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| {{Infobox country | | {{Infobox settlement |
| |conventional_long_name = Cooperative State of Mel-akkam | | | name = Mohenjo-daro |
| |native_name = Sahakara Mel Akam
| | | native_name = |
| |common_name = Mel-akkam
| | | native_name_lang = |
| |image_flag = [[File:The 'Ten Indus Scripts' discovered near the northern gateway of the Dholavira citadel.jpg|Flag of Mel-akkam]]
| | | settlement_type = City |
| |national_motto = ''Santi mariyu purogati''
| | | image_skyline = |
| |national_anthem =
| | | imagesize = 200px |
| |image_map = Mel-akkam location.png
| | | image_alt = |
| |alt_map =
| | | image_caption = |
| |map_caption =
| | | image_flag = |
| |capital = Mohenjo-daro
| | | flag_alt = |
| |largest_city = Mohenjo-daro | | | flag_size = |
| |official_languages = Dravidian | | | image_seal = |
| |national_languages = Punjabi <br /> Hindi <br /> English
| | | seal_alt = |
| |regional_languages =
| | | image_shield = |
| |ethnic_groups = {{vunblist
| |
| | 87% Dravidian
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| | 8% Punjabi
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| | 4% Indo-Aryan
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| | 1% Others
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| }}
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| |demonym = Mel-akkan
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| |government_type = Unitary assembly-independent republic | |
| |leader_title1 = Honoured Elder | |
| |leader_name1 = Pujari Adhineta | |
| |leader_title2 = President of the Coordinating Council | |
| |leader_name2 = Nirtyam Am'mayi | |
| |leader_title3 = Leader of the Government
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| |leader_name3 = Nirtyam Am'mayi (acting)
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| |legislature = [[Commissions]] → [[Coordinating Council]]
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| |sovereignty_type = History
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| |established_event1 = Mehrgarh Established
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| |established_date1 = ~7000 BCE | |
| |established_event2 = Organised by Pujari Nayaku | |
| |established_date2 = ~2600 BCE | |
| |established_event3 = British Occupation
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| |established_date3 = 1678
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| |established_event3 = Independence
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| |established_date3 = 1947
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| |area_rank =
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| |area_magnitude =
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| |area =
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| |area_km2 = 800,000
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| |area_sq_mi = <!--Area in square mi (requires area_km2)-->
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| |area_footnote = <!--Optional footnote for area-->
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| |percent_water =
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| |area_label = Total
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| |area_label2 = <!--Label below area_label (optional)-->
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| |area_data2 = <!--Text after area_label2 (optional)-->
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| |population_estimate = 509,120,056
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| |population_estimate_rank =
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| |population_estimate_year = 2023
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| |population_census = 473,621,972
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| |population_census_year = 2020
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| |GDP_nominal = $8.18 trillion
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| |GDP_nominal_year = 2020
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| |GDP_nominal_per_capita = $16,066
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| |GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank =
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| |currency = Bangle (bng)
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| |currency_code = BNG
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| |cctld =.ml
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| |time_zone =
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| |date_format = dd-mm-yy
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| |drives_on = left
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| }}
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| '''Mel-akkam''', officially the '''Cooperative State of Mel-akkam''' (Dravidian; ''Sahakara Mel Akam''), is a nation located in [[wikipedia:South Asia|South Asia]]. It is a unitary assembly-independent republic; its capital and largest city is Mohenjo-daro.
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| ==Etymology==
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| "Mel Akam" means literally "high country" or "highlands", referring to the Balochi mountains where the Mel-akkan people were believed to have originated. The [[wikipedia:Sumer|Sumerians]] transliterated "Mel Akam" as "Meluhha", while the Vedic Indo-Aryans of the [[wikipedia:BMAC|Oxus Civilisation]] referred to the Mel-akkan people as "Mleccha". "Mel-akkam", the usual romanisation of the country's name, was first used by the Portuguese explorer [[wikipedia:Vasco da Gama|Vasco da Gama]].
