -(А)р | аўaр | ҫивӗр | турўр |
Allative | -(А)ть | аўaть | ҫивӗть | турўть |
Instrumental | -ҫАн | аўaҫӑн | ҫивҫӗн | турҫўн |
Abessive | -ҫАр | аўaҫӑр | ҫивҫӗр | турҫўр |
Vocative | -/о, -e | аўо | ҫиве | туре |
A - vowel harmony.
аўa - air
ҫив - water
тур - earth
Adjectives & Adverbs
Comparison forms of Adjectives and Adverbs:
- Positive - Bassic form of the word: big - кай
- Negative - Negation of the word: unbig* - ре-кай
- Comparitive - Form for comparison relative to something: bigger - то-кай
- Superlative - Form showing absolute relative to a group: biggest - не-кай
Verbs
Person & Direction
a |
Tense, Aspect, Mood
Tense | Mood | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Indicative | Imperative | Conditional | Presumptive | Permissive | ||
Present | -∅ | -и/й[3] | -пАт | -кАм | -(А)сҫА | |
Past | -(А)ть | -(А)сҫАть | ||||
Past-participle | Active | -(А)ль | -пАтАль | -кАмАль | -(А)сҫАль | |
Passive | -(А)нь | -пАтАнь | -кАмАнь | |||
Future | -(А)х | -пАт | -кАм | -(А)сҫАх | ||
Past Future | -(А)хАть | -(А)сҫАхАть |
^3 Only appears in second person, where the second person marker dosen't appear.
Copula
Number & Person |
past- participle (been) |
Past (was) | Present (am) |
Future (will be) |
Past Future (was going to be) |
Aorist (would) |
Imperative (be!) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | First | тел тем | тетьӗм | тем | тевхӗм | тевхӗтьӗм | текӗм | ||
Second | тел теҫ | тетьӗҫ | теҫ | тевхӗҫ | тевхӗтьӗҫ | текӗҫ | тей | ||
Third | тел те | теть | те | тевӗх | тевхӗть | тек | |||
Plural | First | тел темчӗ | тетьӗмчӗ | темчӗ | тевхӗмчӗ | тевхӗтьӗмчӗ | текӗмчӗ | ||
Second | тел теҫчӗ | тетьӗҫчӗ | теҫчӗ | тевхӗҫчӗ | тевхӗтьӗҫчӗ | текӗҫчӗ | тейч | ||
Third | тел теч | тетьӗч | теч | тевхӗч | тевхӗтьӗч | текӗч |
Black - stem; Red - person/number; Blue - tense/aspect/mood; Green - copula.
Evidentiality
Affix | Example | Overliteral translation | |
---|---|---|---|
Indicative | |||
Inferential | |||
Renarrative | |||
Dubitative |
Derivation
Verb affix | Example | |
---|---|---|
-лА2 | ке (light) сўс (word) |
кели (to glow) сўслу (to talk) |
Form | Suffix | Verb | English Translation |
---|---|---|---|
Positive | -∅ | килӗм | "I come", "I'm coming" |
Negative | -рА | килрӗм | "I do not come", "I'm not coming" |
Perfective | о(й)- | окилӗм | "I come", "I'm coming"* |
Necessitative | -мАҫ | килмӗҫӗм | "I must come" |
Potential | -(й)Ай | килӗйм | "I can come" |
Impotential | -(й)АйрА | килӗйрӗм | "I cannot come" |
Conditional | -сА | килсӗм | "if only I came" |
Cusative | -(й)А2т | килитӗм | "I bring", Ï'm bringing" |
Numerals
Cardinal numbers
№ | Word |
---|---|
0 | нўл |
1 | пӗр |
2 | икке |
3 | виҫ |
4 | тавӑт |
5 | пиҫĕк |
6 | ўлта |
7 | ҫапте |
8 | сакӑр |
9 | тахӑр |
10 | вӗн |
11 | пӗр вӗнтӗ |
12 | иккӗ вӗнтӗ |
13 | виҫӗ вӗнтӗ |
14 | тавӑт вӗнтӗ |
15 | пиҫĕк вӗнтӗ |
16 | ўлта вӗнтӗ |
17 | ҫапте вӗнтӗ |
18 | сакӑр вӗнтӗ |
19 | тахӑр вӗнтӗ |
20 | иккӗвӗн |
21 | пӗр иккӗвӗнтӗ |
22 | иккӗ иккӗвӗнтӗ |
23 | виҫӗ иккӗвӗнтӗ |
24 | тавӑт иккӗвӗнтӗ |
25 | пиҫĕк иккӗвӗнтӗ |
30 | виҫӗвӗн |
40 | тавӑтвӗн |
50 | пиҫĕквӗн |
60 | ўлтавӗн |
70 | ҫаптевӗн |
80 | сакӑрвӗн |
90 | тахӑрвӗн |
100 | ҫĕр |
101 | пӗр ҫĕртӗ / ҫĕр я пӗр |
110 | вӗн ҫĕртӗ / ҫĕр я вӗн |
111 | ҫĕр я пӗр вӗнтӗ |
200 | иккӗҫĕр |
500 | пиҫĕкҫĕр |
1 000 | пӗнь |
1 999 | пӗнь тахӑрҫĕр тахӑрвӗн я тахӑр |
2 000 | иккӗпӗнь |
5 000 | пиҫĕкпӗнь |
10 000 | равӑ |
1 000 000 | ҫĕрравӑ (100 x 1 000) / мильон |
Ordinal numbers
Fractional numbers
Honorifics
Derevation
Language Examples
Derivation affixes:
Affix | Used to create: | Example |
---|---|---|
-(А2)р | Agents of Verbs | ура (tp step) → урар (foot) |
-лАў | Collective nouns | киме (boat) → кимелӗў (port, harbor) |
-(A)ч | Nouns from Adjectives/Adverbs/Verbs | хӗрлӗ (red) → хӗрлӗч (red color) |
-(А)л | Verbs from Adjectives/Adverbs/Nouns | венне (fast) → веннекь (to go fast) |
-ь/и/й | Adjectives | кўн (sun) → кўнь (sunny) |
-йА2р | Adjectives indicating lack of something | сўр (house, home) → сўрюр (homeless) |
-(A)ҫлA | Adverbs | алте (happy) → алтеҫлӗ (happily) |
-(А)нчА | Diminutive | етӗ (dog) → етӗнчӗ (doggie, puppy) |
-кА | Augmentatives | киме (boat) → кимекӗ (ship) |
-ҫтА2 | Places, locations | пӗрӗх (unity) → пӗрӗхҫти (union) |
-тАвА | Decendents (son of) | Ҫечер (shepherd) → Ҫечертӗвӗ (son of a shepherd) |