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{{Infobox military conflict | {{Infobox military conflict | ||
| conflict = '' | | conflict = <small> Marigold Revolution </small> <br> ''Revolución De Marigold'' | ||
| width = | | width = | ||
| partof = [[ | | partof = the [[Marchenian transition to democracy]] | ||
| image = {{Photomontage | | image = {{Photomontage | ||
| photo1a = | | photo1a = 1992 Venezuelan coup d'état attempts Miraflores.jpg | ||
| photo2a = | | photo2a = Caracazo military response.png | ||
| photo2b = | | photo2b = Caracazo_rioting.png | ||
| photo3a = | | photo3a = Caracazo_bus.png | ||
| photo3b = | | photo3b = 1992_Venezuelan_coup_Chavez_tv.png | ||
| photo4a = | | photo4a = Javier Garcia Speech.jpg | ||
| size = 350 | | size = 350 | ||
| spacing = 1 | | spacing = 1 | ||
| Line 18: | Line 18: | ||
| image_size = | | image_size = | ||
| alt = | | alt = | ||
| caption = ''' | | caption = '''Top to bottom, left to right:''' <br> <small> [[Union of Free Officers of the Armed Forces (Marchenia)|UOFLA]] combatants seizing the [[La Casa Roja (Marchenia)|Red House]], [[Marchenian Army]] soldiers attempt crowd control in [[Gualencia]], pro-coup civilians riot in [[Buenadora]], a bus burns during riots in Gualencia, [[Maximiliano Fraga]] announces the success of the coup, [[Javier Garcia|Javier García]] announces the end of ''La Dictablanda''. | ||
| date = | | date = 30 March-7 April, 1989 <br> <small> (9 days) </small> | ||
| place = [[ | | place = [[Marchenia]] | ||
| coordinates = <!--Use the {{coord}} template --> | | coordinates = <!--Use the {{coord}} template --> | ||
| map_type = | | map_type = | ||
| Line 29: | Line 29: | ||
| map_label = | | map_label = | ||
| territory = | | territory = | ||
| result = [[ | | result = [[Union of Free Officers of the Armed Forces (Marchenia)|Revolutionary]] victory <br> | ||
* | * Overthrow of [[President of the Marchenian Republic|President]] [[Alfredo Andrade]] and the [[National Salvation and Rejuvenation Council|civic-military dictatorship]]<br> | ||
* End of ''[[Government of National Salvation and Rejuvenation|La Dictablanda]]'' <br> | |||
* [[ | * End of [[Operation Raptor (Marchenia)|Operation Raptor]] <br> | ||
* Beginning of the [[Marchenian transition to democracy]] | |||
* [[ | | combatant1 = [[File:Flag of the Marchenian Republic 2.png|25px]] '''[[Marchenia|Marchenian Government]]'''<br> | ||
* [[File:Flag of the Marchenian Army.png|25px]] [[Marchenian Army]] <br> | |||
* [[File:Flag of the Marchenian Navy.png|25px]] [[Marchenian Navy]] <br> | |||
| combatant1 = [[ | * [[File:Flag of the Marchenian Army.png|25px]] [[Marchenian Air Force]] | ||
| combatant2 = [[ | | combatant2 = [[File:Flag of the Marchenian Republic.png|25px]] '''[[Union of Free Officers of the Armed Forces (Marchenia)|Free Officers]]'''<br> | ||
| | * [[File:Flag of the Marchenian Army.png|25px]] [[Union of Free Officers of the Armed Forces (Marchenia)#Army wing|UOLFA-E]] <br> | ||
| | * [[File:Flag of the Marchenian Navy.png|25px]] [[Union of Free Officers of the Armed Forces (Marchenia)#Navy wing|UOLFA-M]] <br> | ||
* [[File:Flag of the Marchenian Army.png|25px]] [[Union of Free Officers of the Armed Forces (Marchenia)#Air Force wing|UOLFA-FA]] | |||
| polstrength1 = [[Party of Republican Institutions]] <br> [[Conservative Party (Marchenia)|Conservative Party]] | |||
| polstrength2 = [[Movement for Democracy]] <br> [[Popular Resistance (Marchenia)|Popular Resistance]] <br> Civilians | |||
| commander1 = [[President of the Marchenian Republic|Pres.]] [[Alfredo Andrade]] <br> [[Vice President of the Marchenian Republic|Vice Pres.]] [[Nico Gallo]] <br> {{wp|General|Gen.}} [[Macos de la Cruz]] {{KIA}} <br> {{wp|Admiral|Adm.}} [[Leonardo Ocampo]] <br> {{wp|Marshal of the air force|ACM.}} [[Gonzalo L'Agnese]] | |||
| commander2 = {{wp|Colonel}} [[Maximiliano Fraga]] <br> {{wp|Rear admiral|RAdm.}} [[Angel Mina]] <br> {{wp|Wing commander|W/C}} [[Joshua Bienvenida]] | |||
| casualties3 = 45-100 killed and 125-250 injured <br> Unknown number of civilians killed or injured during the coup and subsequent unrest | |||
| casualties3 = | |||
| notes = | | notes = | ||
| campaignbox = | | campaignbox = | ||
}} | }} | ||