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| ==History==
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| ===Ancient History===
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| The first signs of Mel-akkan civilisation come from the ancient settlement of [[wikipedia:Mehrgarh|Mehrgarh]], which was constructed around 7000 BCE and expanded into a full city around 4800. However, around 3500 BCE, the Saraswati River, which had provided water to the city, changed its course, and the people of Mehrgarh left, eventually establishing settlements along the new course of the Saraswati and along the river it now flowed next to, the Indus. The first of these was Harappa, located in the north of what would become Mel-akkam. For centuries, Harappa was the epicentre of Mel-akkan civilisation, with most other towns acting as vassals of the city; however, around 2700 BCE, a community leader named Pujari Nayaku, claiming that he had received a prophecy from the main Mel-akkan god, Pashupati, led a group of disciples to construct a meticulously planned city in the southern plains of Mel-akkam. The city, which became known as Mohenjo-daro, pioneered the ideology of “Purogati” (roughly “progress” or “progressivism”), an egalitarian system in which all citizens were encouraged to view others as equal in value to themselves, reinforced with the construction of completely identical houses for all citizens, as well as with the establishment of a distributive economic system in which all citizens willingly pooled their resources and, despite in some cases owning businesses, abandoned the idea of wealth-gathering. The success of this system, aided in no small part by the superb workmanship of Mohenjo-daro (which became the first city in the world where all houses had running water and flush toilets), led to the adoption of “Purogatinist” policies by nearly all of Mel-akkam. Thus, the centre of power gradually shifted from Harappa to Mohenjo-daro.
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| [[File:Mohenjo-daro Priesterkönig.jpeg|thumb|Pujari Nayaku]]
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| For reasons unknown even to Mel-akkan historians, Mel-akkans never conceived of the concepts of violence, murder, or warfare, as is evidenced by the fact that the Mel-akkans had no word for murder and instead resorted to calling it “vyaktia campadu” – “[livestock] culling of men”. The first Mel-akkans to encounter these practises, diplomats on a mission to [[wikipedia:Akkad|Akkad]], were recorded as having lamented about “what a tragic accident” some Akkadian soldiers had made, and upon learning the nature of the action, were bewildered and distraught. While increasing contact with other civilisations informed Mel-akkans of the existence of murder, to the present day Mel-akkans are known for being unable to comprehend why such a crime exists.
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| ===Vedic to Early Modern History=== | |
| Around 1900 BCE, the Indo-Aryan residents of the Oxus Civilisation migrated south, passing through Mel-akkan land but largely ignoring its inhabitants, whom the [[wikipedia:Rigveda|Rigveda]] (the main oral tradition of early Indian history and religion) describes as the “incomprehensible” people of the land of “Mlechha”. However, around 1700 BCE, a massive famine caused large portion of the Mel-akkan populace to migrate to the Southeast, adopting Indo-Aryan cultural practises and becoming the various branches of the Dravidian people, with the first wave becoming the [[wikipedia:Tamil|Tamils]], the second the [[wikipedia:Kannada|Kannada]], and the third, whose language and culture remained somewhat less diluted, the [[wikipedia:Telugu|Telugus]]. These groups established their own kingdoms in Southern India and largely abandoned the Purogatinist tradition.
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| During the Middle Ages, Mel-akkam experienced a golden age, enjoying a level of stability never seen in India, which was divided among warring states. This period of peace and prosperity began to deteriorate, however, after Mel-akkam was made a vassal of the Mughal Empire, which installed a series of puppet leaders seeking only to enrich themselves. Therefore, when the [[wikipedia:British East India Company|British East India Company]] began to colonise the subcontinent, Mel-akkam was easy prey. In 1678, Mel-akkam fell to the Company, which would rule over the former nation until 1858, when the [[wikipedia:Sepoy Rebellion|Sepoy Rebellion]] led to the replacement of Company rule with direct rule by the [[wikipedia:United Kingdom|United Kingdom]], in what became known as the “[[wikipedia:British Raj|British Raj]]”. Under the British Raj, Mel-akkam suffered greatly, with the high standard of living that Mel-akkans had enjoyed since the rule of Pujari Nayaku being reversed through intensive resource extraction and widespread forced labour.
