Roman Republic (Earth X)

The Roman Republic The Senate and People of Rome
Flag
Capital	Rome
Largest	Capital
Official languages	Modern Latin
Recognised regional languages	Spanish, French, Greek, Turkish, Hebrew, Arabic
Religion	Roman Pantheon
Demonym(s)	Roman
Government	Constitutional Republic
• Consul of Rome	Gaius Decimus Meridius
• Consul of Rome	Quintus Septimus Avitus
Population
• 2020 census	529,942,860
GDP (PPP)	estimate
• Total	$21.553 Trillion (1st)
• Per capita	$40,000

The Roman Republic is a sovereign nation-state in Earth X, a polity centred around the Eternal City, Rome, with signficiant territorial holdings around the Mediterranean Sea in Europe, North Africa and West Asia, with a history dating back over two thousand years. The modern Roman Republic is a democratic state, with a written constitution first codified in 1350, centred around the city of Rome and the Italian peninshula, although democratic sufferance is universal across the Republic's territory for all citizens. Administrativly, there is a substantial distinction between Italia and the provinces; historically this was underline the dominance of Rome, however more recently this has become a egalitarian distinction allowing for a Provincial Assembly, representing all inhabitants of the province, citizen or non-citizen, to exist under a Roman Governor, thereby ensuring represenation for all inhabitants of the Republic, and a signficiant degree of autonomy in some provinces. As such, the modern Roman Republic is a diverse, multi-cultural polity, with signficaint regional traditions and languages, all under an overarching sense of 'Romanness' and an alliegance to the Eternal City.

The Roman Republic has remained largely stable for the majority of its history since the end of the Empire in 1349 at the height of the Black Death, with no major political conflict. The Republic has faced some unrest in provinces, newly acquired at the time, the most recent being a reborn Zealot movement in the province of Judea, however successful Romanisation (or in many cases, re-Romanisation) has largely resulted in a peaceful and prosperous modern Republic. For much of its history, from Ancient Times up until the last hundred and fifty years, Rome stood as the main obstacle to the advance of Islam into Europe, with the City of Constantinople being at the front-line for centuries. As a result of this, and in keeping with it's martial traditions, Rome has maintained a strong, professional military since ancient times, with Rome's Legions retaining their prestige and renown.

Due to Rome's vast extent, which included numerous overseas colonies during the Age of Discovery, and endurance, the instutitons and cultures of Rome hae had a profound and lasting influence on the development of language, religion, art, architecture, philosophy, law, and forms of Government all over the world. As such, the modern Roman Republic is one of the world's Great Powers, boasting the largest economy and population, and is a permenant member of the Security Council of the World Congress.

History

Ancient History

TBC

Government and Politics

Executive Magistrates

The Executive Magistrates constitute the executive government of the Roman Republic; individuals elected by popular vote to fulfil certain roles within the Roman Government. Each magistrate is vested with a degree of magisterial power, termed ‘potestas’ depending on the office they have been elected to in order to allow them to carry out their duties. Additionally certain magistrates are granted ‘Imperium’, the power to command, initially the authority to command military troops the term effectively refers to the magistrate’s constitutional right to issue commands rather than to simply administer within existing legislation. A Quaestor, the least powerful (and most numerous) of the executive magistrates, hold potestas but do not hold imperium, and as such are principally administrators, usually executing the commands of higher ranking magistrates. The Roman Magistrates operate on a principle of checks-and-balances, and as such every level of magistracy is held by at least two individuals, such as the two Consuls, who have the ability to obstruct (veto) and action being taken by a magistrate of equal or lower power. Whilst in the day-to-day running of the Roman state each individual magistrate concentrates on their own specific responsibility the presence of colleagues with veto ensures a check on balance on any individuals power, even at the highest levels of the Roman Government.

Once a magistrate had completed a term of office, to avoid any one individual gathering too much power, a magistrate would have to wait several years (as many a ten between Consulships) to hold the same office again, or to meet the age requirements for a higher office. Immediately after completing a term of office a magistrate can be appointed a ‘promagistrate’, such as a Proconsul or Propraetor, and was assigned as a provincial governor or diplomatic envoy.

