Gregahou
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Commonwealth of Greğahou Sodruz Greğahouğanskiy | |
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 Flag
 Coat of arms
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| Motto: Ot tsakasa prikhodit şvoboda (Gregahouvian) "From order comes freedom" | |
| Anthem: Natsionalniy "The National"  | |
 Location of Gregahou (red) in the Western Hemisphere | |
| Capital and largest city | Stolitsemlağa |
| Official languages | Gregahouvian English |
| Recognised regional languages | French (in Porte Nouvelle) |
| Ethnic groups (2016) | 57.7% Tatar 22.9% Chechen 4.3% Turkmen 3.8% Bashkir 11.3% others |
| Demonym(s) | Gregahouvian |
| Government | Unitary presidential republic |
• President | Imat Ilva (SD) |
• Prime Minister | Yohan Varayev (NL) |
| Legislature | Zdaniye Parlamentiy |
| Sobraniy Natsional | |
| Sobraniy Publiçniy | |
| Independence from the Soviet Union | |
• Declaration | May 3, 1981 |
• Establishment as sovereign | May 12, 1981 |
• Establishment as Gregahou | July 2, 1981 |
| Area | |
• Total | 7,798 km2 (3,011 sq mi) |
| Population | |
• 2018 estimate | 3,539,805 (129th) |
• Density | 453.9/km2 (1,175.6/sq mi) |
| GDP (PPP) | estimate |
• Total | 13,323 (in US$ millions) |
• Per capita | $15,989 |
| Gini (2016) |  31.3medium (31st) |
| HDI (2018) |  0.858very high (35th) |
| Currency | Kadz (₭) (KDZ) |
| Time zone | UTC-4 (AST) |
| Date format | dd/mm/yyyy |
| Driving side | right |
| Calling code | +522 |
| ISO 3166 code | GO |
| Internet TLD | .go |
Gregahou (pronounced /greɪjɑhu/), officially the Commonwealth of Gregahou (Gregahouvian: Sodruz Greğahouğanskiy) is an island nation located in the Atlantic Ocean, approximately 1,100 km due east of Buxton, North Carolina; 1,250 km due south of Nova Scotia; and 1,780 km north-east of Cuba. Though typically referred to in the singular, the nation's landmass of 7,798 square kilometers (3,010 square miles) is separated between 6 islands, including its one sovereign protectorate, Porte Nouvelle. With an estimated population of 3,539,805, Gregahou is the 129th most populous country. The capital city is Stolitsemlağa, and, as the nation's largest city, it functions as the cultural center of Gregahou.
Gregahou is a developed country, and in terms of GDP, the nation ranks only below Jamaica in the Caribbean Community. The Gregahouvian economy is regarded as a social market economy, and focuses mainly on the export of oil as well as having a stake in offshore international financial services. Despite being classified by some as a tax haven, the government does a statistically remarkable job at separating the desires of foreign investors from the nation's own notably poorer population, and as thus, Gregahou enjoys a rating of 68 on the Corruption Perceptions Index.
Russian oil giant Tatneft ordered the construction of an oil rig off the coast of the country's largest island, then uninhabited, in 1954, and colonization began in 1955. Numerous disputes between workers sent to the colony and Tatneft in addition to a lack of strong government presence in the archipelago led to a war for independence lasting between 1972 and May of 1981, when electricity was shut off to the final operational oil rig. By 1981, the colony was fully modernized, but lack of funding proved difficult for progress in early independent Gregahou, and the country emerged from its war for independence in poverty.
History
Main article: Gregahouvian War for Independence
Until 1954, the archipelago remained uninhabited as a jointly-monitored nature sanctuary by the United States, the Soviet Union and France. However, throughout the immediate postwar period in the late 1940s to early 50s, the archipelago became less important to the United States and control was split between the latter two administrators. France elected to focus their resources on the easternmost island of Porte Nouvelle while rule over the five main islands was left to the Soviet Union. Throughout the end of the 1940s and the early 1950s, the archipelago was frequently visited by researchers studying the endemic flora and fauna of the Western Atlantic ecoregion, the other landmass of Bermuda being previously colonized and introduced to foreign species on a large scale. Due to the archipelago's generally agreeable climate, invasion rate of introduced foreign species is extremely high, and measures were put in place to restrict visitors to the island. Still, in 2019, despite the introduction of many invasive species, Gregahou continues to hold one of the world's strictest criteria for entry, with random searches at airports and ferry terminals sometimes reaching to 50% of foreign passport holders and 100% of returning nationals.
