User:Native Qazh/Sandbox4

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Maskey
Khaskalhk'aa
Pronunciation/xas.kaɮ̊.k’aː/
Native to Mokhavia
Ethnicity977,864 Maskies
Native speakers
962,380 (98.4%)
Official status
Official language in
 Mokhavia
Language codes
ISO 639-1MSK
ISO 639-2MSK
ISO 639-3MSK
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For a guide to IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Phonology

Labial Alveolar Post-Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
plain sibilant lateral
Plosive /
Affricate
plain ⟨b⟩ ⟨d⟩ d̥z̥ ⟨dz⟩ d̥ɮ̊ ⟨dlh⟩ d̥z̝̊~d̥ʒ̊ ⟨j⟩ ⟨g⟩ ʔ ⟨ʼ⟩
aspirated ⟨p⟩ ⟨t⟩ tsʰ ⟨ts⟩ tɬʰ ⟨tlh⟩ ts̝ʰ~tʃʰ ⟨ch⟩ ⟨k⟩
ejective ⟨pʼ⟩ ⟨tʼ⟩ tsʼ ⟨tsʼ⟩ tɬʼ ⟨tlhʼ⟩ ts̝ʼ~tʃʼ ⟨chʼ⟩ ⟨kʼ⟩
Sonorants Fricative s ⟨s⟩ ɮ̊ ⟨lh⟩ ~ʃ ⟨sh⟩ x ⟨kh⟩
Nasal m ⟨m⟩ n ⟨n⟩
Approximant /
Tap
ɾ ⟨r⟩ l ⟨l⟩ j ⟨y⟩ w ⟨w⟩
  • /m/ and /n/ can apear as syllabic
Front Central Back
short long short long short long
High i ⟨i⟩ ⟨ii⟩ u ⟨u⟩ ⟨uu⟩
Mid ɛ ⟨e⟩ ⟨ee⟩ o ⟨o⟩ ⟨oo⟩
Low a ⟨a⟩ ⟨aa⟩
Harmony i a u
  • short vowels raise up when unstressed (/ɛ/→/e̝~i/;/a/→/ɐ~ə/;/o/→/o̝~u/)
  • the /o/ is sound closer to /o̞/

Writing system

Aa
/a/
Bb
/b̥/
Cc
/k~ts/[a]
Dd
/d̥/
Dz dz
/d̥z̥/
Dlh dlh
/d̥ɮ̊/
Ee
/ɛ/
Ff
/f/
Gg
/g̊/
Hh[b]
(/x/)[c]
Ii
/i/
Jj
/d̥z̝̊~d̥ʒ̊/
Kk
/kʰ/
K' k'
/kʼ/
Kh kh
/x/
Ll
/l/
Lh lh
/ɮ̊/
Mm
/m/
Nn
/n/
Oo
/o/
Pp
/pʰ/
P' p'
/pʼ/
Qq
/kʷ/
Rr
/ɾ/
Ss
/s/
Sh sh
/s̝~ʃ/
Tt
/tʰ/
T' t'
/tʼ/
Ts ts
/tsʰ/
Ts' ts'
/tsʼ/
Tlh tlh
/tɬʰ/
Tlh' tlh'
/tɬʼ/
Uu
/u/
Vv
/w~ʋ/
Ww
/w/
Xx
/ks/
Yy
/j/
Zz
/z̥~s/
'
/ʔ~ᵊ◌/[d]
  1. /ts/ before /i/, /ɛ/ or /j/
  2. Letter used in multigraphs, and words of foreign origin
  3. In foreign words
  4. when ⟨ ' ⟩ is added between sonorants (except semivowels) and read as /ᵊ◌/ (also in some pronouns)

Grammar


  - Vowel Harmony
  - Vowel Harmony, that apears if the word ends/begins in a plosive/stop consonant
  - Apears if the word ends/begins in a vowel

Syntax & Syllable structure

Pronouns

Person & Number NOM GEN DAT ACC INS COMP INE ALL ABL PROL
Singular 1st ga galh gu gi g'sa gadlha g'ma kaga taga g'ra
2nd lhe welh lhu lhi lh'si lhedhli lh'mi kalhe talhe lh'ra
3d de delh du di d'si deglhi d'mi kade tade d'ra
Plural 1st Inclusive gask gask'lh gasku gaski gask'si gaskadlha gask'mi kagask tagask gask'ra
Exclusive ga'ask ga'ask'lh ga'asku ga'aski ga'ask'si ga'askadlha ga'ask'mi kaga'ask taga'ask ga'ask'ra
2nd lhesk wesk'lh lhesku lheski lhesk'si lheskidlhi lhesk'mi kalhesk talhesk lhesk'ri
3d desk desk'lh desku deski desk'si deskidlhi desk'mi kadesk tadesk desk'ri

Possessive

Person & Number Affix Example: Variant 1 Example: Variant 2 Example: Variant 3
bewtuk (face) inu (food) meti (comb)
Singular 1st chi'- chibewtuk (my face) ch'inu (my food) ch'meti (my comb)
2nd lhi- lhibewtuk ( face) lhinu ( food) lh'meti ( comb)
3d ti'- tibewtuk ( face) t'inu ( food) t'meti ( comb)
Plural 1st Inclusive ski'- skibewtuk (my face) sk'inu (my food) sk'meti (my comb)
Exclusive aski'- askibewtuk (my face) ask'inu (my food) ask'meti (my comb)
2nd lh'ski'- lh'skibewtuk ( face) lh'sk'inu ( food) lh'sk'meti ( comb)
3d d'ski'- d'skibewtuk ( face) d'sk'inu ( food) d'sk'meti ( comb)

