Cemromengo
Romani Republic Manshutka Romani | |
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| Motto: "Opre Roma" | |
| Anthem: Gelem, Gelem | |
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| Capital and largest city | Kolosvar |
| Official languages | Romani (official), Romanian, Hungarian, Ukrainian |
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| Government | Unitary Parliamentary Republic |
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Romani State (Romani language: Romani Stato /(/ˈrɒməni stəto/), officially the Romani Republic (Manshutka Romani), is a country located in Europe. It shares borders with Ukraine in the North, Hungary in the West, and Romania in the south and East. It's capital is Romanivar.
The Romani people first arrived in Europe from India in the 12th century and arrived in the territory of the present Romani State in the 1400s. They are constantly persecuted for their nomadic lifestyle and in many cases, were enslaved. Even during the 20th century, the Nazis persecuted the Romani people and the other Axis peoples followed suit such as Romania and Hungary which committed genocide against the Romani; this was called the Pajramos.
After World War II, the Soviets punished both Romania and Hungary which were both Axis Powers due to their anti-Ziganist and anti-Semitic policies. Portions of Romania and Hungary were given to a neutral zone, with most of the prewar population ordered to be "repatriated" to Romania and Hungary. They were replaced in turn by Romani refugees, which were given a state of own provided they become loyal to the Soviet Union. The Romani People's Republic was founded in April 8, 1947 from the transitional Spviet occupation authorities, and ordered to sort the Romani migrants and resettle them into collective farms.
History
General
The region has a varied history. It was once part of the Kingdom of Dacia (82 BC–106 AD). In 106 AD the Roman Empire conquered the territory, systematically exploiting its resources. After the Roman legions withdrew in 271 AD, it was overrun by a succession of various tribes, bringing it under the control of the Carpi, Visigoths, Huns, Gepids, Avars and Slavs. From 9th to 11th century Bulgarians ruled Transylvania, including the future Romani state.
The Magyars conquered much of Central Europe at the end of the 9th century and for almost six hundred years, Transylvania had been a voivodeship in the Kingdom of Hungary. After the Battle of Mohács in 1526, and the Hungarian defeat by the Ottomans, Transylvania became a semi-independent principality (Principality of Transylvania) under local Hungarian nobility rule but owing suzerainty to the Ottoman empire, then a province (Principality/Grand Principality of Transylvania) of the Habsburg Monarchy/Austrian Empire as being Land of the Hungarian Crown, and after 1848, again from 1867 to 1918 incorporated to the Kingdom of Hungary within the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The dual monarchy dissolved after World War I.
The ethnic Romanians, who formed the majority population of Transylvania, elected representatives who proclaimed the Union with Romania, on 1 December 1918. The Proclamation of Union of Alba Iulia was adopted by the Deputies of the Romanians from Transylvania, supported one month later by the vote of the Deputies of the Saxons from Transylvania. Eventually in 1920 the Treaty of Trianon assigned Transylvania to the Kingdom of Romania.
Romani Settlement
It is assumed that the first Roma arrived on Romanian territory around 1241, in correspondence with the invasion of the Mongols of Eastern Europe. Jonathan Fox claims that historical sources trace this event back to the 11th century. Another researcher, Bogdan Petriceicu Hasdeu, traced back to a document by Mircea the Elder that suggest migration from the 12th century.
In a document of 1385 the voivoda Dan I of Wallachia donates the possessions of the Tismana monastery to the Vodița monastery of Drobeta-Turnu Severin , owned by his uncle Vladislav I of Wallachia , and which had 40 "ațigani" inside.
After coming to Romania, they were soon enslaved by local boyars and Orthodox monasteries. Slave conditions were often inhumane, and many times Roma could not leave the property of their masters. Traditional Roma customs were banned in many places. For example in Transylvania, if a Roma spoke the Romani language he was punished with twenty-five lashes. Most of the Roma were woodcutters, horse breeders and musicians.
