User:Native Qazh/Sandbox6

Phonolohy

Consonants

		Labial	Alveolar	Palatal		Velar
Plosive/ Affricate	plain	p	t	t͡ɕ		k
	palatal	pʲ	tʲ			kʲ
Fricative			s	ɕ		x
Nasal		m	n	nʲ
Approximant		ʋ	l	lʲ	j
Rhotic			ɾ

Vowels

Tamir Tyulov
(1961)

	Front	Central	back
Close	i	ɪ̈, ʊ	u
Mid	ʲe	ɤ̈	o
Open		a

Λubomєr Џretyȝa
(1947)

	Front	back
Close	i	u, ŭ
Mid	ʲɛ, ĕ	ɔ
Open	a, ă

^1 palatalized when it's the first sound of a word, or it comes after a vowel or consonants with palatal equivalents.

	Vowels	Harmony
		type 1	type 2
Front	i, ʲe, ɪ̈	ɪ̈	i
Back	a, ɤ̈,	ɤ̈	a
Round	o, u, ʊ	ʊ	u

A - type1 vowel harmony
А² - type 2 vowel harmony, which is used in some affixes like the clitic genitive pronouns and when creating new verbs via affixes.

Writing system

А а	Ӑ ӑ	Б б	В в	Г г	Д д	Е е	Ӗ ӗ
Ж ж	З з	И и	Й й	К к	Л л	М м	Н н
О о	П п	Р р	С с	Ҫ ҫ	Т т	У у	Ў ў
Ф ф	Х х	Ц ц	Ч ч	Ш ш	Ь ь	Ю ю	Я я

А а	Ă ă	B b	C c	Ć ć	D d	E e	Ĕ ĕ
F f	G g	H h	I i	J j	K k	L l	M m
N n	O o	P p	Q q	R r	S s	Ś ś	T t
U u	Ŭ ŭ	V v	W w	X x	Y y	Z z

Order	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25	26	27	28	29	30	31	32
Cyrillic upper case	А	Ӑ	Б	В	Г	Д	Е	Ӗ	Ж	З	И	Й	К	Л	М	Н	О	П	Р	С	Ҫ	Т	У	Ў	Ф	Х	Ц	Ч	Ш	Ь	Ю	Я
Cyrillic lower case	а	ӑ	б	в	г	д	е	ӗ	ж	з	и	й	к	л	м	н	о	п	р	с	ҫ	т	у	ў	ф	х	ц	ч	ш	ь	ю	я
Latin upper case	A	Ă	B	V	G	D	E	Ĕ	Ž	Z	I	Y	K	L	M	N	O	P	R	S	Ś	T	U	Ŭ	F	H	C	Ć	Š	Y	Yu	Ya
Latin lower case	a	ă	b	v	g	d	e	ĕ	ž	z	i	y	k	l	m	n	o	p	r	s	ś	t	u	ŭ	f	h	c	ć	š	y	yu	ya
IPA sound	a	ɤ̈	b	ʋ	ɡ	d	ʲe	ɪ̈	ʑ	z	i	j	k	l	m	n	o	p	ɾ	s	ɕ	t	u	ʊ	ʋ̥	x	ts	t͡ɕ	ɕ	◌ʲ	ju	ja

Affixes don't effect the spelling of the stem.

Palatals

	When C-				When -C-	When -C
	ӑ, ӗ, о, и	-а	-у	-е
/pʲ/	пь / py	пя / pya	пю / pyu	пе / pe	пп / pp	пь / py
/tʲ/	ть / ty	тя / tya	тю / tyu	те / te	тт / tt	ть / ty
/kʲ/	кь / ky	кя / kya	кю / kyu	ке / ke	кк / kk	кь / ky
/nʲ/	нь / ny	ня / nya	ню / nyu	не / ne	нн / nn	нь / ny
/lʲ/	ль / ly	ля / lya	лю / lyu	ле / le	лл / ll	ль / ly

When the consonant is in the -C- possition, it gets pronounced longer, which is why it was chosed to be spelled as geminated rather than with -ь or -ю/я/е.
Affixes don't effect the spelling.

