Timeline of Theodoran History

First Principality (1328-1461)

• 1328 CE: The first Principality of Theodoro (Afthentía Póleos Theodoroús kaí Parathalassías; "Lordship of the City of Theodorous and the Parathalassias") is founded within the Byzantine Empire as a grant to the nobleman Dēmḗtrios, crowned as Prince Demetrius.
• 1453 CE: The Byzantine capital Constantinople falls to the Ottomans. The Principality falls under the dominion of Trebizond, a Byzantine rump state in north-east Anatolia.

First Serene Principality (1461-1482)

• 1461 CE: Trebizond falls to the Ottoman Empire, leaving Theodoro as the sole Byzantine rump state. The Principality adds the word "Serene" to its Latin name, signifying its independence.
• 1463 CE: Prince Isaac II (Isaakios) of Theodoro forms an alliance with Genoa, with each agreeing to help protect Crimea from Ottoman incursions.
• 1465 CE: Thomas Palaiologos, heir to the defunct Byzantine throne, dies. His son, Andreas, offers to sell the Byzantine imperial titles and insignia to Isaac II for a modest sum. Isaac II agrees, and declares himself to be Isaac III, Emperor and Autocrat of the Romans.
• 1471 CE: Isaac III dies, and his son, Alexander (Aléxandros), inherits his throne. Prince Alexander is never coronated as the ostensible Roman Emperor.
• 1475 CE: Ottoman forces, led by Gedik Ahmed Pasha, attack Theodoro. Combined Theodoran and Genoan forces repel his attack.
• 1479 CE: Gedik Ahmed Pasha returns, this time with a larger army. Genoa refuses to defend Theodoro.
• 1480 CE: Prince Alexander strikes a deal with the Ottomans, agreeing to ally with them and assist in their conquest of the Genoan areas of Crimea in exchange for partial independence as an Ottoman Tributary State.
• 1482 CE: The remainder of Crimea falls to the combined Ottoman-Theodoran forces.

Second Principality (1482-1510)

• 1482 CE: Theodoro becomes a tributary state of the Ottoman Empire, known as the second Principality of Theodoro.
• 1507 CE: The Ottomans raise the tribute amounts required from Theodoro significantly.

Second Serene Principality (1520-1562)

• 1510 CE: Objecting to excessively high tributes, Prince Anastasius IV (Anastasios) announces the full independence of Theodoro, removing it from the Ottoman sphere entirely. The Ottoman Empire, in the midst of a civil war, does not react or retaliate.
• 1512 CE: Anastasius IV orders the Theodoran army to intervene in the Ottoman Civil War, on the side of Selim the Grim.
• 1513 CE: Selim the Grim emerges victorious and is crowned as Selim I, Ottoman Emperor. In recognition of Theodoro's contributions, he signs the Treaty of İzmir, promising Ottoman support for the full independence of Theodoro.
• 1559 CE: Constantine Augustus I (Konstantínos Ávgoustos) is crowned as the Prince of Theodoro.
• 1561 CE: Theodoran forces, under Constantine Augustus, capture the entirety of Crimea.

Neo-Byzantine Empire (1562-1568)

The Neo-Byzantine Empire (dark green) at its maximum extent, April to July 1568

• 1562 CE: Constantine Augustus revives his dynasty's claim to the defunct Byzantine throne, declaring himself to be the Emperor and Autocrat of the Romans. Theodoro becomes known officially as the Roman Empire (Basileía tôn Rhōmaíōn). Theodoro under his reign from this point on is generally known as the Neo-Byzantine Empire. Constantine Augustus simultaneously orders a massive naval buildup.
• 1563 CE: Allying with Greek and Bulgarian rebels, Constantine Augustus launches a guerilla campaign in Thrace against the Ottoman Empire. Constantine Augustus simultaneously orders the Neo-Byzantine fleet to attack the Trebizond region.
• 1565 CE: All of Thrace, with the exception of Constantinople, comes under Neo-Byzantine control by March. Trebizond likewise comes under Neo-Byzantine control by October.
• 1566 CE: Constantine Augustus launches a similarly guerilla-style campaign in the Aegean, taking control of numerous islands by January.
• 1567 CE: Ottoman forces begin an invasion of Thrace in February. Constantine Augustus mostly ignores it, instead launching a successful naval attack against Alexandria in Ottoman Egypt, taking control of the city by September.
• 1568 CE: Neo-Byzantine forces conquer Salento in the Kingdom of Naples by April. Ottoman forces take control of both sides of the Hellespont straits in July, cutting off the Neo-Byzantine fleets in the Aegean and Mediterranean. Constantine Augustus dies in December.

Neo-Trapezuntine Empire (1569-1581)

• 1569 CE: Constantine Augustus is succeeded by his son Isaac VII in January. Isaac VII seeks peace with the Ottomans and Naples, agreeing to surrender all of Theodoro's new conquests except for Crimea and Trebizond. Both countries agree by February, promising to safeguard Theodoran sovereignty. Theodoro during Isaac VII's reign is often known as the Neo-Trapezuntine Empire.