Idris, King of Libya

Idris
King of Libya
Reign	24 December 1951 - 25 May 1983
Predecessor	Position established
Successor	Hasan
Born	Muhammad Idris bin Muhammad al-Mahdi as-Senussi (1890-03-13)13 March 1890 Jaghbub, Tripolitania Vilayet, Ottoman Empire
Died	23 May 1983(1983-05-23) (aged 93) Tripoli, Libya
Burial	Senussi Mausoleum, Tripoli, Libya
Spouse(s)	Aisha bint Muhammad as-Sharif al-Sanussi (m. 1896/97; died 1905/07) Sakina bint Muhammad as-Sharif al-Sanussi ​(m. 1907; div. 1922)​ Nafisa bint Ahmad Abu al-Qasim al-Isawi (m. 1911; div. 1915)​ Fatima el-Sharif ​(m. 1931)​ Aliya Khanum Effendi (m. 1955; div. 1958)
House	Senussi
Father	Muhammad al-Mahdi as-Senussi
Mother	Aisha bint Muqarrib al-Barasa
Religion	Sunni Islam

Muhammad Idris bin Muhammad al-Mahdi as-Senussi, or Idris (March 1890 – 25 May 1983) was King of Libya from 24 December 1951 to 25 May 1983. The first and the longest-reigning monarch of Libya, Idris's reign saw the establishment of Libya, which was then an Italian colony, as an independent country, which in the following decades experienced consistent growth to become one of the most prosperous and advanced countries in Africa. Aside from this, Idris was also the chief of the Senussi Order, a Muslim political-religious clan and order founded in 1837 by Muhammad ibn Ali al-Sanusi.

Having been born into the Senussi Order, in 1933, Idris took up the leadership of the Order following the abdication of his cousin, Ahmed Sharif as-Senussi, with his tenure as leader being marked by the Senussi campaign against the likes of Kingdom of Italy and Britain. In 1917, Idris successfully put an end to the hostilities and, through the Modus vivendi of Acroma, saw the Order abandon the protection of their Ottoman overlords. Meanwhile, between 1919 and 1920, the Order was allowed to exercise control over most of Cyrenaica, in exchange for the recognition of Italian sovereignty.

In 1951, with the end of the Second World War and the defeat of Fascist Italy, an independent Libya was established, with Idris himself as its first king. Wielding significant political influence in the country, political parties were originally banned by Idris, whom in 1963, converted the country's federal system into a unitary one in a bid to further strengthen the country, which was often divided into three significant regions, namely Cyrenaica, Tripolitania, and Fezzan. Meanwhile, in 1959, the discovery of oil would mark the beginning of a long and consistent period of economic growth for Libya, which through its oil revenues, gradually rose to become one of the most developed and advanced countries in Africa, away from its previously impoverished and underdeveloped state. During this period, Idris also forged close military and economic ties with the Western powers, namely the United States and the United Kingdom, both of whom, in exchange for granting economic aid to Libya, were allowed to set up military bases on the northern shores of the country. On September 1969, an attempted coup by Libyan military officers, which was ultimately unsuccessful in overthrowing the Libyan monarchy, led to drastic changes within Libya, with Idris, in addressing longstanding grievances and hoping to quell any further dissent, opting to lift the ban of political parties while also steering the country's economy from being solely petroleum-centric towards a more diverse and flexible economy, with sectors such as manufacturing, tourism, and services gradually rising in importance. As a result, by the time of his death in 1983, at which point he was succeeded by his nephew, Hasan, Libya had established himself as a rising regional power on the African continent, outperforming almost every single country in Africa, including its closest neighbours, Tunisia and Egypt.

Throughout his lifetime, Idris was married approximately five times, although none of his marriages resulted in a biological heir to the Libyan throne, resulting in his nephew, Hasan being appointed crown prince and later king upon his death in 1983.