Early history
In December of 1953, Soviet researchers studying the endemic storm petrel found a petroleum seep on what is now Ostrov Stolitsa (English: Capital Island). As the archipelago was under complete Soviet control at the time, the government ordered oil conglomerate Tatneft to begin the construction of an oil rig called the Novyy Mira off the coast of present-day Stolitsemlağa and begin drilling. In January of 1954, 250 men, mostly from the Tatarstan region of Russia, arrived on boats to begin the construction of a shipyard and airfield in what is now the central business district of the nation's capital. The shipyard has since been renovated but original pier and dock locations and some original materials still remain. With increased ease of transport to the island, in March of 1954, construction started on both the oil rig as well as housing for the increasing number of staff on the island, which, by March, had risen to approximately 400.
The first oil rig began service in October of 1954, and with the increased number of people living full-time on the island, more resources were pushed towards funding a proper settlement for the inhabitants. Construction on a block of apartments began in January 1955, and by summer of the same year, 10 fully functional apartment blocks were constructed, housing 400+ new residents and named Rezidentsiya-1. Out of the original 10 buildings of 12 stories each, 5 still stand on the coast of Stolitsemlağa's Tsentralniy Rayon. The new neighborhood retained its Romanized name of Rezidentsiya-1 after independence, not the correct Gregahouvian Rezidentsiğa-1, non-conforming to language standards.
Expansion and industrialization
The first Tatneft project proved to be less successful than originally thought, and within two years of operation, the company began looking around the archipelago for additional potential drill sites. In December of 1956, a second deposit was found approximately 15 miles west of the largest island. Construction on this second rig, to be named Almetyevska, began in February of 1957, and a second shipyard, airfield and settlement also began construction near what is now the nation's second largest city, Almata. By August 1957, both oil rigs were fully operational.
The Almetyevska rig found Tatneft more success than its first foray, but an expansion project was ordered on the smaller island to form an incorporated settlement, named Gorod-1, or City 1 where the present-day capital stands today. Most speculate this might have been ordered to compete with the rapidly-modernizing Porte Nouvelle, wherein the French had constructed a military base in the summer of 1956.
By 1960, population of the archipelago had risen to almost 5,000, and year-round stay was common for Tatneft employees and their families by the turn of the new decade. Most of the settlement's residents still resided in Gorod-1 and usually commuted to the second oil rig daily or weekly for shifts, and, in 1961, the first consumer vehicles and trolley buses were present in the settlement. Starting in 1963, public ferry service commenced between the two settlements, and, in June of the same year, the Almetyevsk rig's production numbers gave way to a second incorporated settlement, Gorod-2.
Growing tensions
In 1964, population growth on the islands shifted from new oil rig workers to building petrochemical plants and the production of petrochemical products. Situated east of the second settlement in the hills, most of the plants functioned as refineries, but also to produce petrochemicals, most notably polyvinyl chloride. With the opening of three new production sites, population on the islands rose to surpass 10,000. Into the late 1960s, infrastructure started to wear under the use of more than 10,000 people, and the quality of life in the settlements decreased drastically, mainly due to the settlements' poor build quality.
First recorded protests began in 1965 or 1966, but conflicting reports still leave some information unknown. In December of 1966, oil rig operator Griegor Antonyev submitted the first official proposal to Tatneft for change in operation and quality of life, but the memorandum was quickly shot down. Public protests began in the two largest cities shortly afterwards, and increased police presence was then sent to the island. In 1969, another protest group approached the governing body in search of solution. By then, the settlements functioned as legitimate cities however without stable government, and, due to the archipelago's isolation, cost of living and wages were extremely mismatched. The growing movement against Tatneft, after receiving another silent response, decided to conduct the first strike on the company in July of 1969.
Largely successful due to the closely-knit community between residences, Tatneft succumbed to the group's request, and eventually raised wages and imposed price controls on their company-run supermarkets and other businesses. However, by September of 1969, prices had again risen, and Antonyev's group organized another strike. The second time, however, Tatneft immediately let go over 60 of their employees involved with the strike. The group remained active within the organization despite the strict decision, and word on the company's future action was easily passed onto the original protesters, who became more militant in their methods. Self-proclaimed as Naşa Ludiy (English: Our People), the group began to disrupt business and work procedures for Tatneft by trespassing and breaking equipment, damaging company vehicles in cities, and on four occasions, set fire to Tatneft-owned buildings.
By the end of the 1960s, however, the Soviet Union had begun to invest more money into their territory, and the acts of violence from Naşa Ludiy did not go unnoticed. A military post was placed near Gorod-1 in October of 1969 and, due to instability on the islands and lack of governing body, secret police and plainclothes officers began to patrol the cities and guard Tatneft facilities. The presence forced tensions to calm, but the islanders became more distrusting of the government and of Tatneft, still where over 80% of residents worked.
