Zdrole Morphology

Zdrole
Zdrêoll
Pronunciation	IPA: [zd̠ɹ̠ɤ̂.ləl]
Native to	Fortizendria
Region	Central Occeia in Krystar
Native speakers	Unknown
Language family	Occe-Fortizian Zdrole
Writing system	Mezéz
Official status
Official language in	Fortizendria
Language codes
ISO 639-3	ZDR

Zdrole (native: Zdrêola, pronounced: [zd̠ɹ̠ɤ̂.la], formally Êzdreola, lit. "around the tongue") is the official and most widely spoken language of Fortizendria, a nation in the region of Krystar. Zdrole is regularly used by about 80% of Fortizendrians and is the first language of about 65%, although about 45% have notable dialectal differences, many of which differ substantially, in some cases being considered "unrecognized partially intelligible languages". It is by far the most widely spoken language, with the only officially recognized and local-official language of Fvonil and its dialects being close, being known by about 40% of the population and 20% learning it as a first language. Non-recognized varieties of Ovalul, Cziliel, and neighboring countries' languages being the first language of the remaining 15% and being understood by roughly 30% of the population. It is not especially well documented.

Zdrole is not very centralized as a single language, with several dialects exhibiting mergers or splits in certain sounds, different cases being used for specific circumstances, differences in honorifics, and even a change in lexicon due to borrowing from other languages and coining new terms. This article mainly covers a specific dialect of Zdrole, the Fortizendriana or Capital Dialect, which is most widely understood due to use in federal government. However, it should be noted that many provincial governments, as well as local governments, often different dialects, if not Fvonil (or in locales other minor languages). International diplomacy must be conducted in Zdrole, but dialects may vary wildly. Legal language and technical jargon is written or spoken with many technical loan words taken from more advanced economic neighbors, while the constitution was written in a now "archaic" version of a dialect that was not even the Capital dialect.

This page is reserved for Zdrole morphology, lexicon and inflection. This section ONLY covers words and their basic meaning, as well as their various forms (if applicable), and does not describe what each form is or means in much detail. For grammar, phonology, and other aspects of the Zdrole language, see the Zdrole Language.

Grammatical Case Inflection

Grammatical case in Zdrole is rather complicated, having anywhere from 7 to 19 total cases, although many of these cases may be analyzed as a combination of case inflection and derivational morphology. It is often not entirely clear what counts as a distinct case vs. a derivation in Zdrole, as some modifiers have the functions of both. Grammatical case is unique in that it agrees in both noun class and verbal "gender"/ending paradigm. Below is a table showing all of the various forms for each widely accepted case marking, as well as archaic and less-agreed-upon compound cases.

Legend: [C] = Consonant, [vC] = voiced consonant, [xC] = voiceless consonant;

(#)[V] = Vowel, [f = front, [b = back, [c = close, [o = open, [r = rounded, [u = unrounded, s = same vowel, a = any vowel;

ɵ = mid vowel with the same backness / roundness; ʉ = close vowel with the same backness/roundess;

- = last letter, -- / -[#] - = last vowel / consonant, - -# = second - is part of the orthography; {#} = individual letters; #-> = segment is removed and replaced by inflection;

[irreg] = Irregular words only; [dia] = Dialectal, or common different variants across various dialects, or otherwise varies between speakers among dialects.

"Alternate case endings" are endings that specifically appear after short words, primarily after most CV and many VC monosyllabic unpitched non-loanwords, along with several exceptions including compounds.

