Naaj: Difference between revisions
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[[File:Administrative divisions of Naaj.png|thumb|left|313px]] Naaj is divided in 19 departments and 45 counties plus the Capital District. The departments have some constitutional rights and duties, always respecting the Federal government decisions. The capital and largest city of the country is New Dakar. | [[File:Administrative divisions of Naaj.png|thumb|left|313px]] Naaj is divided in 19 departments and 45 counties plus the Capital District. The departments have some constitutional rights and duties, always respecting the Federal government decisions. The capital and largest city of the country is New Dakar. | ||
==Geography== | |||
===Climate=== | |||
{{Weather box <!-- Infobox begins --> | |||
| width = <!-- Width parameter for wikitable, default width=100%. Set width=auto to fit the table in the next available space automatically. --> auto | |||
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| open = <!-- Any entry in this line will make the template permanently open, and remove the hide button. Remove this line for a collapsible table. --> yes | |||
| metric first = <!-- Any entry in this line will display metric first. Blank or remove this line for imperial first. --> yes | |||
| single line = <!-- Any entry in this line will display metric and imperial units in the same cell. Leave blank or remove this line for separate table rows. --> yes | |||
| location = <!-- Mandatory field, location the climate data was taken, usually an airport. --> Mobutu Airport, New Dakar | |||
| temperature colour = <!-- Enter "pastel" for pastel temperature colours, "none" for no colours, remove this line for the standard colouring. --> | |||
<!-- Maximum Humidex --> | |||
<!-- The humidex table can be used only if the source provides humidex values. As of July 2015, few if any countries other than Canada use the Humidex. --> | |||
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<!-- Record high temperatures --> | |||
<!-- Note that record temperatures should only be used when the data period is of the greatest length possible. --> | |||
| Jan record high F = | Jan record high C = | |||
| Feb record high F = | Feb record high C = | |||
| Mar record high F = | Mar record high C = | |||
| Apr record high F = | Apr record high C = | |||
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| Oct record high F = | Oct record high C = | |||
| Nov record high F = | Nov record high C = | |||
| Dec record high F = | Dec record high C = | |||
| year record high F = | year record high C = | |||
<!-- Average high temperatures --> | |||
| Jan high F = | Jan high C = 31.7 | |||
| Feb high F = | Feb high C = 33.7 | |||
| Mar high F = | Mar high C = 34.9 | |||
| Apr high F = | Apr high C = 35.4 | |||
| May high F = | May high C = 34.9 | |||
| Jun high F = | Jun high C = 33.5 | |||
| Jul high F = | Jul high C = 31.8 | |||
| Aug high F = | Aug high C = 31.0 | |||
| Sep high F = | Sep high C = 31.8 | |||
| Oct high F = | Oct high C = 33.2 | |||
| Nov high F = | Nov high C = 33.5 | |||
| Dec high F = | Dec high C = 31.7 | |||
| year high F = | year high C = | |||
<!-- Mean daily temperature --> | |||
| Jan mean F = | Jan mean C = | |||
| Feb mean F = | Feb mean C = | |||
| Mar mean F = | Mar mean C = | |||
| Apr mean F = | Apr mean C = | |||
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| Oct mean F = | Oct mean C = | |||
| Nov mean F = | Nov mean C = | |||
| Dec mean F = | Dec mean C = | |||
| year mean F = | year mean C = | |||
<!-- Average low temperatures --> | |||
| Jan low F = | Jan low C = 16.3 | |||
| Feb low F = | Feb low C = 17.5 | |||
| Mar low F = | Mar low C = 19.5 | |||
| Apr low F = | Apr low C = 20.8 | |||
| May low F = | May low C = 22.8 | |||
| Jun low F = | Jun low C = 23.8 | |||
| Jul low F = | Jul low C = 23.6 | |||
| Aug low F = | Aug low C = 23.6 | |||
| Sep low F = | Sep low C = 23.5 | |||
| Oct low F = | Oct low C = 23.1 | |||
| Nov low F = | Nov low C = 19.9 | |||
| Dec low F = | Dec low C = 17.1 | |||
| year low F = | year low C = | |||
<!-- Record low temperatures --> | |||
<!-- Note that record temperatures should only be used when the data period is of the greatest length possible. --> | |||
| Jan record low F = | Jan record low C = | |||
| Feb record low F = | Feb record low C = | |||
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| Dec record low F = | Dec record low C = | |||
| year record low F = | year record low C = | |||
<!-- Minimum wind chill --> | |||
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| precipitation colour = <!-- Enter "green" for green precipitation colours, "none" for no colours, remove this line for blue colouring. --> | |||
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<!-- Average daily % humidity --> | |||
