Manjugurun
Republic of Manchuria Манҗу Гуңхего ᠮᠠᠨᠵᡠᡤᡠᠨᡥᡝᡬᠣ 满洲共和国 Маньчжурская Республика 만주 공화국 満州共和国 Манжуурын Бүгд Найрамдах Улс | |
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 Flag
 Emblem
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Anthem:
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 location of Manchuria in green | |
| Capital | Changchun[a] Lua error in Module:Coordinates at line 492: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value). |
| Largest city | Mukden |
| Official languages | Manchu (official and national), Mandarin, Russian, Korean, Japanese, Mongolian |
| Official scripts | Manchu Cyrillic Manchu script |
| Ethnic groups (2010) | |
| Demonym(s) | |
| Government | Unitary semi-presidential republic |
| Samuel Wanggiya | |
| Sumuru Angguri | |
| Legislature | National Assembly |
| Formation | |
| formed 1115 | |
| formed 1636 | |
| 1932 | |
• Manchurian People's Republic established | February 1, 1946 |
• Sorghum Revolution | October 3, 1990 |
| February 1, 1991 | |
| Area | |
• Total | 1,260,000 km2 (490,000 sq mi) (18th) |
• Water (%) | 5.4 |
| Population | |
• 2016 estimate | 3,081,677 (134th) |
• Density | 1.97/km2 (5.1/sq mi) (238th) |
| GDP (PPP) | 2015 estimate |
• Total | $36.6 billion |
• Per capita | $11,024 |
| GDP (nominal) | 2015 estimate |
• Total | $12.5 billion |
• Per capita | $4,353 |
| Gini (2011) | 36.5 medium |
| HDI (2014) |  0.727high (90th) |
| Currency | Yuwan (MNY) |
| Time zone | UTC+9 |
| Date format | yyyy.mm.dd (CE) |
| Driving side | right |
| Calling code | +976 |
| ISO 3166 code | MN |
| Internet TLD | .mj, .ман |
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Manchuria /mæŋˈtʃuːriə/ (
listen) (Manju Gurun in Manchu; Манҗу Гуңхего in Manchu Cyrillic) is a sovereign state in East Asia. It borders Russia to the north, Mongolia to the west, China to the southwest, and Korea in the southeast. Its capital is Changchun, and its former capital Mukden is the largest city. Its population of 121,204,300 is one of the largest on earth.
While Manchuria was dominated by Korean and Chinese dynasties, they were mostly dominated by Tungusic peoples such as the Jurchens. The region was the center of the Jin Dynasty from 1125 to 1234, when it was conquered by the Mongol Empire and its Yuan Dynasty. Southern Manchuria fell under Ming rule, but the northern parts remained outside Chinese control. The Jianzhou Jurchen chieftain Nurhaci later took over the Jurchen tribes in the 1600s, culminating in the Qing Dynasty founded by Hong Taiji in 1636, and later conquering China by 1644. Intrigues by Russia led to the loss of Outer Manchuria by 1860, with Manchuria coming under Russian influence by the late 19th century. The southern part was also later influenced by Japan by the early 1900s. By 1911, the Qing Dynasty fell and Manchuria went to a sway of Chinese warlords such as Zhang Xueliang. Japan's influence increased by 1932, later establishing Manchukuo as a satellite state, with the last emperor of Qing and China, Pu Yi being installed as a puppet leader. Popular resistance against Japanese rule intensified, and by the end of World War II, a pro-Communist parallel government took over most parts of Manchuria, co-operating with coup-plotters in Xinjing and the Soviet and Mongolian invaders. A plebiscite held in October 1945 confirmed the independence of the new People's Republic of Manchuria.
An intensive Desinicization program was enacted, imposing the Manchu language on the majority Chinese population with limited success, and the country provided support during the Korean War through the joint Chinese-Manchurian People's Volunteer Army. During the 1960s, disagreements with Mao Zedong and Zhao Shangzhi over the latter's refusal to join the People's Republic were cited as a reason for the Sino-Soviet Split. In response for Chinese nuclear tests, Manchuria developed its own nuclear weapons, which it maintains to this day. After the fall of communism in 1991, Manchuria reformed its economy from a socialist economy to a mixed-market economy.
Although having the 15th largest economy in the world, Manchuria suffers from economic problems and income inequality, as well as widespread corruption in the government. The government is only successful in privatizing smaller businesses, with the larger businesses remaining state-owned or owned by former government officials. It maintains amicable relations with most of its neighboring countries, and is a member of the United Nations, the G-25, the World Trade Organization, the Shanghai Co-Operation Organization, the World Bank, the Asian International Investment Bank, and the Asian Development Bank.