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| ===Modern History=== | |
| By the start of the 20th century, opposition to British rule had solidified not only in India but also Mel-akkam, and many Mel-akkans were drawn to Indian activist [[wikipedia:Gandhi|Mohandes (Mahatma) Gandhi]]’s nonviolent resistance movement, “[[wikipedia:Satyagraha|Satyagraha]]”. Hence, in 1933, a group of Mel-akkans led by the activist Maina Kathina formed the Kaska Satyagraha Purogati – roughly, the “Progressive Nonviolence Movement”. This movement committed itself to nonviolence; however, in 1942, Kathina received an offer from [[wikipedia:Imperial Japan|Imperial Japan]], delivered via [[wikipedia:Subhas Chandra Bose|Subhas Chandra Bose]]'s [[wikipedia:Indian National Army|Indian National Army]]. In exchange for collaborating with the Axis powers against the United Kingdom, Japan, and its puppet state, the Azad Hind, would provide for the establishment of a Mel-akkan state under Axis suzerainty, with Kathina at its helm. Attracted, Kathina abandoned the nonviolent tradition of the KSP, renaming it to simply the “Kaska Purogati” – “Progressive Party”, and declared herself the Netaji, or leader (a title borrowed from Subhas Chandra Bose), of the new “Free” Mel-akkam. A 1943 naval invasion of Mel-akkam by Japan allowed Netaji Kathina to rule (in a limited capacity) over 3 of the nation’s 10 traditional provinces. During the Japanese-Kathina period, a new social model – referred to posthumously as “Kathinism” – was established. All Mel-akkans were expected to become members of the Kaska Purogati, and democratic elections (planned, but never held), were to occur through the structures of the party. For the first time, a law enforcement agency was established, and equipped with weaponry. The former decentralised, technocratic model of administration was scrapped, and the Netaji’s word, often dictated from Tokyo, became law.
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| [[file:Maina Kathina.png|thumb|Netaji Maina Kathina]]
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| After only 2 years, however, the Netaji’s administration came to an end. In 1945, British forces invaded, ousting the Japanese, reestablishing the Raj, and executing Kathina for treason. Over the next 2 years, the Kaska Purogati reformed its structures and image, distancing itself from Kathina’s legacy and, by extension, that of the Axis, but resuming her fight against the British, albeit in a wholly nonviolent manner. Eventually, faced with pressure not only from the KP but also from Gandhi’s powerful [[wikipedia:Indian National Congress|Indian National Congress]] party, the British granted independence to the whole of British India, which soon split into three parts: [[wikipedia:Pakistan|Pakistan]] in the west, [[wikipedia:India|India]] in the east, and Mel-akkam between the two. During the Cold War, Mel-akkam pursued a policy of non-alignment, establishing close relations with India and [[wikipedia:Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]], and the Kaska Purogati became a dominant, albeit decentralised force, with its members frequently running against each other in elections. It remained the only political party in the nation until 1992, when the end of the Cold War inspired the creation of the centre-right Liberal Democratic Party. Gradually, other parties cropped up, representing ideologies as diverse as communism and right-wing populism. Ultimately, the Kaska Purogati would lose power to a succession of various new parties before splitting into three factions, none of which have successfully claimed the former juggernaut’s status.
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| ==Politics==
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| ===Government===
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| Mel-akkam is governed as a ''de jure'' assembly-independent republic. Its Head of State is known as the Honoured Elder; the Eldership is a mostly ceremonial and diplomatic positon. Its supreme legislative bodies are the four ten-member "Commissions", each of which have purview over a specific policy area (social affairs, economics, justice, or foreign affairs), to encourage technocratic governance. Each is led by a president, who is always the representative of Mohenjo-daro Province. The four commissions meet jointly every quarter to form the fourty-member "Coordinating Council", presided over by a president, who is the Head of Government. The Coordinating Council Presidency rotates between the presidents of each of the four commissions at each meeting. The ''de facto'' chief executive is the Leader of the Government, officially known as the Leader of Government Business in the Coordinating Council. The Leader of the Government is typically the leader of whichever member party of the governing coalition holds the most seats in the Coordinating Council.
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| ===Foreign Relations and Military===
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| Mel-akkam pursued a policy of non-alignment and military neutrality during the Cold War, and has historically been involved in Third World Solidarity activities. Today, it enjoys close relations with the European Union, India, and Latin American nations including [[wikipedia:Mexico|Mexico]] and [[wikipedia:Brazil|Brazil]], while relations with [[wikipedia:Russia|Russia]] are strained due to human rights concerns. Mel-akkam is a member of the [[wikipedia:Non-Aligned Movement|Non-Aligned Movement]], the Internationale, and the World Assembly. Mel-akkam has no standing military, due to its pacifist views, and maintains only a Coast Guard, under the Maritime Affairs Directorate, as well as a Border Patrol, and the National Security Agency, both under the aegis of the Social Harmony Directorate.