Geography
The archipelago is a series of low forming volcanoes in the Atlantic Ocean, on the western edge of the Sargasso Sea. Ostrov Novağa-Zemliğa is the largest island of the archipelago, and notably the most rugged in terrain, containing the nation's highest peak at Velağa-Gora (English: White Mountain). Other than on the largest island, the terrain is relatively low-lying and flat, with the second highest peak at just 191m (626ft). The most populous island is Ostrov Stolitsa, which, with over 1 million inhabitants, represents over one-third of the country's total population. Together with Bermuda, the limestone islands make up the Western Atlantic ecoregion, with the Gregahouvian archipelago being the most populated part of the region.
Climate
Gregahou has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification: Cfa), and is warmed by the Gulf Stream and relatively low latitude. The archipelago usually experiences cooler temperatures in the winter months, and temperatures in January generally average 17°C (63°F). However, there has never been a snowfall or freeze on record in Gregahou, even at its highest peak. In the summer months, temperatures rise considerably, but daily highs usually do not exceed 29°C (85°F). In August, at the peak of summer, ocean water temperatures at the beaches in the country's capital average 28°C (82°F), and are usually slightly cooler in the country's northernmost coast.
The archipelago is in the hurricane belt, and is often in the direct path of hurricanes as they begin to reach the westerlies, but direct landfall is rare due to the common nature of hurricanes to curve northward and weaken before direct landfall on North America. Additionally, the archipelago's small size means that direct hits are very uncommon.
As the archipelago has no freshwater rivers or lakes, the only source of fresh water is rainfall, which is collected for consumption using roof gutters and catches and is stored in tanks usually either in the house's foundation or on the roof. Every residence is required by national law to have at least one tank piping rainwater down from the roof of the building. Rainfall is generally highest in fall, with monthly averages peaking in October.
Flora and fauna
Until the 1950s, the archipelago was uninhabited and mostly overrun with forests. Because of its isolation in the Atlantic Ocean, Gregahou is home to an interesting array of native flora, including the Bermuda cedar, which is endemic to the ecoregion, as well as fourteen other species of plants. Due to its semi-tropical climate, new flora were easily introduced by the islands' first settlers, and currently, much of the country's fruit supply is grown nationally. Palm trees, while not originally native to the islands, also now grow very commonly and are often used decoratively.
Endemic fauna is limited to a species of petrel, the storm petrel, Gregahou's national bird, but other indigenous animals include 3 species of bats: Lasionycteris noctivagans, Lasiurus borealis, and Perimyotis subflavus, all of which are also found in Bermuda as well as throughout the eastern United States. The storm petrel reached the IUCN Red List as an endangered species in 2003, and conservation efforts have raised populations, changing its classification again to vulnerable in 2014, only 11 years after conservation began. With the introduction of common domesticated animals such as cats and dogs onto the island, endemic bat populations have decreased but not enough to attract the attention of the IUCN. Common farm animals such as cows, chickens, and pigs do exist on the archipelago albeit in small quantities due to the nation's lack of arable land.
