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<big>Chuyan language family</big>
=Proto-Chuyan=
==Early* Proto-Chuyan==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="2 |
! {{wp|labial consonant|Labial}}
! colspan="2" | {{wp|alveolar consonant|Alveolar}}
! {{wp|palatal consonant|Palatal}}
! {{wp|velar consonant|Velar}}
! {{wp|uvular consonant|Uvular}}
|-
! rowspan="2" | {{wp|Plosive}}/<br>{{wp|Affricate}}
! {{small|plain}}
| {{IPAlink|p}}
| {{IPAlink|t}}
| {{IPAlink|t͡s}}
| {{IPAlink|t͡ʃ}}
| {{IPAlink|k}}
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|-
! {{small|aspirated}}
| {{IPAlink|pʰ}}
| {{IPAlink|tʰ}}
| {{IPAlink|t͡sʰ}}
| {{IPAlink|t͡ʃʰ}}
| {{IPAlink|kʰ}}
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|-
! colspan="2" | {{wp|Fricative}}
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| {{IPAlink|s}}
| {{IPAlink|ɬ}}
| {{IPAlink|ʃ}}
| {{IPAlink|x}}
| {{IPAlink|h}}
|-
! colspan="2" | {{wp|Rhotic}}
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| colspan="2" |{{IPAlink|ɾ}}~{{IPAlink|r}}
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|-
! colspan="2" | {{wp|Sonorant}}
| {{IPAlink|m}}
| {{IPAlink|n}}
| {{IPAlink|l}}
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| {{IPAlink|ŋ}}
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|-
|}
{| class="wikitable"
!
! align="center" | {{wp|Front vowel|Front}}
! align="center" | {{wp|Central vowel|Central}}
! align="center" | {{wp|Back vowel|Back}}
|- align="center"
! {{wp|Close vowel|Close}}
| {{IPA link|i}}
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| {{IPA link|u}}
|- align="center"
! {{wp|Mid vowel|Mid}}
| {{IPA link|e}}
| {{IPA link|ə}}
| {{IPA link|o}}
|- align="center"
! {{wp|Open vowel|Open}}
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| {{IPA link|a}}
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|}
==Mid Proto-Chuyan==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="2 |
! {{wp|labial consonant|Labial}}
! colspan="2" | {{wp|alveolar consonant|Alveolar}}
! {{wp|palatal consonant|Palatal}}
! colspan="2" | {{wp|velar consonant|Velar}}
|-
! rowspan="3" | {{wp|Plosive}}/<br>{{wp|Affricate}}
! {{small|plain}}
| {{IPAlink|p}}
| {{IPAlink|t}}
| {{IPAlink|t͡s}}
| {{IPAlink|t͡ʃ}}
| colspan="2" | {{IPAlink|k}}
|-
! {{small|aspirated}}
| {{IPAlink|pʰ}}
| {{IPAlink|tʰ}}
| {{IPAlink|t͡sʰ}}
| {{IPAlink|t͡ʃʰ}}
| colspan="2" | {{IPAlink|kʰ}}
|-
! {{small|ejective}}
| {{IPAlink|p’}}
| {{IPAlink|t’}}
| {{IPAlink|t͡s’}}
| {{IPAlink|t͡ʃ’}}
| colspan="2" | {{IPAlink|k’}}
|-
! colspan="2" | {{wp|Fricative}}
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| {{IPAlink|s}}
| {{IPAlink|ɬ}}
| {{IPAlink|ʃ}}
| colspan="2" | {{IPAlink|x}}
|-
! colspan="2" | {{wp|Rhotic}}
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| colspan="2" |{{IPAlink|ɾ}}~{{IPAlink|r}}
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| style="background:#F0F0F0" colspan="2" |
|-
! colspan="2" | {{wp|Sonorant}}
| {{IPAlink|m}}
| {{IPAlink|n}}
| {{IPAlink|l}}
| {{IPAlink|j}}
| {{IPAlink|ŋ}}
| {{IPAlink|w}}
|-
|}
<div style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; margin-right: 1em;">
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Short
!
! align="center" | {{wp|Front vowel|Front}}
! align="center" | {{wp|Central vowel|Central}}
! align="center" | {{wp|Back vowel|Back}}
|- align="center"
! {{wp|Close vowel|Close}}
| {{IPA link|i}}
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| {{IPA link|u}}
|- align="center"
! {{wp|Mid vowel|Mid}}
| {{IPA link|e}}
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| {{IPA link|o}}
|- align="center"
! {{wp|Open vowel|Open}}
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| {{IPA link|a}}
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|}
</div>
<div style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; margin-right: 1em;">
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Long
!
! align="center" | {{wp|Front vowel|Front}}
! align="center" | {{wp|Central vowel|Central}}
! align="center" | {{wp|Back vowel|Back}}
|- align="center"
! {{wp|Close vowel|Close}}
| {{IPA link|iː}}
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| {{IPA link|uː}}
|- align="center"
! {{wp|Mid vowel|Mid}}
| {{IPA link|eː}}
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| {{IPA link|oː}}
|- align="center"
! {{wp|Open vowel|Open}}
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| {{IPA link|aː}}
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|}
</div>


