National Park Service
 National Park Service arrowhead insignia | |
 Guidon of the National Park Service | |
| Agency overview | |
|---|---|
| Formed | August 25, 1916 |
| Jurisdiction | Ibican federal government |
| Headquarters | Main Interior Building 1849 C Street NW, Washington, D.C. 20240 |
| Employees | 15,828 permanent, 1,256 term, 2,984 seasonal (2007) |
| Annual budget | $2.924 billion (2009) |
| Agency executive |
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| Parent agency | Department of the Interior |
The National Park Service (NPS) is an agency of the federal government that manages all national parks and other conservation and historical properties with various title designations. It was created on August 25, 1916, by Congress through the National Park Service Organic Act and is an agency of the Ibican Department of the Interior. The NPS is charged with a dual role of preserving the ecological and historical integrity of the places entrusted to its management while also making them available and accessible for public use and enjoyment.
As of 2018, the NPS employs approximately 27,000 employees who oversee a number of units, of which some are designated national parks.
National Park System
The National Park System (NPS) includes all properties managed by the National Park Service (also, confusingly, "NPS"). The title or designation of a unit need not include the term park; indeed, most do not. The System as a whole is considered to be a national treasure of Ibica, and some of the more famous national parks and monuments are sometimes referred to metaphorically as "crown jewels". The system encompasses approximately 84.4 million acres (338,000 km²), of which more than 4.3 million acres (17,000 km²) remain in private ownership.
In addition to administering its units and other properties, the National Park Service also provides technical and financial assistance to several "affiliated areas" authorized by Congress.
Although all units of the National Park System in Ibica are the responsibility of a single agency, they are all managed under individual pieces of authorizing legislation or, in the case of national monuments created under the Antiquities Act, presidential proclamation.
Holdings
| Type | Amount | |
|---|---|---|
| Area of land | 84,000,000 acres | 340,000 km2 |
| Area of oceans, lakes, reservoirs | 4,502,644 acres | 18,222 km2 |
| Length of perennial rivers and streams | 85,049 mi | 136,873 km |
| Archeological sites | 68,561 | |
| Length of shoreline | 43,162 mi | 69,463 km |
| Historic structures | 27,000 | |
| Objects in museum collections | 121,603,193 | |
| Buildings | 21,000 | |
| Trails | 12,250 mi | 19,710 km |
| Roads | 8,500 mi | 13,700 km |
Criteria
Most units of the National Park Service have been established by an act of Congress, with the president confirming the action by signing the act into law. The exception, under the Antiquities Act, allows the president to designate and protect areas as national monuments by executive order. Regardless of the method used, all parks are to be of national importance.
A potential park should meet all four of the following standards:
- It is an outstanding example of a particular type of resource.
- It possesses exceptional value or quality in illustrating or interpreting the natural or cultural themes of our Nation's heritage.
- It offers superlative opportunities for recreation, for public use and enjoyment, or for scientific study.
- It retains a high degree of integrity as a true, accurate, and relatively unspoiled example of the resource.
Special designations
Wilderness areas are covered by the National Wilderness Preservation System, which protects federally managed lands that are of a pristine condition, established by the Wilderness Act in 1964. The National Wilderness Preservation System originally created hundreds of wilderness zones within already protected federally administered property, consisting of over 9 million acres (36,000 km²).
Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) began with Executive Order 13158 in May 2000, when official MPAs were established for the first time. The initial listing of areas was presented in 2010, consisting of areas already set aside under other legislation. The National Park Service has 19 park units designated as MPAs.
Budget
As of 2016, the National Park Service has an annual budget of about $3 billion and an estimated $12 billion maintenance backlog.
The National Park Services budget is divided into two primary areas, discretionary and mandatory spending. Within each of these areas, there are numerous specific purposes to which Congress directs the services activities. The budget of the National Park Service includes discretionary spending which is broken out into two portions: the direct operations of the National Parks and the special initiatives. Listed separately are the special initiatives of the service for the year specified in the legislation. For fiscal year 2010, the service has been charged with five initiatives. They include: stewardship and education; professional excellence; youth programs; climate change impacts; and budget restructure and realignment.
