User:Native Qazh/Sandbox4
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| - | |
|---|---|
| - | |
| Khanalhk'aa | |
| Pronunciation | /xa.naɮ̊.k’aː/ |
| Native to |  Mokhavia |
| Ethnicity | - people |
| Official status | |
Official language in | Mokhavia |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-1 | - |
| ISO 639-2 | - |
| ISO 639-3 | - |
Phonology
| Labial | Alveolar | Post-Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| plain | sibilant | lateral | |||||||
| Plosive / Affricate |
plain | b̥ ⟨b⟩ | d̥ ⟨d⟩ | d̥z̥ ⟨dz⟩ | d̥ɮ̊ ⟨dlh⟩ | d̥z̝̊~d̥ʒ̊ ⟨j⟩ | g̊ ⟨g⟩ | ʔ ⟨ʼ⟩ | |
| aspirated | pʰ ⟨p⟩ | tʰ ⟨t⟩ | tsʰ ⟨ts⟩ | tɬʰ ⟨tlh⟩ | ts̝ʰ~tʃʰ ⟨ch⟩ | kʰ ⟨k⟩ | |||
| ejective | pʼ ⟨pʼ⟩ | tʼ ⟨tʼ⟩ | tsʼ ⟨tsʼ⟩ | tɬʼ ⟨tlhʼ⟩ | ts̝ʼ~tʃʼ ⟨chʼ⟩ | kʼ ⟨kʼ⟩ | |||
| Sonorants | Fricative | s ⟨s⟩ | ɮ̊ ⟨lh⟩ | s̝~ʃ ⟨sh⟩ | x ⟨kh⟩ | ||||
| Nasal | m ⟨m⟩ | n ⟨n⟩ | |||||||
| Approximant / Tap |
ɾ ⟨r⟩ | l ⟨l⟩ | j ⟨y⟩ | w ⟨w⟩ | |||||
- /m/ and /n/ can apear as syllabic
| Front | Central | Back | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| short | long | short | long | short | long | |
| High | i ⟨i⟩ | iː ⟨ii⟩ | u ⟨u⟩ | uː ⟨uu⟩ | ||
| Mid | ɛ ⟨e⟩ | eː ⟨ee⟩ | o ⟨o⟩ | oː ⟨oo⟩ | ||
| Low | a ⟨a⟩ | aː ⟨aa⟩ | ||||
| Harmony | i | a | u | |||
- short vowels raise up when unstressed (/ɛ/→/e̝~i/;/a/→/ɐ~ə/;/o/→/o̝~u/)
- the /o/ is sound closer to /o̞/
Writing system
| Order | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 32 | 33 | 34 | 35 | 36 | 37 | 38 | 39 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Majuscule | A | B | C | D | Dz | Dlh | E | F | G | H[a] | I | J | K | K' | Kh | L | Lh | M | N | O | P | P' | Q | R | S | Sh | T | T' | Ts | Ts' | Tlh | Tlh' | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | ' |
| Minuscule | a | b | c | d | dz | dlh | e | f | g | h | i | j | k | k' | kh | l | lh | m | n | o | p | p' | q | r | s | sh | t | t' | ts | ts' | tlh | tlh' | u | v | w | x | y | z | ' |
| IPA Sound | a | b̥ | k~ts | d̥ | d̥z̥ | d̥ɮ̊ | ɛ | f | g̊ | (x)[b] | i | d̥z̝̊~d̥ʒ̊ | kʰ | kʼ | x | l | ɮ̊ | m | n | o | pʰ | pʼ | kʷ | ɾ | s | s̝~ʃ | tʰ | tʼ | tsʰ | tsʼ | tɬʰ | tɬʼ | u | w~ʋ | w | ks | j | z̥~s | ʔ |
Grammar
- Apears depending on how the stem starts/ends (vowel or consonant)
- Vowel Harmony
- Apears if the end of the stem is in a Plosive/Stop consonant
Syntax & Syllable structure
Pronouns
Possessive
Nouns
Number
| Number | Suffix | Examlple: Stem-Consonant | Examlple: Stem-Vowel |
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | -Ø | dansi' (boat) | thl'a (fish - sin) |
| Plural | -an | dansi'in (boats) | thl'an (fish - plr) |
Cases
| Case | Suffix | Examlple: Stem-Consonant/Plosive-Affricate |
Examlple: Stem-Vowel/Sonorant |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | -Ø | ewask (canoe) | dlhe (rain) |
| Genitive | -alh | ewaskalh (of a canoe) | dlhelh (of rain) |
| Dative | -u/w | ewasku (to a canoe) | dlhew (to (a) rain) |
| Accusative | -i/y | ewaski (canoe) | dlhey (rain) |
| Instrumental | -asa | ewaskasa (with a canoe) | dlhesi (with rain) |
| Comparative[a] | -adlha | ewaskadlha (as a canoe) | dlhedlhi (as rain) |
| Locative | -ata | ewaskata (at/neer/in a canoe) | dlheti (at/neer/in rain) |
| Allative | ka'- | ka'ewask (to/towards a canoe) | kadlhe(to/towards rain) |
| Ablative | ta'- | ta'ewask (from a canoe) | tadlhe (from rain) |
| Benefactial | -ara | ewaskara (for a canoe) | dlheri (for rain) |
| Vocative | -ee -/oo |
ewaskee (canoe!) | dlhoo (rain!) |
- ↑ When the Comparative case is used with the comparative affix, the meaning shifts to "than"
- Positive - Bassic form of the word: big - saw
- Negative - Negation of the word: (yo-) "unbig" - yosaw
- Comparitive - Form for comparison relative to something, used with the Comparative case: (-'alh) bigger - sawalh
- Superlative - Form showing absolute relative to a group: (-'ats') bigest - sawats'
Articles
Verbs
"be"
Lexicon
| Suffix | Used to create... | Example(s) |
|---|---|---|
| -akh | agents from verbs/nouns | tlh'e (fish) → tlh'ekh (fisherman) |
| - | collective nouns | |
| -atsa | nouns from verbs | sa'a (to grow) → sa'atsa (plant) |
| -al | verbs from nouns | k'aa (language) → k'aal (to speak) |
| - | adjectives indicating the lack of something | |
| - | adjectives from nouns/verbs | |
| - | adverbs from nouns/verbs | |
| - | diminutives of nouns | |
| - | augmentatives of nouns | |
| - | locations (places related to the stem) | |
| - | inhabitants (of places) | |
| -achan | decendents (of people, or nouns/adjectives) | makht (bear) → makhtachan (of the bear) |