The '''Marigold Revolution''' ({{wp|Spanish language|Marchenian}}: ''Revolución de Marigold''), also known as the '''April Fool's Coup''' ({{wp|Spanish language|Marchenian}}: ''Golpe de Día de los Inocentes '') or misnomerically as '''the Fourteen Days of April''' ({{wp|Spanish language|Marchenian}}: ''los Nueve Dias de Abril'') was initially a {{wp|coup d'etat|military coup}} on the 1st of April, 1989 in [[Gualencia]] and other major cities which overthrew the government of [[Conservative Party (Marchenia)|Conservative]] [[President of the Marchenian Republic|president]] [[Alfredo Andrade]] and the {{wp|authoritarianism|authoritarian}} [[National Salvation and Rejuvenation Council|civic-military dictatorship]] that had led the country since the [[1938 Marchenian coup d'etat|1938 coup]] which ended democracy in [[Marchenia]]. The coup was organized by a group of {{wp|Officer (armed forces)|officers}} throughout the [[Marchenian Armed Forces]], styling themselves as the [[Union of Free Officers of the Armed Forces (Marchenia)|Union of Free Officers of the Armed Forces]], who had grown disenchanted with the existing [[El Pacto de Trastienda (Marchenia)|governing system]]. The coup was only partially successful, though it created enough chaos and disorder within the country to allow for a popular {{wp|protest|protest campaign}} to emerge. The revolution led to the end of ''La Dictablanda'', the termination of [[Operation Raptor (Marchenia)|Operation Raptor]], and the marked the beginning of the [[Marchenian transition to democracy]]. Following the end of the civic-military dictatorship presidential powers were assumed by the {{wp|lawyer}} and {{wp|technocrat}} [[Javier Garcia|Javier García]]. García, a political independent, would serve as [[President of the Marchenian Republic|president]] until [[1990 Marchenian parliamentary elections|free elections]] were held the following year. | |||
The name emerged following the Revolution, being named as such due to the {{wp|Tagetes lucida|marigold}} flowers offered by civilians to soldiers who defected to the side of the Free Officers at various points during the unrest. In Marchenia the period from 30 March to the 14 April is regarded as a period of remembrance, with the 14 April being recognized as a {{wp|national holiday}}. | |||
==Overview== | |||
==History== | |||
===La Dictablanda=== | |||
{{main|La Dictablanda (Marchenia)}} | |||
===Economic issues=== | |||
===Operation Raptor=== | |||
{{main|Operation Raptor}} | |||
===Political repression=== | |||
==Events of the Revolution== | |||
===March 30=== | |||
* Members of the UOFLA, masquerading as members of the [[Marchenian resistance]], detonate a series of {{wp|bomb|bomb attacks}} within the capital [[Gualencia]], as well as the cities of [[Andasca]], [[Buenadora]], and [[Pohuela]]. | |||
* A {{wp|state of emergency}} is declared within the capital, allowing UOFLA loyalist units to move about major cities freely. | |||
* The [[Marchenian Army]] is deployed to major government sites. | |||
===March 31=== | |||
* Members of the UOFLA, masquerading as members of the [[Marchenian resistance]], {{wp|assassination|assassinate}} {{wp|General}} [[Macos de la Cruz]], ''de-facto'' {{wp|Commander in chief}} of the [[Marchenian Armed Forces]] at his home in [[Gualencia]]. | |||
* Important members of the civic-military dictatorship are placed under protective custody of military units, many of whom are secretly loyal to the UOFLA. | |||
* UOFLA loyalists relieve members of the Army at many government sites, taking up strategic positions throughout the country. | |||
* UOFLA contacts members of the [[Movement for Democracy]] as well as various [[Popular Resistance (Marchenia)|Popular Resistance]] units and inform them to prepare for "certain events" in the coming hours. | |||
===April 1=== | |||
* Telephone lines are cut within the capital and other major cities. | |||
* UOFLA loyalists storm [[La Casa Roja (Marchenia)|La Casa Roja]], arresting [[President of the Marchenian Republic|President]] [[Alfredo Andrade]] and placing him under {{wp|house arrest}}. [[Vice President of the Marchenian Republic|Vice President]] [[Nico Gallo]] is also captured and arrested. | |||
* Most important members of the civic-military dictatorship are detained | |||
* UOFLA loyalists seize television and radio stations, announcing "a temporary {{wp|state of exception}}" within the country due to "hostile forces." | |||
* Marchenian government loyalist units begin engaging in combat with UOFLA combatants within the capital. | |||
===April 2=== | |||
* Important members of the civic-military dictatorship continue to be detained. | |||
* Popular Resistance and Movement for Democracy agents in major cities begin protests. | |||
* Military and police response to the protests are sporadic, with many units unsure of how to respond due to a lack of orders from command. | |||
* Sporadic fighting between loyalists and putschists continues nationwide | |||
===April 3=== | |||