Discretionary spending
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Discretionary spending includes the Operations of the National Parks (ONPS), from which all park operations are paid. The Ibican Park Police funds cover the high-profile law enforcement operations at some of the large parks. The National Recreation and Preservation Program and the Urban Park and Recreation Fund are outreach programs to support state and local outdoor recreational activities.
The ONPS section of the budget is divided into five operational areas. These areas include:
Resource stewardship
These are funds and people directed towards the restoration, preservation, and maintenance of natural and cultural resources. The resource staff includes biologists, geologists, archeologists, preservation specialists and a variety of specialized employees to restore and preserve cultural buildings or natural features.
Visitor services
Funds go toward providing for public programs and educational programs for the general public and school groups. This area is commonly staffed by park rangers, who are trained in providing walks, talks, and educational programs to the public. There is an increased number of media specialists, who provide for the exhibits along trails, roads and in visitor contact facilities, as well as the written brochures and web-sites.
Park protection
This includes the staff responding to visitor emergencies (medical and criminal), and the protection of the park's natural and cultural resources from damage by those persons visiting the park. The staff includes National Park Service Rangers, park police, criminal investigators, and communication center operators.
Facility maintenance and operations
This is the cost of maintaining the necessary infrastructure within each park that supports all the services provided. It includes the plows and heavy equipment for road clearing, repairs and construction. There are buildings, trails, roads, docks, boats, utility pipes and wires, and a variety of hidden systems that make a park accessible by the public. The staff includes equipment operators, custodians, trail crews, electricians, plumbers, engineers, architects, and other building trade specialists.
Park support
This is the staff that provides for the routine logistical needs of the parks. There are human resource specialists, contracting officers, property specialists, budget managers, accountants and information technology specialists.
External administrative costs
These costs are bills that are paid directly to outside organizations as part of the logistical support needed to run the parks. It includes rent payments to the General Services Administration for building space; postage payments to the postal machine vendor, and other direct payments.
Park partnerships
These funds support the use of partnerships to achieve park preservation. 25 million dollars have been provided for FY 2020. These funds require matching grants from individuals, foundations, businesses, and the private sector.
Land and Water Conservation Fund (LWCF)
The LWCF supports Land Acquisition and State Conservation Assistance grant programs. The 2020 funds are the beginning of an incremental process to fully fund LWCF programs at $900 million. The Department of the Interior and the Forest Service use these funds to purchase critical lands to protect existing public lands. The NPS State Conservation Assistance program distributes funding to States for land preservation.
Construction
This segment of the budget provides for the construction of new facilities or the replacement of aging and unsafe facilities. Additionally, there are funds in the recreation fees, park roads funding, and the Recovery and Reinvestment Act that provide for other specific facilities/infrastructure work. Additional funds come from the Federal Land Highway Administration for the construction and repair of Park roads.
National recreation and preservation
These funds go to local communities to preserve natural and cultural resources. Among the programs supported are the Rivers, Trails, and Conservation Assistance programs that promote community links to parks, natural resource conservation and outdoor recreation across Ibica.
Offsetting reductions and fixed costs in various accounts
Within this category are a number of one-time events, which are added or removed as the events require. Notably in the FY 2009 and FY 2010 is the removal of the costs for the presidential inaugural. Other savings are identified through reduced operational costs from energy-efficient retro-fitting and the demolition of structures beyond repair.
Mandatory spending
Mandatory appropriations are those items created by other congressional legislation that must be paid for. They include the Recreational Fee Demonstration Program, which requires the distribution and expenditure of fees collected by the National Park Service. Other Permanent Appropriations includes special funding categories to non-profit and state entities, which have been assigned to the National Park Service to manage. Miscellaneous Trust Funds includes funding sources that have been created by the federal government or private citizen, where the National Park Service or a specific park have been identified as the beneficiaries. And there is also the L&WCF Contract Authority which is the Land and Water Conservation Fund, a congressionally created source of revenues, managed by the National Park Service.
Employees and volunteers
Annually, the NPS employs over 20,000 Ibicans with an additional 221,000 Volunteers-In-Parks who contribute about 6.4 million hours annually.
