User:Native Qazh/Sandbox4

Maskey
Khaskalhk'aa
Pronunciation	/xas.kaɮ̊.k’aː/
Native to	Mokhavia
Ethnicity	977,864 Maskies
Native speakers	962,380 (98.4%)
Language family	Language isolate
Official status
Official language in	Mokhavia
Language codes
ISO 639-1	MSK
ISO 639-2	MSK
ISO 639-3	MSK

Phonology

		Labial	Alveolar			Post-Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
			plain	sibilant	lateral
Plosive / Affricate	plain	b̥ ⟨b⟩	d̥ ⟨d⟩	d̥z̥ ⟨dz⟩	d̥ɮ̊ ⟨dlh⟩	d̥z̝̊~d̥ʒ̊ ⟨j⟩		g̊ ⟨g⟩	ʔ ⟨ʼ⟩
	aspirated	pʰ ⟨p⟩	tʰ ⟨t⟩	tsʰ ⟨ts⟩	tɬʰ ⟨tlh⟩	ts̝ʰ~tʃʰ ⟨ch⟩		kʰ ⟨k⟩
	ejective	pʼ ⟨pʼ⟩	tʼ ⟨tʼ⟩	tsʼ ⟨tsʼ⟩	tɬʼ ⟨tlhʼ⟩	ts̝ʼ~tʃʼ ⟨chʼ⟩		kʼ ⟨kʼ⟩
Sonorants	Fricative			s ⟨s⟩	ɮ̊ ⟨lh⟩	s̝~ʃ ⟨sh⟩		x ⟨kh⟩
	Nasal	m ⟨m⟩	n ⟨n⟩
	Approximant / Tap		ɾ ⟨r⟩		l ⟨l⟩		j ⟨y⟩	w ⟨w⟩

• /m/ and /n/ can apear as syllabic

	Front		Central		Back
	short	long	short	long	short	long
High	i ⟨i⟩	iː ⟨ii⟩			u ⟨u⟩	uː ⟨uu⟩
Mid	ɛ ⟨e⟩	eː ⟨ee⟩			o ⟨o⟩	oː ⟨oo⟩
Low			a ⟨a⟩	aː ⟨aa⟩
Harmony	i		a		u

• short vowels raise up when unstressed (/ɛ/→/e̝~i/;/a/→/ɐ~ə/;/o/→/o̝~u/)
• the /o/ is sound closer to /o̞/

Writing system

Aa /a/

Bb /b̥/

Cc /k~ts/

Dd /d̥/

Dz dz /d̥z̥/

Dlh dlh /d̥ɮ̊/

Ee /ɛ/

Ff /f/

Gg /g̊/

Hh (/x/)

Ii /i/

Jj /d̥z̝̊~d̥ʒ̊/

Kk /kʰ/

K' k' /kʼ/

Kh kh /x/

Ll /l/

Lh lh /ɮ̊/

Mm /m/

Nn /n/

Oo /o/

Pp /pʰ/

P' p' /pʼ/

Qq /kʷ/

Rr /ɾ/

Ss /s/

Sh sh /s̝~ʃ/

Tt /tʰ/

T' t' /tʼ/

Ts ts /tsʰ/

Ts' ts' /tsʼ/

Tlh tlh /tɬʰ/

Tlh' tlh' /tɬʼ/

Uu /u/

Vv /w~ʋ/

Ww /w/

Xx /ks/

Yy /j/

Zz /z̥~s/

' /ʔ~ᵊ◌/

Grammar

  - Vowel Harmony
  - Vowel Harmony, that apears if the word ends/begins in a plosive/stop consonant
  - Apears if the word ends/begins in a vowel

Pronouns

Person & Number			NOM	GEN	DAT	ACC	INS	COMP	INE	ALL	ABL	PROL
Singular	1st		ga	galh	gu	gi	g'sa	gadlha	g'ma	kaga	taga	g'ra
	2nd		lhe	welh	lhu	lhi	lh'si	lhedhli	lh'mi	kalhe	talhe	lh'ra
	3d		de	delh	du	di	d'si	deglhi	d'mi	kade	tade	d'ra
Plural	1st	Inclusive	gask	gask'lh	gasku	gaski	gask'si	gaskadlha	gask'mi	kagask	tagask	gask'ra
		Exclusive	ga'ask	ga'ask'lh	ga'asku	ga'aski	ga'ask'si	ga'askadlha	ga'ask'mi	kaga'ask	taga'ask	ga'ask'ra
	2nd		lhesk	wesk'lh	lhesku	lheski	lhesk'si	lheskidlhi	lhesk'mi	kalhesk	talhesk	lhesk'ri
	3d		desk	desk'lh	desku	deski	desk'si	deskidlhi	desk'mi	kadesk	tadesk	desk'ri

Possessive

Person & Number			Affix	Example: Variant 1	Example: Variant 2	Example: Variant 3
				bewtuk (face)	inu (food)	meti (comb)
Singular	1st		chi'-	chibewtuk (my face)	ch'inu (my food)	ch'meti (my comb)
	2nd		lhi-	lhibewtuk ( face)	lhinu ( food)	lh'meti ( comb)
	3d		ti'-	tibewtuk ( face)	t'inu ( food)	t'meti ( comb)
Plural	1st	Inclusive	ski'-	skibewtuk (my face)	sk'inu (my food)	sk'meti (my comb)
		Exclusive	aski'-	askibewtuk (my face)	ask'inu (my food)	ask'meti (my comb)
	2nd		lh'ski'-	lh'skibewtuk ( face)	lh'sk'inu ( food)	lh'sk'meti ( comb)
	3d		d'ski'-	d'skibewtuk ( face)	d'sk'inu ( food)	d'sk'meti ( comb)