| Climate data for Stolitsemlağa – capital of Greğahou (National Airport) 2000–2015, extremes 1985–2015 | |||||||||||||
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| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 25.4 (77.7) |
25.7 (78.2) |
25.9 (78.6) |
27.2 (81.0) |
27.8 (82.0) |
30.9 (87.6) |
31.6 (88.8) |
33.4 (92.1) |
31.6 (88.9) |
29.7 (85.4) |
28.3 (83.0) |
26.8 (80.3) |
33.4 (92.1) |
| Average high °C (°F) | 20.2 (68.3) |
19.8 (67.7) |
20.2 (68.4) |
21.9 (71.5) |
23.5 (74.3) |
26.7 (80.1) |
29.4 (84.9) |
30.1 (86.2) |
29.3 (84.7) |
26.7 (80.1) |
24.7 (76.4) |
21.8 (71.2) |
24.3 (75.7) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 16.8 (62.2) |
16.3 (61.4) |
17.2 (63.0) |
18.7 (65.6) |
21.4 (70.5) |
23.3 (73.9) |
25.0 (77.0) |
26.5 (79.7) |
26.1 (78.9) |
23.4 (74.2) |
20.5 (68.9) |
18.0 (64.4) |
22.3 (72.2) |
| Average low °C (°F) | 14.7 (58.4) |
14.3 (57.7) |
15.4 (59.8) |
16.3 (61.3) |
19.2 (66.5) |
21.7 (71.0) |
24.3 (75.8) |
24.6 (76.2) |
24.5 (76.1) |
21.8 (71.2) |
18.7 (65.7) |
16.1 (61.0) |
19.4 (66.9) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 6.0 (42.8) |
5.5 (41.9) |
7.2 (45.0) |
8.4 (47.1) |
11.0 (51.8) |
14.1 (57.4) |
16.1 (61.0) |
19.7 (67.5) |
19.4 (67.0) |
13.9 (57.0) |
11.8 (53.3) |
8.6 (47.4) |
6.3 (43.3) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 139 (5.47) |
124 (4.87) |
120 (4.72) |
106 (4.17) |
89 (3.52) |
120 (4.71) |
132 (5.21) |
162 (6.38) |
129 (5.09) |
160 (6.31) |
99 (3.88) |
110 (4.33) |
1,490 (58.66) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 inch) | 18 | 16 | 16 | 12 | 10 | 11 | 13 | 15 | 14 | 15 | 14 | 15 | 169 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 73 | 73 | 73 | 74 | 79 | 81 | 80 | 79 | 77 | 74 | 72 | 72 | 76 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 142.9 | 144.5 | 185.7 | 228.1 | 248.1 | 257.2 | 281.0 | 274.1 | 220.1 | 197.5 | 170.3 | 142.5 | 2,492 |
Politics
Gregahou is a unitary state under a presidential republic. Imat Ilva is the incumbent president and Yohan Varayev is the current prime minister. Gregahou has never seen a change in government fundamentals and has been regarded as a democratic republic since its founding as current in 1981. The current supreme law is its constitution, Order of the Commonwealth, which has governed the nation since its founding as well. The constitution contains the fundamental law of the nation and can be amended through a parliamentary procedure passing with a qualified majority of two-thirds support in both Lower and Upper houses of legislature.
Government
Gregahou has a presidential government with a bicameral legislature. The Parliament of Gregahou meets in the Parliamentary Complex in the center of Stolitsemlağa, the nation's capital. It has two houses: the National Assembly and the Public Assembly. To become law, a prospective bill must pass the Public Assembly first before passing the National Assembly and additionally receiving support from the president. The president has the power to veto the National Assembly as its leader, however the prime minister, even as head of the Public Assembly, cannot veto bills.
The position of president, Gregahou's head of state and the National Assembly, is elected by popular vote every six years. Once elected, the president serves as the head of state and oversees all potential additions to the nation's constitution. Secondly, the president is responsible for selecting new candidates for the National Council. The president is able to retain councillors from the previous administration, but if new councillors are desired, the Public Assembly must vote in addition to required support from the prime minister. Finally, the president is responsible as Gregahou's premier diplomat, and represents Gregahou in intergovernmental meetings and assemblies. The president has the power to ratify treaties and pacts with foreign nations, and is generally regarded as the face of the nation on an international scale.
The Gregahouvian prime minister, head of the Public Assembly, is to act as the head of opposition parties, and is chosen based on voting records every three years. The president has no choice over the selection of prime minister, and the position is renewed once per presidential term, giving the second and third running opposition parties a three-year window to work with the incumbent president's party. For the first three years of any given presidency, the position is awarded to the second-most popular presidential candidate, and during the fourth through sixth years of the presidency, the third-most popular candidate is awarded the position.
Since the country's founding in 1981, presidential elections have been conducted via the first-past-the-post method, and elections to the National Assembly and Public Assembly are conducted using proportional representation. The last presidential election was held in 2018 and the next election will take place in January of 2024.
Administrative divisions
Since the nation's founding in 1981, Gregahou is composed of five subdivisions, separated by island, and one autonomous district. The administrative divisions are somewhat autonomous, but generally do not have much control on a federal level. Membership in the National Assembly and Public Assembly are split evenly between the five islands as well as a sixth in the state's sole protectorate of Porte Nouvelle. Local politics are quite uncommon except for mayoral candidacies as the divisions are quite small. Additonally, Gregahou currently administers a sole overseas protectorate, Porte Nouvelle. Originally French-controlled after World War II and after the United States backout on control of the archipelago, the land was ceded to the Gregahouvian government in 1985 for joint control and fully ceded in 2001 except for a single French military base, FAFG Camp Porte-Nouvelle-sur-Mer. Even though it is completely governed by Gregahou and Nouvellaise people are immediately granted birthright citizenship, Porte Nouvelle is not counted in the Gregahouvian census nor is it considered a subdivision.
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