* The UOFLA declares that they have seized control of the country, announce the intention to begin a transition to a new government "once the national civil disturbances have subsided." | |||
* Government loyalists assemble in the city of [[Comisillo]], a government stronghold, and decry the events as "an illegal coup." | |||
* Sporadic fighting continues | |||
* Protests in many contested cities devolve into riots | |||
===April 4=== | |||
* Various members of the civic-military dictatorship announce support for the coup | |||
* The UOFLA, the Movement for Democracy, and the Popular Resistance announce the creation of the [[Marchenian Transitional Governing Authority]]; loyalists deny its legitimacy. | |||
* Riots continue, with many cities becoming practically ungovernable. | |||
* Some members of Parliament, as well as civic-military dictatorship officials, open negotiations with the UOFLA. | |||
===April 5=== | |||
* Most units of the military not forcibly disarmed defect to the UOFLA. | |||
* President Andrade and Vice President Gallo tender their resignations. | |||
===April 6=== | |||
* The MTGA announces that [[Javier Garcia|Javier García]] will assume presidential authority over the country and armed forces. | |||
* Putschists enter the Comisillo without resistance. | |||
===April 7=== | |||
* García is sworn in as President during a joint-session of [[Parliament (Marchenia)|Parliament]] | |||
* At his swearing-in speech García announces the end of the civic-military dictatorship, the end to both the national {{wp|state of emergency}} and {{wp|state of exception}} within the country, the allowance of political parties outside of ''El Pacto de Trastienda'', and the date for fresh elections "within one year." | |||
* Most military units return to their barracks. | |||
==Aftermath== | |||
===Domestic Reaction=== | |||
====Political parties==== | |||
====Domestic resistance groups==== | |||
===International Reaction=== | |||
==Day of the Republic== | |||
{{main|Day of the Republic (Marchenia)}} | |||
===Commemorations=== | |||
Revision as of 05:02, 6 February 2021
 | This article is incomplete because it is pending further input from participants, or it is a work-in-progress by one author. Please comment on this article's talk page to share your input, comments and questions. Note: To contribute to this article, you may need to seek help from the author(s) of this page. |
| Marigold Revolution Revolución De Marigold | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of the Marchenian transition to democracy | |||||||
      Top to bottom, left to right: UOFLA combatants seizing the Red House, Marchenian Army soldiers attempt crowd control in Gualencia, pro-coup civilians riot in Buenadora, a bus burns during riots in Gualencia, Maximiliano Fraga announces the success of the coup, Javier García announces the end of La Dictablanda. | |||||||
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
|
Pres. Alfredo Andrade Vice Pres. Nico Gallo Gen. Macos de la Cruz † Adm. Leonardo Ocampo ACM. Gonzalo L'Agnese |
Colonel Maximiliano Fraga RAdm. Angel Mina W/C Joshua Bienvenida | ||||||
| Political support | |||||||
|
Party of Republican Institutions Conservative Party |
Movement for Democracy Popular Resistance Civilians | ||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
|
45-100 killed and 125-250 injured Unknown number of civilians killed or injured during the coup and subsequent unrest | |||||||
The Marigold Revolution (Marchenian: Revolución de Marigold), also known as the April Fool's Coup (Marchenian: Golpe de Día de los Inocentes ) or misnomerically as the Fourteen Days of April (Marchenian: los Nueve Dias de Abril) was initially a military coup on the 1st of April, 1989 in Gualencia and other major cities which overthrew the government of Conservative president Alfredo Andrade and the authoritarian civic-military dictatorship that had led the country since the 1938 coup which ended democracy in Marchenia. The coup was organized by a group of officers throughout the Marchenian Armed Forces, styling themselves as the Union of Free Officers of the Armed Forces, who had grown disenchanted with the existing governing system. The coup was only partially successful, though it created enough chaos and disorder within the country to allow for a popular protest campaign to emerge. The revolution led to the end of La Dictablanda, the termination of Operation Raptor, and the marked the beginning of the Marchenian transition to democracy. Following the end of the civic-military dictatorship presidential powers were assumed by the lawyer and technocrat Javier García. García, a political independent, would serve as president until free elections were held the following year.