Gramar

Syntax

 SOV
 noun like adjectives
 possessee - possessor
 adjective - noun
 postpossitions

Pronouns

Number and Person		Nominative	Dative / Genetive			Accusative		Locative	Ablative	Allative	Instrumental	Abessive
			stressed	clitic dative	clitic genitive	stressed	clitic
Singular	First	Пӗ	Пӗн	-'мА2	-(й)А2м	Пӗй	-'мА	Пӗтӗ	Пӗр	Пӗть	Пӗҫӗн	Пӗҫӗр
	Second	Сӗ	Сӗн	-'сА2	-(й)А2н	Сӗй	-'сА	Сӗтӗ	Сӗр	Сӗть	Сӗҫӗн	Сӗҫӗр
Plural	First	Пӗме	Пӗмен	-'мА2м	-(й)А2мА2	Пӗмей	-'мАм	Пӗметӗ	Пӗмер	Пӗметь	Пӗмеҫӗн	Пӗмеҫӗр
	Second	Сӗме	Сӗмен	-'сА2м	-(й)А2нА2	Сӗмей	-'сАм	Сӗметӗ	Сӗмер	Сӗметь	Сӗмеҫӗн	Сӗмеҫӗр
Third		Во	Вон	-'вА2	-(й)А2	Вой	-'вА	Вотў	Вор	Воть	Воҫўн	Воҫўр
Self		Хӑн	Хӑнӑн	-'хА2	-'(й)А2х	Хӑнӑ	-'хА	Хӑнтӑ	Хӑнӑр	Хӑнӑть	Хӑнҫӑн	Хӑнҫӑр

^2 There's no singlular or plural distinction of the third person pronouns besides contextual.

Nouns

Number & Definitiness

Grammatical number is implied by the speaker, in the context of singular usually the indefinite article is used, while the definite is also used in the plural context too.

Article		Example
Indefinite Singular	ӗ/ӗн	ӗ сўр	ӗн етӗ
Definite / Plural	-∅	сўр	ет
Partitive	тес	тес сўр	тес етӗ
Negative Indefinite Singular	рӗ/рӗн	рӗ сўр	рӗн етӗ
Negative Partitive	рӗтес	рӗтес сўр	рӗтес етӗ

сўр - house
етӗ - dog

Case

Case	Affix	Example
Nominative	-(А)	аўa	ҫив	тур
Dative/Genetive	-(А)н	аўaн	ҫивӗн	турўн
Definite Accusative	-А/й	аўaй	ҫивӗ	турў
Locative	-тА	аўaтӑ	ҫивтӗ	туртў
Ablative	-(А)р	аўaр	ҫивӗр	турўр
Allative	-(А)ть	аўaть	ҫивӗть	турўть
Instrumental	-ҫАн	аўaҫӑн	ҫивҫӗн	турҫўн
Abessive	-ҫАр	аўaҫӑр	ҫивҫӗр	турҫўр
Vocative	-/о, -e	аўо	ҫиве	туре

A - vowel harmony.
аўa - air
ҫив - water
тур - earth

Adjectives & Adverbs

Comparison forms of Adjectives and Adverbs:

• Positive - Bassic form of the word: big - кай
• Negative - Negation of the word: unbig* - ре-кай
• Comparitive - Form for comparison relative to something: bigger - то-кай
• Superlative - Form showing absolute relative to a group: biggest - не-кай

Verbs

Person & Direction

a

Tense, Aspect, Mood

Tense		Mood
		Indicative	Imperative	Conditional	Presumptive	Permissive
Present		-∅	-и/й	-пАт	-кАм	-(А)сҫА
Past		-(А)ть				-(А)сҫАть
Past-participle	Active	-(А)ль		-пАтАль	-кАмАль	-(А)сҫАль
	Passive	-(А)нь		-пАтАнь	-кАмАнь
Future		-(А)х		-пАт	-кАм	-(А)сҫАх
Past Future		-(А)хАть				-(А)сҫАхАть

^3 Only appears in second person, where the second person marker dosen't appear.

Copula

Number & Person			past- participle (been)	Past (was)	Present (am)	Future (will be)	Past Future (was going to be)	Aorist (would)	Imperative (be!)
Singular	First		тел тем	тетьӗм	тем	тевхӗм	тевхӗтьӗм	текӗм
	Second		тел теҫ	тетьӗҫ	теҫ	тевхӗҫ	тевхӗтьӗҫ	текӗҫ	тей
	Third		тел те	теть	те	тевӗх	тевхӗть	тек
Plural	First		тел темчӗ	тетьӗмчӗ	темчӗ	тевхӗмчӗ	тевхӗтьӗмчӗ	текӗмчӗ
	Second		тел теҫчӗ	тетьӗҫчӗ	теҫчӗ	тевхӗҫчӗ	тевхӗтьӗҫчӗ	текӗҫчӗ	тейч
	Third		тел теч	тетьӗч	теч	тевхӗч	тевхӗтьӗч	текӗч

Black - stem; Red - person/number; Blue - tense/aspect/mood; Green - copula.