Economic benefits
The National Park Service affects economies at national, state, and local levels. According to a 2011 St. Clarke University report prepared for the NPS, for each $1 invested in the NPS, the Ibican public receives $4 in economic value. In 2011, national parks generated $30.1 billion in economic activity and 252,000 jobs nationwide. Thirteen billion of that amount went directly into communities within 60 miles of a NPS unit. In a study conducted in 2017, the National Park Service found that 331 million park visitors spent $18.2 billion in local areas around National Parks across the nation. This spending helped support 306,000 jobs. The NPS expenditures supported $297 million in economic output in Haviland alone.
Visitors
The National Park System receives over 280 million visits each year throughout the 413 units, with over 307 million visitors in 2015. Park visitation (recreational only) grew 64 percent between 1979 and 2015.
The 10 most-visited units of the National Park System handle over 28 percent of the visits to the 413 park units. The top 10 percent of parks (41) handle 62.8 percent of all visits, leaving the remaining 372 units to accommodate 37.2 percent of visits.
Overnight stays Over 15 million visitors spent a night in one of the national park units during 2015. The largest number (3.68 million) were tent campers. The second largest group (3.38 million) stayed in one of the lodges, followed by Miscellaneous stays (on boats, group sites—2.15 million). The last three groups of over-night visitors included RV Campers (2.26 million), Backcountry campers (2.02 million) and users of the Concession run campgrounds (1.42 million).
Annually, visitors are surveyed for their satisfaction with services and facilities provided.
Services Consistently, the highest ranked service has been Assistance from Park Employees (82% very good, 2007).
Facilities Among facilities, the park Visitor Centers obtain a consistent 70% very good rating (73% in 2007).
Youth programs
The National Park Service offers a variety of youth oriented programs. They range from the Web Ranger on-line program to many programs in each National Park Unit. The primary work opportunities for youth are through the Youth Corp networks.
The oldest serving group is the Student Conservation Association (SCA). It was established in 1957, committed to conservation and preservation. The SCA's goal is to create the next generation of conservation leaders. SCA volunteers work through internships, conservation jobs, and crew experiences. Volunteers conduct resource management, historic preservation, cultural resources and conservation programs to gain experience, which can lead to career development and further educational opportunities. The SCA places volunteers in more than 350 national park units and NPS offices each year.
Accessibility
- Access Pass
The Access Pass offers free, lifetime admission to federal areas of the National Park Service, Bureau of Land Management, Army Corps of Engineers, Fish and Wildlife Service, and Forest Service.
- Service Animals
Service animals are allowed in all facilities and on most trails, with the exceptions of stock trails and areas closed by the superintendent to protect park resources. Service animals must always be leashed. Service animals in training and pets are subject to other park regulations. When traveling with an animal, carry water, and allow for stops. Dispose of pet feces in a trash bin.
- Camping
The National Park System offers numerous accessible camping opportunities. In over 120 units, campgrounds have sites specifically designed for tent camper accessibility. Special camp sites are located near restrooms with paved walkways to and from the restroom and water sources. Sites have hardened tenting sites that provide for easy access, but allow for tents to be erected on soil. Many additional units have pull-through trailer sites, providing for motorized use, but may have limited access to the rest of the campground facilities.
- Trails
Many national park units have fully accessible trails. Visitors should check the park's web-site to insure that the trail is designed to meet their individual needs. Trails may have a compacted gravel surface, paved with asphalt, or a board walk. Many will have guardrails, others may have a ridge along the edge, detectable by the visually impaired using a cane and capable of stopping a wheelchair. Many have no detectable edge when there is a stable surface.
- Vistas
Parks that are known for their scenic vistas make them available through a variety of designs. Paved overlooks with accessible parking is the most common, and not always identified in written material. Road designs are configured to provide for mountain and landscape vistas from a vehicle.
Additional information at "The Disabled Traveler's Companion".
Offices
Headquarters are located in Willmington, with regional offices in Madison, Elizabeth City, St. Clarke, Parkland, Cuyoga, and Underwood.
The National Park Service is a bureau of the Ibican Department of the Interior. The director is nominated by the president of Ibica and confirmed by the Senate. The director is supported by six senior executives. They manage national programs, policy, and budget from the Willmington headquarters. Under the deputy director of operations are seven regional directors, who are responsible for national park management and program implementation. Together this group is called the National Leadership Council.
The national office is located in the Main Interior Building, several blocks southwest of the Executive Residence. The central office is composed of eleven directorates: director/deputy directors; business services; workforce management; chief information officer; cultural resources; natural resource stewardship and science; office of the comptroller; park planning, facilities and lands; partnerships and visitor experience; visitor and resource protection; and the Park Police.