Note: Polysyllabic words also receive a pitch accent

Case Ending Inflections for Basic

Ergative Case
Gender	Open	Nasal	Dental	Alveolar	Post-Alevolar	Peripheral
Broad	-ni	[C] -uin [V] -n	-nid	-niz	-nij	-nik
Narrow	-na {d}-> -nda	-nan(g) [dia] {d}-> -ndan(g) [dia]	-nad {d}-> -nta	-nacz {d}->-ndac	-nacj {d}->-ndacx	-nav {d}-> -ndav/ndao [dia]
Plural	[V] -ze [C] -oe	[V] -zê [C] -ôe	[V] -zet [C] -oet	[V] -zec [C] -oec	[V] -zecx [C] -oecx	[V] -zek [C] -oek
Spindly	-nʉ	-nʉng	[rV] --noet [uV] --net	[rV] --noecz [uV] --necz	[rV] --noecj [uV] --necj	[rV] --nao(v) [dia] [uV] --nav
Absolutive Case
Gender	Open	Nasal	Dental	Alveolar	Post-Alevolar	Peripheral
Broad	-∅	[C] -ɵng [V] -ng {m/ng} -∅	[C] -ɵt [V] -t {t} -∅	[C] -ɵs [V] -s	[C] -ɵx [V] -x	[C] -ɵk, -k (if permitted) [V] -k
Narrow	-∅	[C] -ɵng [V] -ng {n} -∅	[C] -ad [V] -d {d/t} -∅	-az {a} -z {z/s} -c	[C] -aj [V] -j {j} -c, {x} -> cc	[C] -ag [V] -g
Plural	-∅	[C] ∅ [V] -n	-t	-c	-cx	[C] -gk [V] -f
Spindly	-∅	[rV]-[C] -ong [uV]-[C] -eong [V] -ng	[rV]-[C] -aot [uV]-[C] -at [V] -t	[V]/liquid -c {c/cx/cz/cj} -∅ [C]* -ec [irreg]	[V]/liquid -cx {c/cx/cz/cj} -∅ [C]* -ec [irreg]	-k, -∅ [irreg]
Alternate Absolutive Case
Gender	Open	Nasal	Dental	Alveolar	Post-Alevolar	Peripheral
Broad	-fui	-fuin	-fuis	-fuiz	-fuij, -fuix [dia]	-fui(v) [dia]
Narrow	[C] -ui [V] - bui	[C] -uin [V] -buin, -buim [dia]	[C] -uit [V] - buis	[C] -uiz(e) [dia] [V] -buiz(e) [dia]	[C] -uij [V] - buix, -buij [dia]	[C] -ui, -uiv, -uif [dia] [V] -bui, -buiv, -buif [dia]
Plural	-∅	[C] -∅ [V] -n	-t	-c	-cx	[C] -gk [V] -f
Spindly	-fuizè	-fuiziun	-fuizet	-fuizíc	-fuizí(c)x [dia]	-fuizík
Dative Case
Gender	Open	Nasal	Dental	Alveolar	Post-Alevolar	Peripheral
Broad	[C] -ɵfqp [V] -qɵ, -qɵfqp [dia]	[C] -ɵqiun [V] -qiun	[C] -ɵsqt [V] -qɵsqt	[C] -ɵsqc [V] -qɵsqc	[C] -ɵxqc [V] -qɵxqc	[C] -ɵhqk [V] -qɵhqk
Narrow
Plural
Spindly
Alternate Dative Case
Gender	Open	Nasal	Dental	Alveolar	Post-Alevolar	Peripheral
Broad	-fɵ	-fɵm	-fɵt	-fɵs	-fɵx	-fɵf
Narrow	-mɵ	[fV] --moem [bV] --mom	-mɵt	-mɵs	-mɵx	[fV] --moe(v) [dia] [bV] --mo(v) [dia]
Plural	[C] -ɵfqp [V] -qɵ, -qɵfqp [dia]	[C] -ɵqiun [V] -qiun	[C] -ɵsqt [V] -qɵsqt	[C] -ɵsqc [V] -qɵsqc	[C] -ɵxqc [V] -qɵxqc	[C] -ɵhqk [V] -qɵhqk