The name emerged following the Revolution, being named as such due to the marigold flowers offered by civilians to soldiers who defected to the side of the Free Officers at various points during the unrest. In Marchenia the period from 30 March to the 14 April is regarded as a period of remembrance, with the 14 April being recognized as a national holiday.
Overview
History
La Dictablanda
Economic issues
Operation Raptor
Political repression
Events of the Revolution
March 30
- Members of the UOFLA, masquerading as members of the Marchenian resistance, detonate a series of bomb attacks within the capital Gualencia, as well as the cities of Andasca, Buenadora, and Pohuela.
- A state of emergency is declared within the capital, allowing UOFLA loyalist units to move about major cities freely.
- The Marchenian Army is deployed to major government sites.
March 31
- Members of the UOFLA, masquerading as members of the Marchenian resistance, assassinate General Macos de la Cruz, de-facto Commander in chief of the Marchenian Armed Forces at his home in Gualencia.
- Important members of the civic-military dictatorship are placed under protective custody of military units, many of whom are secretly loyal to the UOFLA.
- UOFLA loyalists relieve members of the Army at many government sites, taking up strategic positions throughout the country.
- UOFLA contacts members of the Movement for Democracy as well as various Popular Resistance units and inform them to prepare for "certain events" in the coming hours.
April 1
- Telephone lines are cut within the capital and other major cities.
- UOFLA loyalists storm La Casa Roja, arresting President Alfredo Andrade and placing him under house arrest. Vice President Nico Gallo is also captured and arrested.
- Most important members of the civic-military dictatorship are detained
- UOFLA loyalists seize television and radio stations, announcing "a temporary state of exception" within the country due to "hostile forces."
- Marchenian government loyalist units begin engaging in combat with UOFLA combatants within the capital.
April 2
- Important members of the civic-military dictatorship continue to be detained.
- Popular Resistance and Movement for Democracy agents in major cities begin protests.
- Military and police response to the protests are sporadic, with many units unsure of how to respond due to a lack of orders from command.
- Sporadic fighting between loyalists and putschists continues nationwide
April 3
- The UOFLA declares that they have seized control of the country, announce the intention to begin a transition to a new government "once the national civil disturbances have subsided."
- Government loyalists assemble in the city of Comisillo, a government stronghold, and decry the events as "an illegal coup."
- Sporadic fighting continues
- Protests in many contested cities devolve into riots
April 4
- Various members of the civic-military dictatorship announce support for the coup
- The UOFLA, the Movement for Democracy, and the Popular Resistance announce the creation of the Marchenian Transitional Governing Authority; loyalists deny its legitimacy.
- Riots continue, with many cities becoming practically ungovernable.
- Some members of Parliament, as well as civic-military dictatorship officials, open negotiations with the UOFLA.
April 5
- Most units of the military not forcibly disarmed defect to the UOFLA.
- President Andrade and Vice President Gallo tender their resignations.
April 6
- The MTGA announces that Javier García will assume presidential authority over the country and armed forces.
- Putschists enter the Comisillo without resistance.
April 7
- García is sworn in as President during a joint-session of Parliament
- At his swearing-in speech García announces the end of the civic-military dictatorship, the end to both the national state of emergency and state of exception within the country, the allowance of political parties outside of El Pacto de Trastienda, and the date for fresh elections "within one year."
- Most military units return to their barracks.