Consul

The highest elected office within the Republic is that of Consul, held by two individuals, each with veto power over the other, who serve as both heads of state and heads of government, save for when a Dictator is appointed by the Senate during an emergency. The Consuls are responsible for the administration of the Roman Government, holding significant authority over all other magistrates who are subordinate to them. In the execution of the day-to-day superintendence of the internal machinery of the Republic the Consuls, singularly and together, hold significant authority to oversee the execution of laws. The Consuls convene and preside over meetings of the Senate, one of the key functions of the body is to provide ‘considered advice’ to the magistrates, serve as the Chief Diplomats of the Roman State, and retain the authority, if rarely exercised, to preside over, and pass judgement upon, criminal and civil cases. The Consuls also preside over the Comitia Civis, allowing them to heavily influence the legislative agenda, but they do not hold voting rights in this body. The Consuls also serve as the Commanders-in-Chief of the Roman Military, with extensive powers in this regard, although day-to-day control and administration of the military is exercised by the Praetor Militum. It is not unusual for a Consul to exercise direct command authority over military forces, as almost all Roman Consuls have a military background, although this is typically for offensive operations as defensive operations are under the jurisdiction of provincial governors.

As the Consuls hold significant, almost King-like, power over the Roman State, there are numerous checks and balances on these powers to prevent an abuse, the main such mechanism being the veto power held by each Consul, meaning that one cannot act against the other’s determined will. It is for this reason that the two Consuls are not elected on the same ‘ticket’, and indeed in many cases are political opposites, and are each elected to four-year terms, with Consular elections held every two years although only Consulship is open for election. Although most Consuls are political rivals, it is expected that they maintain a consensus wherever possible, and to avoid unnecessary conflict the two Consuls typically rotate the day-to-day duties of the Consulship, particularly in the legislative arena, and blocking attempts by a Consul to meet a campaign promises are considered taboo. Moreover, a Consul is unable to stand for re-election, ensuring that no individual retains such power for a prolonged period of time, and indeed have to wait eight years (or two full Consular terms) before standing for the Consulship again. As a result, the Consuls of Rome are extremely powerful executive leaders, ensuring clear and decisive leadership, but their power is restrained by the built-in checks and balances of the Roman system.

As of 2020, the two Consuls are:

[i]Gaius Decimus Meridus[/i], elected in 2020 [i]Quintus Septimus Avitus[/i], elected in 2018.

Praetor

The Praetors are high-ranking executive magistrates within the Roman Republic, holding a variety of offices and official capabilities, and responsible for the superintendence of a specific aspect of the administration of the Roman State, answerable only to the Consuls of Rome. The Praetors are elected to their positions every two years, and candidates stand for election each of the specific offices on the basis of their previous training and experience. Each of the Praetorships occupies a position within a hierarchy, largely based around the importance of the position, which serves as an order of succession, with the senior Praetor, known as the Praetor Urbanus, responsible for serving as the acting head of the Roman Government in the event that both Consuls are not in Rome.

As of 2020, the Praetors, in order in the hierarchy, are:

[i]TBC TBC TBC[/i], Praetor Urbanus (Justice and Security) [i]Publius Cassius Varus[/i], Praetor Militum (Defence and Military) [i]Manius Atilius Cordus[/i], Praetor Pecunia (Finance and Commerce) [i]Sextus Curtius Vetus[/i], Praetor Peregrinus (Foreign Affairs) [i]TBC TBC TBC[/i], Praetor Docens (Education) [i]TBC TBC TBC[/i], Praetor Rustica (Agrictulrue)

Aedile

The Aediles are middle ranking magistrates, originally responsible for temple building and religious festivals the modern Aedile serves as deputies to the Praetors, responsible for different aspects of a given Praetors portfolio. The Aediles are principally responsible for expanding and detailing the general policies put forward by their Praetor.

Questor

The Questors are the lowest ranking magistrates to hold Imperium, responsible for the day-to-day managements of various aspects of the Roman Government. In addition to those Questors stationed in the central Roman Government there are also Questors all over the Republic, serving provincial governors and other key officials.

The Senate and People of Rome

The Senate

The Comitia Civis

Provincial Administration

Provincial Governor

Provincial Assembly