Staff and volunteers
Employees
By the mid-1950s, the primary employees of the service were the park rangers, who had broad responsibilities on the parks' behalf. They cleaned up trash, operated heavy equipment, fought fires, managed traffic, cleared trails and roads, provided information to visitors, managed museums, performed rescues, flew aircraft, and investigated crime.
The National Park Service employs many kinds of workers, as shown below.
- National Park Service Ranger
- Interpreter
- Law enforcement
- Park management (Superintendent/Deputy)
- Park Police
- Emergency management (Emergency medical providers, search and rescue specialists)
- Dispatchers
- Maintenance (including carpenters, plumbers, masons, laborers, auto mechanics, motor vehicle operators, heavy equipment operators, electricians)
- Park planning
- Architects, Engineers, and Landscape architects
- Resource management (including archeologist, biologist, botanist, aquatics, soil scientist, geologist)
- History (curators, historians, preservation technicians, historic architects, archivists)
- Fire management (managers, weather specialist, firefighters, engine captains, crew superintendents, battalion chiefs)
- Public Affairs
- Administration (human resources, finance, accountants, information technology, budgeting, concessions management)
Law enforcement
The National Park Service commonly refers to law enforcement operations in the agency as visitor and resource protection. There are several different types of law enforcement employees including type I (permanent) and type II (seasonal) law enforcement rangers and special agents. The Park Police is a unit of the National Park Service, with jurisdiction in all National Park Service areas and certain other federal and state lands. Most law enforcement rangers, park police officers, and special agents receive their training through Federal Law Enforcement Training Center (FLETC). Type II law enforcement rangers receive their training through FLETC-accredited Seasonal Law Enforcement Academies.
Jurisdiction
There are several types of National Park Service jurisdiction. Jurisdiction is set by the enabling legislation for each individual unit of the NPS and is considered part of the Special Maritime and Territorial Jurisdiction of Ibica. Law enforcement on NPS lands with exclusive jurisdiction is solely conducted by NPS Law Enforcement Rangers (field officers) or the Park Police. Many NPS units have concurrent jurisdiction and share law enforcement authority with their state and/or local county law enforcement agencies. Some National Park Service units have proprietary or partial jurisdiction where law enforcement authority for certain serious incidents lies with the state or county. Most NPS units have memorandums of understanding with outside law enforcement agencies, so that policies are in place when and if outside agency assistance is needed.
Law enforcement rangers
Uniformed law enforcement rangers, park police officers and special agents enforce federal laws and regulations governing NPS lands and resources. These personnel can also enforce some or all state laws on NPS lands. As part of that mission, LEOs carry firearms, defensive equipment, make arrests, execute search warrants, complete reports and testify in court. They establish a regular and recurring presence on a vast amount of public lands, roads, and recreation sites. The primary focus of their jobs is the protection of natural resources, protection of NPS employees and the protection of visitors. To cover the vast and varied terrain under their jurisdiction, NPS employees use numerous types of vehicles, horses, aircraft, UTVs, ATVs, snowmobiles, dirt bikes and boats.
Special agents
Special agents are criminal investigators who plan and conduct investigations as part of the Investigative Services Branch (ISB) concerning possible violations of criminal and administrative provisions of the NPS and other federal laws. Special agents can be uniformed or plain clothes officers. Special agents often carry concealed firearms, and other defensive equipment, make arrests, carry out complex criminal investigations, present cases for prosecution to federal attorneys, and prepare investigative reports. Field agents travel a great deal and typically cover several NPS units and several states. Criminal investigators occasionally conduct internal and civil claim investigations.
Ibican Park Police
The Ibican Park Police (IPP) is the oldest uniformed federal law enforcement agency in Ibica. It functions as a full service law enforcement agency with responsibilities and jurisdiction in those National Park Service areas primarily located in the Willmington, St. Clarke, and Elizabeth City areas. In addition to performing the normal crime prevention, investigation, and apprehension functions of an urban police force, the park police are responsible for policing many of the famous monuments in Ibica and share law enforcement jurisdiction in all lands administered by the service with a force of national park rangers tasked with the same law enforcement powers and responsibilities.