Spindly	[rV] --foexoe [uV] --fexe	[rV] --foexoen [uV] --fexen	[rV] --foexoet [uV] --fexet	[rV] --foexuiz [uV] --fexis	[rV] --foexuij [uV] --fexix	[rV] --foexoe(v) [dia] [uV] --fexif
Causative Case
Gender	Open	Nasal	Dental	Alveolar	Post-Alevolar	Peripheral
Broad	[fV]-[C] -ùina [bV]-C -ùnao [fV] -qùina [bV] -qùnao [fV̀] --ûina [bV̀] --ûnao	[fV]-[C] -ùin [bV]-C -ùn, ùm [dia] [fV] -qùin [bV] -qùn, -qùm [dia] [fV̀] --ûin [bV̀] --ûn, --ûm [dia]	[fV]-[C] -ùit [bV]-C -ùt [fV] -qùit [bV] -qùt [fV̀] --ûit [bV̀] --ût	[fV]-[C] -ùis [bV]-C -ùs [fV] -qùis [bV] -qùs [fV̀] --ûis [bV̀] --ûs	[fV]-[C] -ùix [bV]-C -ùx [fV] -qùix [bV] -qùx [fV̀] --ûix [bV̀] --ûx	[fV]-[C] -ùi(v) [dia] [bV]-C -ù(v) [dia] [fV] -qùi(v) [dia] [bV] -qù(v) [dia] [fV̀] --ûi(v) [dia] [bV̀] --û(v) [dia]
Narrow	[fV] --vâ, [bV] --(v)âo [dia] [fV̂] --va, --ua [dia] [bV̂] --(v)ao [dia]	[fV] --vâng [bV] --(v)âong [dia] [fV̂] --viun, --uin [dia] [bV̂] --(v)aong, --um [dia]	[fV] --vât [bV] --(v)âot [dia] [fV̂] --vat, --uat [dia] [bV̂] --(v)aot [dia]	[fV] --vâz [bV] --(v)âoz [dia] [fV̂] --vaz, --uaz [dia] [bV̂] --(v)aoz [dia]	[fV] --vâj [bV] --(v)âoj [dia] [fV̂] --vaj, --uaj [dia] [bV̂] --(v)aoj [dia]	[fV] --vâv [bV] --(v)âo(v) [dia] [fV̂] --vav, -uv [dia] [bV̂] --(v)ao(v) [dia]
Plural	[fV]-[C] -ùi [bV]-C -ù [fV] -qùi [bV] -qù	[fV]-[C] -ùin [bV]-C -ùn, ùm [dia] [fV] -qùin [bV] -qùn, -qùm [dia]	[C] -d [V] -d(a) [dia]	[fV]-[C] -ùiz [bV]-C -ùz [fV] -qùiz [bV] -qùz	[fV]-[C] -ùij [bV]-C -ùj [fV] -qùij [bV] -qùj	[fV]-[C] -ùik [bV]-C -ùk [fV] -qùik [bV] -qùk
Spindly	[fV]-[C] -ùix [bV]-C -ùx [fV] -qùix [bV] -qùx	[fV]-[C] -ùixoen [bV]-C -ùxon [fV] -qùixoen [bV] -qùxon	[fV]-[C] -ùixoen [bV]-C -ùxon [fV] -qùixoen [bV] -qùxon	[fV]-[C] -ùixoes [bV]-C -ùxos [fV] -qùixoes [bV] -qùxos	[fV]-[C] -ùixoex [bV]-C -ùxox [fV] -qùixoex [bV] -qùxox	[fV]-[C] -ùixoek [bV]-C -ùxof [fV] -qùixoek [bV] -qùxof
Locative Case
Gender	Open	Nasal	Dental	Alveolar	Post-Alevolar	Peripheral
Broad	[fV] --stra [bV] --stro	[fV] --stran(a) [dia] [bV] --stron(o) [dia]	[fV] --strad [bV] --strod	[fV] --streses [bV] --strosos	[fV] --stracj [bV] --strocj	[fV] --straf [bV] --strof