=Phonology & Transliteration=
==Late Proto-Chuyan==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
|-
Line 7: Line 185:
! colspan="2" | {{wp|alveolar consonant|Alveolar}}
! colspan="2" | {{wp|alveolar consonant|Alveolar}}
! {{wp|palatal consonant|Palatal}}
! {{wp|palatal consonant|Palatal}}
! {{wp|velar consonant|Velar}}
! colspan="2" | {{wp|velar consonant|Velar}}
|-
|-
! rowspan="3" | {{wp|Plosive}}/<br>{{wp|Affricate}}
! rowspan="3" | {{wp|Plosive}}/<br>{{wp|Affricate}}
! {{small|voiced}}
! {{small|voiced}}
| {{IPAlink|b}} ⟨b⟩
| {{IPAlink|b}}
| colspan="2" | {{IPAlink|d}} ⟨d⟩
| {{IPAlink|d}}
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| {{IPAlink|d͡z}}
| {{IPAlink|ɡ}} ⟨g⟩
| {{IPAlink|d͡ʒ}}
| colspan="2" | {{IPAlink|ɡ}}
|-
|-
! {{small|voiceless}}
! {{small|voiceless}}
| {{IPAlink|p}} ⟨p⟩
| {{IPAlink|p}}
| {{IPAlink|t}} ⟨t⟩
| {{IPAlink|t}}
| {{IPAlink|t͡s}} ⟨c⟩
| {{IPAlink|t͡s}}
| {{IPAlink|t͡ʃ}} ⟨č⟩
| {{IPAlink|t͡ʃ}}
| {{IPAlink|k}} ⟨k⟩
| colspan="2" | {{IPAlink|k}}
|-
|-
! {{small|ejective}}
! {{small|ejective}}
| {{IPAlink|p’}} ⟨p'⟩
| {{IPAlink|p’}}
| {{IPAlink|t’}} ⟨t'⟩
| {{IPAlink|t’}}
| {{IPAlink|t͡s’}} ⟨c'⟩
| {{IPAlink|t͡s’}}
| {{IPAlink|t͡ʃ’}} ⟨č'⟩
| {{IPAlink|t͡ʃ’}}
| {{IPAlink|k’}} ⟨k'⟩
| colspan="2" | {{IPAlink|k’}}
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" | {{wp|Fricative}}
! colspan="2" | {{wp|Fricative}}
! {{small|voiced}}
| rowspan="2" | {{IPAlink|v}}(~{{IPAlink|f}}) ⟨v⟩
| colspan="2" | ⁽ᵈ⁾{{IPAlink|z}} ⟨z⟩
| ⁽ᵈ⁾{{IPAlink|ʒ}} ⟨j⟩
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|-
| {{IPAlink|s}}
! {{small|voiceless}}
| {{IPAlink|ɬ}}
| colspan="2" | {{IPAlink|s}} ⟨s⟩
| {{IPAlink|ʃ}}
| {{IPAlink|ʃ}} ⟨š⟩
| colspan="2" | {{IPAlink|x}}
| {{IPAlink|x}} ⟨x⟩
|-
|-
! colspan="2" | {{wp|Rhotic}}
! colspan="2" | {{wp|Rhotic}}
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| colspan="2" |{{IPAlink|ɾ}}~{{IPAlink|r}} ⟨r⟩
| colspan="2" |{{IPAlink|ɾ}}~{{IPAlink|r}}
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| style="background:#F0F0F0" colspan="2" |
|-
|-
! colspan="2" | {{wp|Sonorant}}
! colspan="2" | {{wp|Sonorant}}
| {{IPAlink|m}} ⟨m⟩
| {{IPAlink|m}}
| {{IPAlink|n}} ⟨n⟩
| {{IPAlink|n}}
| {{IPAlink|l}} ⟨l⟩
| {{IPAlink|l}}
| {{IPAlink|j}} ⟨y⟩
| {{IPAlink|j}}
| {{IPAlink|w}} ⟨w⟩
| {{IPAlink|ŋ}}
| {{IPAlink|w}}
|-
|-
|}
|}
Line 59: Line 234:
<div style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; margin-right: 1em;">
<div style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; margin-right: 1em;">
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+Stressed
|+ Short
!
!
! align="center" | {{wp|Front vowel|Front}}
! align="center" | {{wp|Front vowel|Front}}
Line 66: Line 241:
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
! {{wp|Close vowel|Close}}
! {{wp|Close vowel|Close}}
| {{IPA link|i}} ⟨i⟩
| {{IPA link|i}}
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| {{IPA link|u}} ⟨u⟩
| {{IPA link|u}}
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
! {{wp|Mid vowel|Mid}}
! {{wp|Mid vowel|Mid}}
| {{IPA link|e}} ⟨e⟩
| {{IPA link|e}}
| {{IPA link|ɤ}}~{{IPA link|ɘ}} ⟨ĕ⟩
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| {{IPA link|o}} ⟨o⟩
| {{IPA link|o}}
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
! {{wp|Open vowel|Open}}
! {{wp|Open vowel|Open}}
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| {{IPA link|a}} ⟨a⟩
| {{IPA link|a}}
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|}
|}
Line 83: Line 258:
<div style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; margin-right: 1em;">
<div style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top; margin-right: 1em;">
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+Reduced
|+ Long
!
!
! align="center" | {{wp|Front vowel|Front}}
! align="center" | {{wp|Front vowel|Front}}
Line 90: Line 265:
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
! {{wp|Close vowel|Close}}
! {{wp|Close vowel|Close}}
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA link|ɪ}}
| {{IPA link|iː}}
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA link|ʊ}}
| {{IPA link|uː}}
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
! {{wp|Mid vowel|Mid}}
! {{wp|Mid vowel|Mid}}
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA link|ɐ}}~{{IPA link|ə}}
| {{IPA link|eː}}
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| {{IPA link|oː}}
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
! {{wp|Open vowel|Open}}
! {{wp|Open vowel|Open}}
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| {{IPA link|aː}}
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|}
|}
</div>
</div>