During the 14th and 15th centuries there were very few slaves in the cities. Only from the beginning of the 16th century, when monasteries began to open in cities, did the monks bring the Roma with them and soon even the bourgeois citizens began to use them for various tasks. The Roma lived in settlements consisting of sălaşe,rudimentary dwellings, established in some suburbs, which were then called țigănie (from țigan which in Romanian means Romani) and soon, in almost all cities, Roma can be found.
Emancipation Movement
Romani were officially emancipated from slavery in Transylvania in 1700 and in the neighboring Romanian Principalities in 1866. However, they are still treated as an unwanted minority and forced to do manual labor.
Founding of the Romani State
During 1944, the Soviets encountered heavier Romanian and Hungarian resistance against their occupation. In a meeting with the Politburo, Lavrentiy Beria toyed with the idea of establishing a Transylvanian buffer state between Hungary and Romania with a third group. He noted that the Romani are the only other people who don't have an equivalent ethnic homeland to be deported, and he said that "with proper guidance, the Romani will be a proper proletarian state, not rootless." Although Stalin repressed Romani intellectuals in the 1930s, he then approved of the plan, seeing a way to ingratiate himself with the Western Allies and elicit goodwill by establishing a homeland for a persecuted people. Stalin then released some Romani intellectuals and assigned Soviet Romani officials to Northern Transylvania.
Stalin then convinced the Western Allies that Northern Transylvania would be a state for the Roma, instead of being returned to Romania or Hungary. The Soviets then chose Juraj Miker, a Slovak Communist Romani partisan leader, as interim leader, a position that became permanent for him.
Soon, the Soviet authorities have conducted "repatriation operations" for the Roma of Romania, Hungary, and Czechoslovakia. Two million Roma were relocated to the future Romani state in 1947, and the majority of the original Romanian and Hungarian population were expelled to their respective countries. Only Maramures and Szekelyland had sizeable non-Roma minorities to this day.
Nevertheless, due to communist policies, dissent was rife; the government put down a strike in Satu Mare in 1958 causing 234 deaths was a notorious example, as well as the government putting down protests in 1968 in sympathy for the Czech reformists. In 1971, the World Romani Congress was formed to represent the Roma diaspora and call for the democratization of the Romani State.
Communist Rule
Juraj Miker became the first President of the independent Romani People's Republic. Nomadism is banned, and all people are herded into either collective farms or cities. Because the Romani were considered a "victim" nation, the remaining factories there were not removed. The RPR, however, were required by the Soviets to supply them with minerals in exchange of aid. 20,000 people were either executed or imprisoned for collaboration, "parasitism", and refusal to work. Neighboring East European countries forcibly patriated most of their Romani to the Romani State, and an elaborate surveillance system was put into place. The Romani State's economic growth was said to be only matched by fellow Communist country Albania; the Romani state's national income was 23% and 51% higher than the world and European average, respectively. The Romani State received a greater proportion of aid from the Soviet Union than any other East European country.
The Romani People's Republic was general perceived as loyal to the Soviet Union, and it helped put down anti-Soviet uprisings in Hungary and Czechoslovakia. However, it broke with the Soviet line concerning Israel during the Israeli-Arab War, citing historical experience and the need to convert Israel to the Soviet side. Because of ethnic ties, the Romani were also used as intermediaries between the Soviets and the Indians.
Politics
The Romani State operates under a parliamentary system as a presidential and democratic republic with universal suffrage.
There are three branches of government: the Legislative the Executive, and the Judiciary. The President is the head of the Executive Branch and is considered to be the head of state and government of the Romani State. The President must be of Romani nationality, speaks the Romani language, and at least thirty years of age. The President is elected for a four year term, can be re-elected only once and consecutively. He organizes the Parliament's two sessions.
The Congress and the Parliament, although are technically separate branches of government, are deemed to be the lower and upper houses of the Romani State's legislative bran. Requirements for both are at lest twenty-five years of age, can read or write, and have no criminal record.