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| humidity colour = <!-- Enter "green" for green humidity colors, "pastel" for pastel humidity colours, "none" for no colours, remove this line for blue coloring. Affects afternoon % humidity as well --> | |||
| time day = <!-- The time of day the humidity was measured at. Affects afternoon % humidity as well --> | |||
| daily = <!-- Enter "Y" if the humidity is for the entire day. Affects afternoon % humidity as well --> | |||
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}}<!-- Infobox ends --> | |||
Revision as of 13:58, 22 November 2022
Republic of Naaj Réewum Naaj | |
|---|---|
 Flag
 Emblem
| |
| Motto: Bene askane bene yité bene geum geum (Wolof) | |
 Location of Naaj in West Africa | |
| Capital | New Dakar |
| Official languages | Wolof and French |
| Area | |
• | 207,401 km2 (80,078 sq mi) |
| Population | |
• Estimate | 20336439 |
Naaj officially the Republic of Naaj is a country in West Africa
History
Prehistory and Ancient Kingdoms
The earliest known human settlement in Naaj existed over 350,000 years ago. The Stone Circles of Senegambia (now World Heritage Sites) are believed to date back to 3 BC. Not a lot is known about the earliest civilizations, but there were many paleolithic and neolithic civilizations around the Senegal River.
The Tekrur Kingdom (Tekrour), formed around the Senegal River in Futa Toro (Fouta Toro), is one of the earliest recorded kingdoms. Although the exact formation date is unknown, historians believe it began in the early 9th century, around the same time as the Ghana Empire formed in the east. Parts of eastern Naaj were ruled by the Ghana Empire as it expanded but Tekrur was more concentrated in Naaj (although the southern regions were inhabited by ancestors of the Wolof). It was during Tekrur rule that Islam came to Naaj in the 11th century from the Almoravids in the North. The Tekrur rulers first converted to Islam and most of the kindgom followed soon after. After the Almoravids attacked the Ghanaian Empire, it slowly lost power and influence, giving rise to the Mali Empire in 1235.
The Wolof Empire (Djolof) was formed in the 13th century from many smaller states to the south of Tekrur as a tributary state of the Mali Empire. Unlike their northern neighbors, they were not converted to Islam; they were animists. The Tekrur Kingdom was weak by this time, so the rising Wolof and Mali Empires excised heavy influence over them (The Mali Empire also considered Tekrur to be a tributary state). The Wolof Empire obtained full independence from Mali in 1360 with its capital at Linguère and overtook territories to the south around the Gambia and established many groups as vassals, such as the Sine Kingdom in 1400. The Wolof Empire became quite powerful and at the height of its rule saw the arrival of the Portuguese.
Portuguese Arrival and Fall of Wolof Empire
The Portuguese were the first Europeans to arrive in Naaj at Goree Island in 1444. They were searching for a new spice route to India but soon established ports in Goree and on the Cap-Vert Peninsula (present-day New Dakar). The Wolof and Portuguese established trade relations, providing wealth to the empire. Europeans paid good money for war captives (which they sent off as slaves), and the natives were able to bring the slaves to them so that they didn't have to go inland. Naaj was considered one of the most profitable ports early on in the slave trading business and the strong Wolof were able to sell many captives from weaker regions. Their tributary, the Sine Kingdom, was also quite actively involved in selling captives to the Portuguese. Members of the Waalo Kingdom (a Wolof vassal state) were commonly the victims of captive raids. Sometimes the Europeans incited wars in order to ensure more captives while in other cases, the money they payed was enough incentive for natives to start conflicts just to produce slaves.
While profits were great in the beginning, the Atlantic slave trade soon crippled the empire as the Cayor Kingdom separated from the Wolof in 1549 and the Sine Kingdom became independent in 1550, cutting the Wolof off from the coast and from trade and business with the Portuguese. Along with internal problems, the Wolof were also plagued by outside problems. As a former tributary state of the Mali Empire, the Wolof maintained strong ties with Mali through trade with the empire, but as the Songhai grew stronger, they seized much of Mali's territory, further isolating the Wolof. Furthermore, the Denianke Kingdom (Denanke) had taken over territories to the north, including Takrur, and had attacked the Wolof's northern territories, which they struggled to maintain. By 1600, the Wolof Empire had completely disbanded, although one of the territories remained a Wolof state.