Evidentiality

	Affix	Example	Overliteral translation
Indicative	(perfective)	Етӗп инаҫе пулӑкӑ	"I know from my own observation that the dog ate the fish."
Inferential	-(А)вхА		"The dog must have eaten the fish."
Renarrative	-		"I've been told that the dog ate the fish."
Dubitative	-		"I've been told that the dog ate the fish, but I doubt it."

^4 The speaker did not witness it, but inferred it, for example, from the fact that the fish was missing and there was a pile of fish bones by the kennel.

Verb-forming

Form	Suffix	Verb	English Translation
Positive	-∅	килӗм	"I come", "I'm coming"
Negative	-рА	килрӗм	"I do not come", "I'm not coming"
Perfective	и(н)-	икилӗм	"I come", "I'm coming"*
Necessitative	-мАҫ	килмӗҫӗм	"I must come"
Potential	-(й)Ай	килӗйм	"I can come"
Impotential	-(й)АйрА	килӗйрӗм	"I cannot come"
Conditional	-сА	килсӗм	"if only I came"
Cusative	-(й)А2т	килитӗм	"I bring", Ï'm bringing"

Numerals

Cardinal numbers

№	Word
0	нўл
1	пӗр
2	икке
3	виҫ
4	тавӑт
5	пиҫĕк
6	ўлта
7	ҫапте
8	сакӑр
9	тахӑр
10	вӗн
11	пӗр вӗнтӗ
12	иккӗ вӗнтӗ
13	виҫӗ вӗнтӗ
14	тавӑт вӗнтӗ
15	пиҫĕк вӗнтӗ
16	ўлта вӗнтӗ
17	ҫапте вӗнтӗ
18	сакӑр вӗнтӗ
19	тахӑр вӗнтӗ
20	иккӗвӗн
21	пӗр иккӗвӗнтӗ
22	иккӗ иккӗвӗнтӗ
23	виҫӗ иккӗвӗнтӗ
24	тавӑт иккӗвӗнтӗ
25	пиҫĕк иккӗвӗнтӗ
30	виҫӗвӗн
40	тавӑтвӗн
50	пиҫĕквӗн
60	ўлтавӗн
70	ҫаптевӗн
80	сакӑрвӗн
90	тахӑрвӗн
100	ҫĕр
101	пӗр ҫĕртӗ / ҫĕр я пӗр
110	вӗн ҫĕртӗ / ҫĕр я вӗн
111	ҫĕр я пӗр вӗнтӗ
200	иккӗҫĕр
500	пиҫĕкҫĕр
1 000	пӗнь
1 999	пӗнь тахӑрҫĕр тахӑрвӗн я тахӑр
2 000	иккӗпӗнь
5 000	пиҫĕкпӗнь
10 000	равӑ
1 000 000	ҫĕрравӑ (100 x 1 000) / мильон

Derevation

Language Examples

Derivation affixes:

Affix	Used to create:	Example
-(А2)р	Agents of Verbs	ура (tp step) → урар (foot)
-лАў	Collective nouns	киме (boat) → кимелӗў (port, harbor)
-(A)ч	Nouns from Adjectives/Adverbs/Verbs	хӗрлӗ (red) → хӗрлӗч (red color)
-(А)л	Verbs from Adjectives/Adverbs/Nouns	венне (fast) → веннекь (to go fast)
-ь/и/й	Adjectives	кўн (sun) → кўнь (sunny)
-йА2р	Adjectives indicating lack of something	сўр (house, home) → сўрюр (homeless)
-(A)ҫлA	Adverbs	алте (happy) → алтеҫлӗ (happily)
-(А)нчА	Diminutive	етӗ (dog) → етӗнчӗ (doggie, puppy)
-кА	Augmentatives	киме (boat) → кимекӗ (ship)
-ҫтА2	Places, locations	пӗрӗх (unity) → пӗрӗхҫти (union)
-тАвА	Decendents (son of)	Ҫечер (shepherd) → Ҫечертӗвӗ (son of a shepherd)