Loulanese language: Difference between revisions

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==Vocabulary==
==Vocabulary==
Kroraini has a rich vocabulary; besides forming new words from existing words and their roots, it has also borrowed extensively from other languages. One of the consequences of the long history of Satyism in Kroraine is the vast number of {{wpl|Sanskrit}} words and phrases present in nearly all attested forms of the language. Loanwords tend to be spelled according to their source, and preserved pronunciation has introduced a relatively large number of non-native phonemes which are used in common words and personal names (for example, voiced consonants). Some foreign words and names which have remained in use for a long enough period have undergone changes in pronunciation and spelling in order to fit the parameters of the Kroraini language — take, for example, the name ''Guṇacandra'', which has the variants ''Guṇacaṃdre'' and ''Kunacaṃtre'', in which the former is closer to the etymon while the latter has undergone consonant devoicing to fit Kroraini's phonological constraints.
Most modern loan words in Kroraini come from {{wpl|Chinese language|Xiaodongese}} and Yirō, due to the position of [[Kroraine]] between Xiaodong and Yi and the hegemony these powers had over Kroraine until very recent history.
Kroraini has both formal and informal speech registers; informal registers, including speech directed towards children, tend to use more native vocabulary of Proto-Krorainic origin, while the percentage of vocabulary that is of foreign origin is higher in legal, scientific, and academic texts.
{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" class="wikitable"
!Kroraini !! meñe !! ñuve !! mācer !! ṣer !! yṣiye, nekciye !! meli !! trai !! erkent !! ratre !! tute !! motartstse !! valkve
|-
! colspan="13" style="text-align:center; background:#dedede"| Other Krorainic Languages
|-
| '''Turpanian''' || mañ || ñu || mācar || ṣar || nakcu || malañ || tre || arkant || rtär || särpo || motartsa || späṅku
|-
!colspan="13" style="text-align:center; background:#dedede"|Other {{wpl|Indo-European language|Hyndo-Euclean languages}}
|-
| '''{{wpl|English language|Estmerish}}''' || month || new || mother || sister || night || nose || three || black || red || yellow || green || wolf
|-
| '''{{wpl|Hindustani language|Hyndi}}''' || महीना<br> <small>mahīnā</small> || नया<br> <small>nayā</small> || माँ<br> <small>māṃ</small> || बहन<br> <small>bahan</small> || रात<br> <small>rāt</small> || नाक<br> <small>nāk</small> || तीन<br> <small>tīn</small> || काला<br> <small>kālā</small> || लाल<br> <small>lāl</small> || पीला<br> <small>pīlā</small> || हरा<br> <small>harā</small> || भेड़िया<br> <small>bheṛiyā</small>
|-
| '''{{wpl|Latin language|Solarian}}''' || mēnsis || novus || māter || soror || nox || nasus || trēs || āter, Niger || ruber || flāvus, gilvus || viridis || lupus
|-
| '''{{wpl|Greek language|Hellese}}''' || μήνας<br> <small>minas</small> || νέος<br> <small>neos</small> || μητέρα<br> <small>mitera</small> || αδελφή<br> <small>adhelfi</small> || νύχτα<br> <small>nihta</small> || μύτη<br> <small>miti</small> || τρία<br> <small>tria</small> || μαύρος<br> <small>mavros</small> || κόκκινος<br> <small>kokkinos</small> || κίτρινος<br> <small>kitrinos</small> || πράσινος<br> <small>prasinos</small> || λύκος<br> <small>likos</small>
|-
| '''{{wpl|Ukrainian language|Narodyn}}''' || місяць<br> <small>misiats</small> || новий<br> <small>novyi</small> || мати<br> <small>maty</small> || сестра<br> <small>sestra</small> || ніч<br> <small>nich</small> || ніс<br> <small>nis</small> || три<br> <small>try</small> || чорний<br> <small>chornyi</small> || червоний, рудий<br> <small>chervonyi, rudyi</small> || жовтий<br> <small>zhovtyi</small> || зелений<br> <small>zelenyi</small> || вовк<br> <small>vovk</small>
|-
|}


==Writing system==
==Writing system==


==See also==
==See also==

Revision as of 03:55, 17 September 2019

Kroraini
Shanshanese, Loulanese
Kroraiññe
鄯善語 / 樓蘭語
ཀྲོ་རཻཡྣྱ་ཉེ་
Tocharian.JPG
Pronunciation[kroˈrəɪ̯ɲe]
Native toKroraine
Native speakers
23 million (2018)
>50 thousand L2
Hyndo-Euclean
Early forms
Proto-Kroraini
  • Old Kroraini
    • Middle Kroraini
DialectsSaka dialect
Solarian script
Xiaodongese characters (chiefly historical)
Rygyalic script (historical)
Official status
Official language in
Kroraine
Language codes
ISO 639-3xto
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For a guide to IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