Narrow	[fV]-[vC] -zdrieo [bV]-[vC] -zdreo [fV]-{n/z} -drieo [bV]-{n/z} -dreo [fV]-{d/cz} - -rieon [d̪ɾiɤn] [bV]-{d/cz} - -reon [d̪ɾɤn] [fV]-{j} -> -zdrieo [bV]-{j} -> zdreo [fV]-{cj} -> drieo [bV]-{d/cj} -> dreo	[fV] --zdrieon [bV] --zdreon [fV]-{n/z} -drieon [d͡ʒɹiɤn] [bV]-{n/z} -dreon [d͡ʒɹɤn] [fV]-{d/cz} - -rieon [d̪ɾiɤn] [bV]-{d/cz} - -reon [d̪ɾɤn] [fV]-{j} -> zdrieon [bV]-{j} -> zdreon [fV]-{cj} -> drieon [d͡ʒɹiɤ] [bV]-{cj} -> dreon [d͡ʒɹɤ]	[fV] --zdrieod [bV] --zdreod [fV]-{n/z} -drieod [bV]-{n/z} -dreod [fV]-{d/cz} - -rieod [bV]-{d/cz} - -reod [fV]-{j} -> zdrieod [bV]-{j} -> zdreod [fV]-{cj} -> drieod [bV]-{cj} -> dreod	[fV] --zdrieoz [bV] --zdreoz [fV]-{n/z} -drieoz [bV]-{n/z} -dreoz [fV]-{d/cz} - -rieoz [bV]-{d/cz} - -reoz [fV]-{j} -> zdrieoz [bV]-{j} -> zdreoz [fV]-{cj} -> drieoz [bV]-{cj} -> dreoz	[fV] --zdrieoj [bV] --zdreoj [fV]-{n/z} -drieoj [bV]-{n/z} -dreoj [fV]-{d/cz} - -rieoj [bV]-{d/cz} - -reoj [fV]-{j} -> zdrieoj [bV]-{j} -> zdreoj [fV]-{cj} -> drieoj [bV]-{cj} -> dreoj	[fV] --zdrieovêov [bV] --zdreovêov [fV]-{n/z} -drieovêov [bV]-{n/z} -dreovêov [fV]-{d/cz} - -rieovêov [bV]-{d/cz} - -reovêov [fV]-{j} -> zdrieovêov [bV]-{j} -> zdreovêov [fV]-{cj} -> drieovêov [bV]-{cj} -> dreovêov
Plural	[fV] --stroe [bV] --stro	[fV] --stroem [bV] --strom	[fV] --stroet [bV] --strot	[fV] --stroes [bV] --stros	[fV] --stroexuix [bV] --stroxux	[fV] --stroef [bV] --strof
Spindly	-cce {c} -> c-cxe {cx} -cxe, -> cce [dia]	-ccenan, -ccexin [dia] {c} -> c-cxe(nan/xin) [dia] {cx} -cxenan, -> ccexin [dia]	-ccet {c} -> c-cxet {cx} -cxet, -> ccet [dia]	-ccet {c} -> c-cxet {cx} -cxet, -> ccet [dia]	-ccet {c} -> c-cxet {cx} -cxet, -> ccet [dia]	-ccet {c} -> c-cxet {cx} -cxet, -> ccet [dia]
Semblative Case
Gender	Open	Nasal	Dental	Alveolar	Post-Alevolar	Peripheral
Broad	-li	-liun	-lit	-lis	-lix	-lik
Narrow	[rV] --ro [uV] --reo	[rV] --ron [uV] --reon	[rV] --rot [uV] --reot	[rV] --roz [uV] --reoz	[rV] --rox [uV] --reox	[rV] --rok [uV] --reok
Plural	-la	-lan	-lat	-laz	-laj	-lav
Spindly
Equative Case
Gender	Open	Nasal	Dental	Alveolar	Post-Alevolar	Peripheral
Broad	-iciu	-iciun	-iciut	-isqc	-ixqc	-if