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| ==Demographics==
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| ===Ethnic Groups===
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| [[wikipedia:Dravidians|Dravidians]] are the largest Mel-akkan ethnic group, comprising 87% of the population. [[wikipedia:Punjabis|Punjabi]] [[wikipedia:Sikh|Sikhs]] are the largest minority, forming 8% of the population, concentrated in Kot-diji Province. [[wikipedia:Indo-Aryan|Indo-Aryan]] [[wikipedia:Hinduism|Hindus]] are the only other notable minority, with 4% of the population; the remaining 1-2% of the population is comprised of Afghans living in Shortugai, Anglo-Indians, and immigrants.
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| ===Languages===
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| Dravidian is the mother tongue of the 87% of the population that is ethnically Dravidian, as well as a second language for most Mel-akkans. Most of the Punjabi Sikhs, who form 8% of the population, speak Punjabi; the Indo-Aryan Hindus, who form 4% of the population, speak either Hindi or Marathi. English is a very common second language, spoken by more than 80% pf the population.
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| ===Religion=== | | |image_blank_emblem = |
| Historically, the native Mel-akkan religion, Pashupatism, has been dominant among ethnic Dravidians; however, today only 47% of the population adheres to this ancient faith. 43% of Mel-akkans, most of them Dravidians, are nonreligious, while 7% are Sikhs and 3% are Hindus.
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| ===Urbanisation===
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| {{Largest cities
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| | name = Largest cities of Mel-akkam
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| | country = Mel-akkam
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| | stat_ref = 2020 census
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| | list_by_pop =
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| | class = info
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| | div_name = Province
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| | div_link =
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| | city_1 = Mohenjo-daro
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| | div_1 = Mohenjo-daro
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| | pop_1 = 24,531,286
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| | city_2 = Harappa
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| | div_2 = Harappa
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| | pop_2 = 16,109,068
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| | city_3 = Dholavira
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| | div_3 = Dholavira
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| | pop_3 = 12,921,805
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| | city_4 = Lothal
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| | div_4 = Lothal
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| | pop_4 = 8,921,832
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| | city_5 = Rakhigari
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| | div_5 = Alamgirpur
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| | pop_5 = 7,291,230
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| | city_6 = Alamgirpur
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| | div_6 = Alamgirpur
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| | pop_6 = 6,923,681
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| | city_7 = Sutkagan-dor
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| | div_7 = Sutkagan-dor
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| | pop_7 = 4,823,550
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| | city_8 = Daimabad
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| | div_8 = Daimabad
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| | pop_8 = 4,751,809
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| | city_9 = Amri
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| | div_9 = Amri
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| | pop_9 = 3,998,528
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| | city_10 = Kot-diji
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| | div_10 = Kot-diji
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| | pop_10 = 3,421,867
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| | | etymology = |
| | | nickname = |
| | | motto = |
| | | image_map = |
| | | map_alt = |
| | | map_caption = |
| | | mapsize = 250px |
| | | coor_pinpoint = |
| | | coordinates_footnotes = |
| | | subdivision_type = Country |
| | | subdivision_name = {{flag|Hverland}} |
| | | subdivision_type1 = [[Islands of Hverland|Island]] |
| | | subdivision_name1 = [[Eyjatjorn]] |
| | | subdivision_type2 = |
| | | subdivision_name2 = |
| | | government_type = Council–Mayor |
| | | governing_body = |
| | | leader_party = Joint Progressive Party List |
| | | leader_title = Mayor |
| | | leader_name = Nagar Bhumi |
| | | leader_title1 = |
| | | leader_name1 = |