The Kroraini language (Kroraini: Kroraiññe, pronounced [kroˈrəɪ̯ɲe]), also known as the Shanshanese language, is a Hyndo-Euclean language with between 23 and 24 million speakers, which is primarily spoken by the Kroraini people. Communities of Kroraini speakers exist in Xiaodong and Kumuso, but the vast majority of Kroraini speakers are found in Kroraine, where the Kroraini people are the majority and the language holds official status.

Kroraini represents what is possibly the last extant member of an independent branch of the Hyndo-Euclean family of languages. It is of interest to linguists, as it falls on the centum side of the centum-satem isogloss, which contradicts the previously held assumption that the isogloss was the result of an east-west phylogenetic divison within Hyndo-Euclean.

Modern Kroraini has developed over a period spanning at least 2,400 years, with some estimates placing the separation of Proto-Kroraini as far as 4,000 years before present. The earliest forms of the language were brought to the area by migratory Hyndo-Euclean-speaking pastoralists, who settled in the mountainous terrain in the region between modern Yi and Xiaodong, where the land was unsuitable for the agricultural methods practiced by the surrounding peoples at the time. The oldest attested manuscripts in Old Kroraini date to the 4th century, making it a language of Late Antiquity, on par with Late Solarian.

Standard Kroraini is not a tonal language, but some regional varieties have developed tonal registers. The written language is highly conservative, being based upon Classical Kroraini and retaining a great deal of historic and etymological spelling. The verbal morphology of Kroraini is extremely conservative, and the language employs a system of 10 nominal cases.

Name

History

Geographic distribution

Dialects

Phonology

Grammar

Vocabulary

Kroraini has a rich vocabulary; besides forming new words from existing words and their roots, it has also borrowed extensively from other languages. One of the consequences of the long history of Satyism in Kroraine is the vast number of Sanskrit words and phrases present in nearly all attested forms of the language. Loanwords tend to be spelled according to their source, and preserved pronunciation has introduced a relatively large number of non-native phonemes which are used in common words and personal names (for example, voiced consonants). Some foreign words and names which have remained in use for a long enough period have undergone changes in pronunciation and spelling in order to fit the parameters of the Kroraini language — take, for example, the name Guṇacandra, which has the variants Guṇacaṃdre and Kunacaṃtre, in which the former is closer to the etymon while the latter has undergone consonant devoicing to fit Kroraini's phonological constraints.

Most modern loan words in Kroraini come from Xiaodongese and Yirō, due to the position of Kroraine between Xiaodong and Yi and the hegemony these powers had over Kroraine until very recent history.

Kroraini has both formal and informal speech registers; informal registers, including speech directed towards children, tend to use more native vocabulary of Proto-Krorainic origin, while the percentage of vocabulary that is of foreign origin is higher in legal, scientific, and academic texts.

Kroraini meñe ñuve mācer ṣer yṣiye, nekciye meli trai erkent ratre tute motartstse valkve
Other Krorainic Languages
Turpanian mañ ñu mācar ṣar nakcu malañ tre arkant rtär särpo motartsa späṅku
Other Hyndo-Euclean languages
Estmerish month new mother sister night nose three black red yellow green wolf
Hyndi महीना
mahīnā
नया
nayā
माँ
māṃ
बहन
bahan
रात
rāt
नाक
nāk
तीन
tīn
काला
kālā
लाल
lāl
पीला
pīlā
हरा
harā
भेड़िया
bheṛiyā
Solarian mēnsis novus māter soror nox nasus trēs āter, Niger ruber flāvus, gilvus viridis lupus
Hellese μήνας
minas
νέος
neos
μητέρα
mitera
αδελφή
adhelfi
νύχτα
nihta
μύτη
miti
τρία
tria
μαύρος
mavros
κόκκινος
kokkinos
κίτρινος
kitrinos
πράσινος
prasinos
λύκος
likos
Narodyn місяць
misiats
новий
novyi
мати
maty
сестра
sestra
ніч
nich
ніс
nis
три
try
чорний
chornyi
червоний, рудий
chervonyi, rudyi
жовтий
zhovtyi
зелений
zelenyi
вовк
vovk

Writing system

See also