=Grammar=
{| class="wikitable"
!
! colspan="2" | {{wp|Tone (linguistics)|Tones}}
|-
! low~neutral
| ˨*
| unmarked
|-
! high~rising
| ˨~˨˦
| ◌́
|}

Revision as of 17:09, 18 February 2022

Chuyan language family

Proto-Chuyan

Early* Proto-Chuyan

Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Uvular
Plosive/
Affricate 		plain p t t͡s t͡ʃ k
aspirated pʰ tʰ t͡sʰ t͡ʃʰ kʰ
Fricative s ɬ ʃ x h
Rhotic ɾ~r
Sonorant m n l ŋ
Front Central Back
Close i u
Mid e ə o
Open a

Mid Proto-Chuyan

Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar
Plosive/
Affricate 		plain p t t͡s t͡ʃ k
aspirated pʰ tʰ t͡sʰ t͡ʃʰ kʰ
ejective p’ t’ t͡s’ t͡ʃ’ k’
Fricative s ɬ ʃ x
Rhotic ɾ~r
Sonorant m n l j ŋ w
Short
Front Central Back
Close i u
Mid e o
Open a
Long
Front Central Back
Close iː uː
Mid eː oː
Open aː

Late Proto-Chuyan

Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar
Plosive/
Affricate 		voiced b d d͡z d͡ʒ ɡ
voiceless p t t͡s t͡ʃ k
ejective p’ t’ t͡s’ t͡ʃ’ k’
Fricative s ɬ ʃ x
Rhotic ɾ~r
Sonorant m n l j ŋ w
Short
Front Central Back
Close i u
Mid e o
Open a
Long
Front Central Back
Close iː uː
Mid eː oː
Open aː
Tones
low~neutral ˨* unmarked
high~rising ˨~˨˦ ◌́
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