| | | leader_title2 = |
| | | leader_name2 = |
| | | unit_pref = Metric |
| | | area_urban_footnotes = <!-- <ref> </ref> --> |
| | | area_rural_footnotes = <!-- <ref> </ref> --> |
| | | area_metro_footnotes = <!-- <ref> </ref> --> |
| | | area_magnitude = <!-- <ref> </ref> --> |
| | | area_note = |
| | | area_water_percent = |
| | | area_rank = |
| | | area_blank1_title = |
| | | area_blank2_title = <!-- square kilometers --> |
| | | area_total_km2 = 573 |
| | | area_land_km2 = |
| | | area_water_km2 = |
| | | area_urban_km2 = |
| | | area_rural_km2 = |
| | | area_metro_km2 = |
| | | area_blank1_km2 = |
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| | | length_km = |
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| | | dimensions_footnotes = |
| | | elevation_footnotes = |
| | | elevation_m = |
| | | population_footnotes = |
| | | population_as_of = 2020 |
| | | population_total = |
| | | population_metro = 24,531,286 |
| | | population_density_km2 = auto |
| | | population_note = |
| | | population_demonym = |
| | | timezone1 = |
| | | utc_offset1 = |
| | | timezone1_DST = |
| | | utc_offset1_DST = |
| | | postal_code_type = |
| | | postal_code = |
| | | area_code_type = |
| | | area_code = |
| | | iso_code = |
| | | blank_name_sec1 = Council |
| | | blank_info_sec1 = Mohenjo-daro Municipal Corporation |
| | | website = {{URL|mohenjodaro.ml}} (planned) |
| | | module = |
| | | footnotes = |
| }} | | }} |
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| ==Infrastructure==
| | '''Mohenjo-daro''' is the capital and largest city of [[Mel-akkam]] and the eponymous [[Mohenjo-daro Province]]. Home to 24,531,286 residents, it is a [[wikipedia:megacity|megacity]] and the world's 5th largest metropolitan area. Constructed around 2600 BCE, it is home to historic sites such as the Great Bath as well as modern institutions including the residence of the Honoured Elder and the Government Hall. |
| Since ancient times, Mel-akkan infrastructure has been noted for its high quality; Mel-akkan architects were the first to create advanced sewage systems and in-home running water. Also since ancient times, Mel-akkans have traditionally demolished and rebuilt all buildings every 8 years, contributing to the high quality of Mel-akkan structures. Nearly all residences are built by the state, and provided to all citizens for free.
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| ===Education===
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| Education is free and compulsory for all Mel-akkans. Mel-akkans begin their compulsory education at age 6, although free preschool is optional. Primary school lasts for 6 years, and secondary education lasts for 7. Higher education is free but not compulsory. Higher education rates are around 80%.
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| ===Healthcare===
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| Universal healthcare is free and mandatory for all Mel-akkans, provided by the state-owned corporation AnniRogyam ("All-Health"). The Mel-akkan healthcare system is considered to be of a very high quality; the average life expectancy is around 88 years.
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| ===Transport===
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| [[File:Dock at lothal.JPG|thumb|The old Port of Lothal, constructed c. 2100 BCE. Most trade now flows through the new Port, constructed in 1879 CE.]] | |
| Public transport is pervasive and free for all Mel-akkan citizens. A nationwide railroad network was built during the British Raj, and remains operational under the state-owned corporation Railu Desam ("National Rail"). Buses and bike-sharing are also common. International air travel is conducted through Mohenjo-daro International Aiport in Mohenjo-daro, Gata Nayadu International Airport in Harappa, and Shortugai International Airport in Shortugai. The planned Rann of Kutch International Airport will serve Lothal and Dholavira upon its completion in 2025. The Port of Lothal is Mel-akkam's main sea transit hub.
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| ===Media and communication===
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| Cable television, radio, and internet service are all provided for free by the state-owned umbrella corporation Ekam! ("Connect!"). Ekam! subsidiaries include TV Mel-akkam, Rediyo Desam ("National Radio"), and Gudu ("Web").
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| ==Economy==
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| The Mel-akkan economy is largely driven by the services sector, especially internet and information technologies, as well as digital media and entertainment. Main exports include pharmaceuticals, machinery, and dairy products.
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| ===Energy===
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| Mel-akkam is almost entirely energy-independent, generating most of its electricity from solar and hydropower. Nuclear enery was once widespread but is being phased out. Less that 10% of Mel-akkam's energy comes from fossil fuels such as coal and oil.
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Hverland