Nouns

Number

Number	Affix	Example: Variant 1	Example: Variant 2	Example: Variant 3
Singular	-Ø	dansi' (boat)	thl'a (fish - sin)	ch'wen (animal)
Plural	-ask	dansi'isk (boats)	thl'ask (fish - plr)	ch'wen'sk (animals)

Cases

Case	Affix	Examlple: Variant 1	Examlple: Variant 2	Examlple: Variant 3
Nominative	-Ø	ewak (canoe)	maske (dog)	salh (bow)
Genitive	-alh	ewakalh (of a canoe)	maskelh (of a dog)	salh'lh (of a bow)
Dative	-u/w	ewaku (to a canoe)	maskew (to a dog)	salhu (to a bow)
Accusative	-i/y	ewaki (canoe)	maskey (dog)	salhi (bow)
Instrumental	-asa	ewakasa (with a canoe)	maskesi (with a dog)	salh'si (with a bow)
Comparative	-adlha	ewakadlha (as a canoe)	maskedlhi (as a dog)	salhdlhi (as a bow)
Locative	-ama	ewakama (at/in a canoe)	maskemi (at/in a dog)	salhmi (at/in a bow)
Allative	ka'-	ka'ewak (to/towards a canoe)	kamaske (to/towards a dog)	kasalh (to/towards a bow)
Ablative	ta'-	ta'ewak (from a canoe)	tamaske (from a dog)	tasalh (from a bow)
Benefactial	-ara	ewakara (for a canoe)	maskeri (for a rain)	salh'ri (for a bow)
Vocative	-ee -/oo	ewakee (canoe!)	maskoo (dog!)	salhee (bow!)

Comparison

• Positive - Bassic form of the word: big - saw
• Negative - Negation of the word: (yo-) "unbig" - yosaw
• Comparitive - Form for comparison relative to something, used with the Comparative case: (-'alh) bigger - sawalh
• Superlative - Form showing absolute relative to a group: (-'alhka) bigest - sawalhka

Articles

Type	Word	Аffix	Example: Variant 1	Example: Variant 2	Example: Variant 3
indefinite			selk (salmon)	dlhe (rain)	baalh (milk)
definite		-a(ta)	selki (the salmon)	dlheti (the rain)	baalhta (the milk)
Proximal-demonstrative	ta (this)		ta selk (this salmon)	ta dlhe (this rain)	ta baalh (this milk)
Distal-demonstrative	ut (that)		ut selk (that salmon)	ut dlhe (that rain)	ut baalh (that milk)
Partitive	ma (some)		ma selk (some salmon)	ma dlhe (some rain)	ma baalh (some milk)
Partitive-Collective	khaw (most)		khaw selk (most salmon)	khaw dlhe (most rain)	khaw baalh (most milk)
Non-Partitive	yoklha (no*)		yoklha selk (no salmon)	yoklha dlhe (no rain)	yoklha baalh (no milk)

Verbs

Mood	general past			unwitnessed past			present		future
	IMPF	PF	INCH	IMPF	PF*	INCH	IMPF	INCH	IMPF	PF	INCH
Indicative	-ad	-adas	-adam	-ada'	-ada'as	-ada'am		-am	tlhi'-	tlhi'- -as	tlhi'- -am
Imperative							-ay	-ami

Person and Direction

Person & Number			Subjective	Objective
Singular	1st		-ag	-achi
	2nd		-alh	-wa
	3d			-ar
Plural	1st	Inclusive	-yag	-yachi
		Exclusive	-ya'ag	-ya'achi
	2nd		-yalh	-awsk
	3d		-ya	-ar'sk

"be"

Person & Number			general past (was)	unwitnessed past (was)	present (be)	future (will be)
Singular	1st		chid		seg	tlhiseg
	2nd		lhid	lhidi'	selh	tlhiselh
	3d		ed	edi'	se	tlhise
Plural	1st	Inclusive	yichid		seyig	tlhiyig
		Exclusive	yichi'id		seyi'ig	tlhiyi'ig
	2nd		yilhid	yilhidi'	seyilh	tlhiseyilh
	3d		yid	yidi'	seyi	tlhiseyi

Questions

affix -ap-

ya inulug maskesk - "to feed(i) the dogs"

→

ya inulug maskeskip - "do i feed the dogs?"

ya inulugup maskesk - "do i feed the dogs?"

shelhir'sk - "you took them"

→

shelhipir'sk - "did you take them"

shelhir'skip - "did you take them"

Derivation

Affix	Used to create:	Example(s)
-akh	agents from verbs/nouns	tlh'e (fish) → tlh'ekh (fisherman)
-awts'a	collective nouns	dansi'siw (ship) → dansi'siwts'i (navy)
-atsa	nouns from verbs	sa'a (to grow) → sa'atsa (plant)
-al	verbs from nouns	k'aa (language) → k'aal (to speak)
-'aw	adjectives/adverbs from nouns/verbs	twa (water) → twa'aw (watery)
-awyan	adjectives indicating the lack of something	khaylha (home) → khaylhawyan (homeless)
-akya	nouns from adjectives	tlh'een (barren) → tlh'eenkyi (desert)
-acha	diminutives of nouns	mawtsa (cat) → mawtsacha (kitty)
-saw	augmentatives of nouns	dansi' (boat) → dansi'siw (ship)
-alsha	locations (places related to the stem)	rekhitsi (trade) → rekhitsilshi (shop, market)
-atlh'n	inhabitants (of places)	Moshkalatlh'n (resident of Moshkal)
-achan	decendents (of people, or nouns/adjectives)	shem (bear) → shemchin (of the bear)
-adwat	decendents (child of)	Damesdwit (child of Dames)
-k'aa	languages/dialects	Khaskalhk'aa (Maskey language, "people's language")