Narrow	[rV]-[C] -oexuix [uV]-[C] -exix [rV] -xuix [uV] -xix	[rV]-[C] -oexuin [uV]-[C] -exin [rV] -xuin [uV] -xin	[rV]-[C] -oexoet [uV]-[C] -exet [rV] -xuixoet [uV] -xixet	[rV]-[C] -oexuis [uV]-[C] -exis [rV] -xuixoes [uV] -xixes	[rV]-[C] -oexuix [uV]-[C] -exix [rV] -xuixoex [uV] -xixex	[rV]-[C] -oexoek [uV]-[C] -exek [rV] -xuixek [uV] -xixek
Plural	[rV] --uizoe [uV] --ize	[rV] --uizoen [uV] --izen	-d, -da, -ad [dia, sometimes C/V]	[rV] --uizoec [uV] --izec	[rV] --uij(oe) [dia] [uV] --ij(e) [dia]	[rV] --uizk [uV] --izk
Spindly	[rV] --kao [uV] --ka	[rV] --kaoh [uV] --kah	[rV] --kaot [uV] --kat	[rV] --kaoz [uV] --kaz	[rV] --kaox [uV] --kax	[rV] --kaok [uV] --kak
Alt. Spindly	[rV] --kaofui [uV] --kafui	[rV] --kaofuin [uV] --kafuin	[rV] --kaofuizè [uV] --kafuizè	[rV] --kaofuis [uV] --kafuis	[rV] --kaofuix [dia] [uV] --kafuix [dia] f may be z or fuiz; [dia]	[rV] --kaofui(v) [dia] [uV] --kafui(v) [dia]] f may be z or fuiz; [dia]
Relative Case
Gender	Open	Nasal	Dental	Alveolar	Post-Alevolar	Peripheral
Broad	[rV] --liòna, --yòna [dia] [uV] --lièna, --yèna [dia]	[rV] --liòng, --yòng [dia] [uV] --lièn, --yèn [dia]	[rV] --liònt, --yònt [dia] [uV] --liènt, --yènt [dia]	[rV] --liònaz, --yònaz [dia] [uV] --liènaz, --yènaz [dia]	[rV] --liònaj, --yònaj [dia] [uV] --liènaj, --yènaj [dia]	[rV] --liòngka, --yòngka [dia] [uV] --lièngka, --yèngka [dia]
Narrow	[rV] --râ(v) [dia] [uV] -r-âo(v) [dia]	[rV] --rân [uV] --râon	[rV] --râd [uV] --râod	[rV] --râz [uV] --râoz	[rV] --râj [uV] --râoj	[rV] --râk [uV] --râok
Plural	[C] -ilia [irr] [rV] -liòna, -yòna [dia] [uV] -lièna, -yèna [dia] {n} -yè	[C] -ilian [irr] [rV] -liòn, -yòn [dia] [uV] -lièn, -yèn [dia] {n} -yàn	[C] -iliat [irr] [rV] -liònt, -yònt [dia] [uV] -liènt, -yènt [dia] {n} -yàt	[C] -iliaz [irr] [rV] -liònaz, -yònaz [dia] [uV] -liènaz, -yènaz [dia] {n} -yàz	[C] -iliaj [irr] [rV] -liònaj, -yònaj [dia] [uV] -liènaj, -yènaj [dia] {n} -yèx	[C] -iliak [irr] [rV] --liòngka, --yòngka [dia] [uV] --lièngka, --yèngka [dia] {n} -yàk
Spindly	[C] -ùixuil [V] -qùixuil	[C] -ùixuin [V] -qùixuin	[C] -ùixuit [V] -qùixuit	[C] -ùixuiz [V] -qùixuiz	[C] -ùixuix [V] -qùixuix	[C] -ùixuik [V] -qùixuik
Locative-Genitive Case
Gender	Open	Nasal	Dental	Alveolar	Post-Alevolar	Peripheral
Broad	-straqùina	-straqùin	-straqùit	-straqùiz	-straqùix	-straqùi(v) [dia]