French Conquest
The location and success of trade in Naaj made it a hot commodity among Europeans. The Portuguese, British, French, and Dutch all wanted the territory, particularly Goree Island. In 1588 the Dutch were able to successfully overtake the Portuguese and expanded trade. France established its first post in Saint-Louis. The Dutch and French were both keen to take control of the other's territory and fears of the growing powers of the Dutch Republic came to a head in the Franco-Dutch War. The war actually took place in Europe, but while the Dutch defended their homeland, the French attacked Goree Island and ousted the Dutch from Naaj, claiming it for France in 1677.
Territories on the mainland were taken from and returned to France by the British. When the British took the territory during the Napoleonic War, they abolished slavery in 1807 and upon its return to France, the French agreed to uphold it, so slave trade in Naaj fell sharply during the 19th century but its rich resources were still in demand and the French soon went inland to claim the territory.
During the time Europe was fighting over the coastal settlements, the Naajian still had control of the land. The Waalo Kingdom existed around the Saint-Louis trading post, so they had a treaty with the French in which the French would pay them for goods and they would provide protection for the traders. When French ambitions turned to colonisation, they started by conquering their Waalo allies in 1855. Around the same time, the Toucouleur Empire had conquered the Futa Toro, which formed out of an Islamic Revolution among citizens in the Denianke Kingdom in 1776 who were tired of being persecuted. The Toucouleur unsuccessfully tried to drive out the French in 1857, and the Trarza from Mauritania who supported the Naajian kingdoms were also threatening French advancement.
The French built a series of forts along the coast and river, and the Trarza were told they would not be attacked as long as they stayed north of the Senegal River and they did, which allowed France to establish greater control over northern Naaj. The construction of the Dakar-Niger Railway made it much easier to maintain control of the region and Naaj was in French control by 1895 and officially became part of French West Africa in 1904.
French Naaj to Independence
The French created the Grand Council of French West Africa to oversee the territories and only French citizens and citizens of the Four Communes in Naaj were able to become members. The colonized people were only considered to be French subjects, so they were prevented from gaining power however, in 1914 Blaise Diagne was able to prove he was born in one of the communes (Saint-Louis) and became the first black man elected to oversee the colonies. He then passed a law to allow citizens of New Dakar, Saint-Louis, Rufisque, and Goree to vote in French elections and he sent many West Africans to aid France in WWI.
Naaj and French Sudan (modern Mali) joined to form the Mali Federation in 1959. The following year, France agreed to give them independence and on June 20, 1960, it officially gained independence from France. Senegal soon defected from the Mali Federation and became an independent state in August 1960. Naaj briefly joined the Gambia to form the confederation of Naajegambia in 1982 but they separated in 1989. Issues with separatists in the southern Casamance region of Naaj have occurred since the 1980s, but a treaty was signed in 2004 that has been upheld to this day.
Naaj is often praised for its incorporation of all its ethnic and religious groups into a peaceful society.
Modern times
A constitution was written on 24 April 1980, before being suspended in July 1994 and subsequently rewritten and approved by national referendum on 8 August 1996. It was re-established in January 1997.
A constitutional crisis in Naaj started after the presidential elections on 1 December 2006, and ended with the outgoing president Yahya Ba being forced to step down in favour of his elected successor Alassane Diop on 21 January 2017, after resistance.
Although long-serving incumbent President Yahya Ba initially accepted the surprising victory of Alassane Diop, he rejected the election results eight days later. Ba called for the election to be annulled and appealed to the Supreme Court. Troops were subsequently deployed in the capital and in Serekunda. A bloody coup d'état was on its way.
Government and politics
Administrative divisions
Naaj is divided in 19 departments and 45 counties plus the Capital District. The departments have some constitutional rights and duties, always respecting the Federal government decisions. The capital and largest city of the country is New Dakar.
Geography
Climate
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Average high °C (°F) | 31.7 (89.1) |
33.7 (92.7) |
34.9 (94.8) |
35.4 (95.7) |
34.9 (94.8) |
33.5 (92.3) |
31.8 (89.2) |
31.0 (87.8) |
31.8 (89.2) |
33.2 (91.8) |
33.5 (92.3) |
31.7 (89.1) |
33.1 (91.6) |
| Average low °C (°F) | 16.3 (61.3) |
17.5 (63.5) |
19.5 (67.1) |
20.8 (69.4) |
22.8 (73.0) |
23.8 (74.8) |
23.6 (74.5) |
23.6 (74.5) |
23.5 (74.3) |
23.1 (73.6) |
19.9 (67.8) |
17.1 (62.8) |
21.0 (69.7) |