Nouns

Number

Number Affix Example: Variant 1 Example: Variant 2 Example: Variant 3
Singular dansi' (boat) thl'a (fish - sin) ch'wen (animal)
Plural -ask dansi'isk (boats) thl'ask (fish - plr) ch'wen'sk (animals)

Cases

Case Affix Examlple: Variant 1 Examlple: Variant 2 Examlple: Variant 3
Nominative ewak (canoe) maske (dog) salh (bow)
Genitive -alh ewakalh (of a canoe) maskelh (of a dog) salh'lh (of a bow)
Dative -u/w ewaku (to a canoe) maskew (to a dog) salhu (to a bow)
Accusative -i/y ewaki (canoe) maskey (dog) salhi (bow)
Instrumental -asa ewakasa (with a canoe) maskesi (with a dog) salh'si (with a bow)
Comparative[a] -adlha ewakadlha (as a canoe) maskedlhi (as a dog) salhdlhi (as a bow)
Locative -ama ewakama (at/in a canoe) maskemi (at/in a dog) salhmi (at/in a bow)
Allative ka'- ka'ewak (to/towards a canoe) kamaske (to/towards a dog) kasalh (to/towards a bow)
Ablative ta'- ta'ewak (from a canoe) tamaske (from a dog) tasalh (from a bow)
Benefactial -ara ewakara (for a canoe) maskeri (for a rain) salh'ri (for a bow)
Vocative -ee
-/oo
ewakee (canoe!) maskoo (dog!) salhee (bow!)
  1. When the Comparative case is used with the comparative affix, the meaning shifts to "than"

Comparison

  • Positive - Bassic form of the word: big - saw
  • Negative - Negation of the word: (yo-) "unbig" - yosaw
  • Comparitive - Form for comparison relative to something, used with the Comparative case: (-'alh) bigger - sawalh
  • Superlative - Form showing absolute relative to a group: (-'alhka) bigest - sawalhka

Articles

Type Word Аffix Example: Variant 1 Example: Variant 2 Example: Variant 3
indefinite selk (salmon) dlhe (rain) baalh (milk)
definite -a(ta) selki (the salmon) dlheti (the rain) baalhta (the milk)
Proximal-demonstrative ta (this) ta selk (this salmon) ta dlhe (this rain) ta baalh (this milk)
Distal-demonstrative ut (that) ut selk (that salmon) ut dlhe (that rain) ut baalh (that milk)
Partitive ma (some) ma selk (some salmon) ma dlhe (some rain) ma baalh (some milk)
Partitive-Collective khaw (most) khaw selk (most salmon) khaw dlhe (most rain) khaw baalh (most milk)
Non-Partitive yoklha (no*) yoklha selk (no salmon) yoklha dlhe (no rain) yoklha baalh (no milk)

Verbs

Mood general past unwitnessed past present future
IMPF PF INCH IMPF PF* INCH IMPF INCH IMPF PF INCH
Indicative -ad -adas -adam -ada' -ada'as -ada'am -am tlhi'- tlhi'- -as tlhi'- -am
Imperative -ay -ami

Person and Direction

Person & Number Subjective Objective
Singular 1st -ag -achi
2nd -alh -wa
3d -ar
Plural 1st Inclusive -yag -yachi
Exclusive -ya'ag -ya'achi
2nd -yalh -awsk
3d -ya -ar'sk

"be"

Person & Number general past (was) unwitnessed past (was) present (be) future (will be)
Singular 1st chid seg tlhiseg
2nd lhid lhidi' selh tlhiselh
3d ed edi' se tlhise
Plural 1st Inclusive yichid seyig tlhiyig
Exclusive yichi'id seyi'ig tlhiyi'ig
2nd yilhid yilhidi' seyilh tlhiseyilh
3d yid yidi' seyi tlhiseyi

Questions

affix -ap-

ya inulug maskesk - "to feed(i) the dogs" ya inulug maskeskip - "do i feed the dogs?" ya inulugup maskesk - "do i feed the dogs?"
shelhir'sk - "you took them" shelhipir'sk - "did you take them" shelhir'skip - "did you take them"

Derivation

Affix Used to create: Example(s)
-akh agents from verbs/nouns tlh'e (fish) → tlh'ekh (fisherman)
-awts'a collective nouns dansi'siw (ship) → dansi'siwts'i (navy)
-atsa nouns from verbs sa'a (to grow) → sa'atsa (plant)
-al verbs from nouns k'aa (language) → k'aal (to speak)
-'aw adjectives/adverbs from nouns/verbs twa (water) → twa'aw (watery)
-awyan adjectives indicating the lack of something khaylha (home) → khaylhawyan (homeless)
-akya nouns from adjectives tlh'een (barren) → tlh'eenkyi (desert)
-acha diminutives of nouns mawtsa (cat) → mawtsacha (kitty)
-saw augmentatives of nouns dansi' (boat) → dansi'siw (ship)
-alsha locations (places related to the stem) rekhitsi (trade) → rekhitsilshi (shop, market)
-atlh'n inhabitants (of places) Moshkalatlh'n (resident of Moshkal)
-achan decendents (of people, or nouns/adjectives) shem (bear) → shemchin (of the bear)
-adwat decendents (child of) Damesdwit (child of Dames)
-k'aa languages/dialects Khaskalhk'aa (Maskey language, "people's language")