Legal system
The Romani State has a two-tier court system; the county courts and the national courts. The highest tier is the Supreme Court (known in Romani as simply the Kris, located in the capital; it serves a dual role as the highest court of appeals and the highest court of justice. In the latter role, the Kris rules as a court of first instance, allowing individuals, both citizens and non-citizens, to petition against the decisions of state authorities.
The Romani State's legal system combines civil law and traditional Romani law (or Rromano zakono). It is based on the principle of stare decisis (precedent) and is an adversarial system, where the parties in the suit bring evidence before the court. Court cases are decided by professional judges rather than juries. The more conservative political parties want to convert to traditional Romani law in its entirety, seeing the current law as "unjust" to both prosecutors and defendants and seem to value punishment more than rehabilitation.
Military
The Romani state spends 1.3 percent of its GDP on defense. The Romani Republic Defense Forces is the military of the country, and is headed by its Chief of General Staff, the Vajda, subordinate to the Minister of Defence. The RRDF consist of the army and the air force. It was founded during the 1947 from Romani partisan militias and territorial militias founded by the Soviet civil government.
Romanis are drafted into the military at the age of 18, compulsory for males. Following mandatory service, Romani men join the reserve forces and usually do up to several weeks of reserve duty every year until their forties. Romani women can volunteer provided they meet the same standards as men. If a citizen does not want to do the military service on health and conscientious ground, he or she will be involved in a program of service in hospitals, schools and other social welfare frameworks. The Romani State maintains 30,000 troops and 56,000 reservists.
Most of the weapons, armored vehicles and aircrafts are imported from the former Soviet Union, but a modernization program has seen influx of Western armaments as well. The Romani State expects its military to comply with NATO standards and get rid of pre-1991 Soviet weaponry by 2030.
Foreign Relations
The Romani state has traditionally good relations with most countries with the notable exception of Romania and Hungary, in which both once claimed territory of the Romani State. Both were required by treaty to disclaim any territorial claims; in return, the Romani must ensure that the remainining Romanians and Hungarians are protected and be free to exercise their constitutional rights. Contemporary issues stem from the Romani government's perceived indifference to the plight of the minorities, and nationalist claims from neighboring countries.
The Romani State is on talks with the EU to join it; major issues are insufficient level of development and corruption.
Administrative divisions
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Geography
Economy
The Romani Republic has a mixed economy with a Gross Domestic Product of US$23.4 billion. The Romani State inherited the economic infrastructure it created during the communist period, and initially it was successful in keeping it. The economy was one of the Romani State's great strengths ten years ago but poor governance, corruption, poor revenue collection, aging infrastructure and a sectionalized economy and workforce now were seen as problems. Industrial production is very stagnant due to the factors mentioned and the agricultural sector is seen as limited due to above constraints. The major exports are minerals, automotive equipment, and agricultural products such as wheat and livestock.
Demographics
According to the 2018 Population Census, the total population of Romani State is 4,340,301. 79% are Romani, 8% are Romanian, 7% are Hungarian, and other peoples 2%.
Culture
Education
The educational system while having structural problems due to building the system from scratch, benefited the majority of the country and is instrumental in its literacy rate of 97.5 percent. The academic system starts in September and ends in June.
All children must attend school from the age of 6 to 16. All public education is free to high school; there are concerns however on the high dropout rate and Romani state law requires transient Romani groups to have at least one or two teachers with them.
Tertiary education was fine-tuned to comply with the Bologna Process. Tertiary studies include bachelor, master, and doctorates. The main university is the University of the Romanivar, founded in 1948.
Foreign languages and minority languages are mandatory subjects; due to many ethnic Romani also speaking Romanian and Hungarian, teaching them the language was said to be relatively efficient that many experts worry many are not fluent in Romani anymore. Russian, Ukrainian, German, and English are popular foreign language subjects in school.
References
External links
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- Template:CIA World Factbook link
- Romani State at UCB Libraries GovPubs
- Template:Dmoz