Narrow	[fV] --zdriêona [bV] --zdrêona [fV]-{n/z} -driêona [d͡ʒɹiɤ] [bV]-{n/z} -drêona [d͡ʒɹɤ] [fV]-{d/cz} - -riêona [d̪ɾiɤ] [bV]-{d/cz} - -rêona [d̪ɾɤ] [fV]-{j} -> zdriêona [bV]-{j} -> zdrêona [fV]-{cj} -> driêona [d͡ʒɹiɤ] [bV]-{cj} -> drêona [d͡ʒɹɤ]	[fV] --zdriêon [bV] --zdrêon [fV]-{n/z} -driêon [d͡ʒɹiɤn] [bV]-{n/z} -drêon [d͡ʒɹɤn] [fV]-{d/cz} - -riêon [d̪ɾiɤn] [bV]-{d/cz} - -rêon [d̪ɾɤn] [fV]-{j} -> zdriêon [bV]-{j} -> zdrêon [fV]-{cj} -> driêon [d͡ʒɹiɤ] [bV]-{cj} -> drêon [d͡ʒɹɤ]	[fV] --zdriêot [bV] --zdrêot [fV]-{n/z} -driêot [bV]-{n/z} -drêot [fV]-{d/cz} - -riêot [bV]-{d/cz} - -rêot [fV]-{j} -> zdriêot [bV]-{j} -> zdrêot [fV]-{cj} -> driêot [bV]-{cj} -> drêot	[fV] --zdriêoncz [bV] --zdrêoncz [fV]-{n/z} -driêoncz [bV]-{n/z} -drêoncz [fV]-{d/cz} - -riêoncz [bV]-{d/cz} - -rêoncz [fV]-{j} -> zdriêoncz [bV]-{j} -> zdrêoncz [fV]-{cj} -> driêoncz [bV]-{cj} -> drêoncz	[fV] --zdriêoncj [bV] --zdrêoncj [fV]-{n/z} -driêoncj [bV]-{n/z} -drêoncj [fV]-{d/cz} - -riêoncj [bV]-{d/cz} - -rêoncj [fV]-{j} -> zdriêonc [bV]-{j} -> zdrêonc [fV]-{cj} -> driêonc [bV]-{cj} -> drêonc	[fV] --zdriêo(v) [dia] [bV] --zdrêo(v) [dia] [fV]-{n/z} -driêo(v) [dia] [bV]-{n/z} -drêo(v) [dia] [fV]-{d/cz} - -riêo(v) [dia] [bV]-{d/cz} - -rêo(v) [dia] [fV]-{j} -> zdriêo(v) [dia] [bV]-{j} -> zdrêo(v) [dia] [fV]-{cj} -> driêovêo(v) [dia] [bV]-{cj} -> drêovêo(v) [dia]
Plural	-strôna	-strônoen	-strônta	-strôsos	-strôj(a) [dia]	-strôk
Spindly	-ccûi(n(a) [dia] {c} -> c-cxûi(n(a)) [dia] {cx} -cxûi(n(a), -> ccûi(n(a) [dia]	-cceqûin {c} -> c-cxeqûin {cx} -cxeqûin, -> cceqûin [dia]	-cceqûit {c} -> c-cxeqûit {cx} -cxeqûit, -> cceqûit [dia]	-ccûis {c} -> c-cxûis {cx} -cxûis, -> ccûis [dia]	-ccûix {c} -> c-cxûix {cx} -cxûix, -> ccûix [dia]	-ccûik {c} -> c-cxûik {cx} -cxûik, -> ccûikd [dia]

Pronouns

Zdrole is rich in pronouns, coding for person, non-biological noun class and verb gender, human vs. nonhuman, number, proximity, and relationship closeness and formality.

Personal Pronouns

Zdrole has many personal pronouns.

Gender/Case	Open	Nasal	Dental	Alveolar	Postalveolar	Peripheral
Ergative
Absolutive
Dative
Causative
Locative
Relative

-ʉl {l} -yl

-ʉl {l} -yl

-ʉlɵt

-ʉlɵc

-ʉlɵx

-ʉlɵ(k) [dia]