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Zdrole Morphology

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Zdrole
Zdrêoll
PronunciationIPA: [zd̠ɹ̠ɤ̂.ləl]
Native toFortizendria
RegionCentral Occeia in Krystar
Native speakers
Unknown
Occe-Fortizian
  • Zdrole
Mezéz
Official status
Official language in
Fortizendria
Language codes
ISO 639-3ZDR

Zdrole (native: Zdrêola, pronounced: [zd̠ɹ̠ɤ̂.la], formally Êzdreola, lit. "around the tongue") is the official and most widely spoken language of Fortizendria, a nation in the region of Krystar. Zdrole is regularly used by about 80% of Fortizendrians and is the first language of about 65%, although about 45% have notable dialectal differences, many of which differ substantially, in some cases being considered "unrecognized partially intelligible languages". It is by far the most widely spoken language, with the only officially recognized and local-official language of Fvonil and its dialects being close, being known by about 40% of the population and 20% learning it as a first language. Non-recognized varieties of Ovalul, Cziliel, and neighboring countries' languages being the first language of the remaining 15% and being understood by roughly 30% of the population. It is not especially well documented.

Zdrole is not very centralized as a single language, with several dialects exhibiting mergers or splits in certain sounds, different cases being used for specific circumstances, differences in honorifics, and even a change in lexicon due to borrowing from other languages and coining new terms. This article mainly covers a specific dialect of Zdrole, the Fortizendriana or Capital Dialect, which is most widely understood due to use in federal government. However, it should be noted that many provincial governments, as well as local governments, often different dialects, if not Fvonil (or in locales other minor languages). International diplomacy must be conducted in Zdrole, but dialects may vary wildly. Legal language and technical jargon is written or spoken with many technical loan words taken from more advanced economic neighbors, while the constitution was written in a now "archaic" version of a dialect that was not even the Capital dialect.

This page is reserved for Zdrole morphology, lexicon and inflection. This section ONLY covers words and their basic meaning, as well as their various forms (if applicable), and does not describe what each form is or means in much detail. For grammar, phonology, and other aspects of the Zdrole language, see the Zdrole Language.

Grammatical Case Inflection

Grammatical case in Zdrole is rather complicated, having anywhere from 7 to 30 total cases, although many of these cases may be analyzed as a combination of case inflection and derivational morphology. It is often not entirely clear what counts as a distinct case vs. a derivation in Zdrole, as some modifiers have the functions of both. Grammatical case is unique in that it agrees in both noun class and verbal "gender"/ending paradigm. Below is a table showing all of the various forms for each widely accepted case marking, as well as archaic and less-agreed-upon compound cases.


Legend: [C] = Consonant, [vC] = voiced consonant, [xC] = voiceless consonant;

(#)[V] = Vowel, [f = front, [b = back, [c = close, [o = open, [r = rounded, [u = unrounded, s = same vowel, a = any vowel;

ɵ = mid vowel with the same backness / roundness; ʉ = close vowel with the same backness/roundess;

- = last letter, -- / -[#] - = last vowel / consonant, - -# = second - is part of the orthography; {#} = individual letters; #-> = segment is removed and replaced by inflection;

[irreg] = Irregular words only; [dia] = Dialectal, or common different variants across various dialects, or otherwise varies between speakers among dialects.

"Alternate case endings" are endings that specifically appear after short words, primarily after most CV and many VC monosyllabic unpitched non-loanwords, along with several exceptions including compounds.

Note: Polysyllabic words also receive a pitch accent

Case Ending Inflections for Basic
Ergative Case
Gender Open Nasal Dental Alveolar Post-Alevolar Peripheral
Broad -ni [C] -uin

[V] -n

-nid -niz -nij -nik
Narrow -na

{d}-> -nda

-nan(g) [dia]

{d}-> -ndan(g) [dia]

-nad

{d}-> -nta

-nacz

{d}->-ndac

-nacj

{d}->-ndacx

-nav

{d}-> -ndav/ndao [dia]

Plural [V] -ze

[C] -oe

[V] -zê

[C] -ôe

[V] -zet

[C] -oet

[V] -zec

[C] -oec

[V] -zecx

[C] -oecx

[V] -zek

[C] -oek

Spindly -nʉ -nʉng [rV] --noet

[uV] --net

[rV] --noecz

[uV] --necz

[rV] --noecj

[uV] --necj

[rV] --nao(v) [dia]

[uV] --nav

Absolutive Case
Gender Open Nasal Dental Alveolar Post-Alevolar Peripheral
Broad -∅ [C] -ɵng

[V] -ng

{m/ng} -∅

[C] -ɵt

[V] -t

{t} -∅

[C] -ɵs

[V] -s

[C] -ɵx

[V] -x

[C] -ɵk, -k (if permitted)

[V] -k

Narrow -∅ [C] -ɵng

[V] -ng

{n} -∅

[C] -ad

[V] -d

{d/t} -∅

-az

{a} -z

{z/s} -c

[C] -aj

[V] -j

{j} -c, {x} -> cc

[C] -ag

[V] -g

Plural -∅ [C] ∅

[V] -n

-t -c -cx [C] -gk

[V] -f

Spindly -∅ [rV]-[C] -ong

[uV]-[C] -eong

[V] -ng

[rV]-[C] -aot

[uV]-[C] -at

[V] -t

[V]/liquid -c

{c/cx/cz/cj} -∅

[C]* -ec [irreg]

[V]/liquid -cx

{c/cx/cz/cj} -∅

[C]* -ec [irreg]

-k,

-∅ [irreg]

Alternate Absolutive Case
Gender Open Nasal Dental Alveolar Post-Alevolar Peripheral
Broad -fui -fuin -fuis -fuiz -fuij, -fuix [dia] -fui(v) [dia]
Narrow [C] -ui

[V] - bui

[C] -uin

[V] -buin, -buim [dia]

[C] -uit

[V] - buis

[C] -uiz(e) [dia]

[V] -buiz(e) [dia]

[C] -uij

[V] - buix, -buij [dia]

[C] -ui, -uiv, -uif [dia]

[V] -bui, -buiv, -buif [dia]

Plural -∅ [C] -∅

[V] -n

-t -c -cx [C] -gk

[V] -f

Spindly -fuizè -fuiziun -fuizet -fuizíc -fuizí(c)x [dia] -fuizík
Dative Case
Gender Open Nasal Dental Alveolar Post-Alevolar Peripheral
Broad [C] -ɵfqp

[V] -qɵ, -qɵfqp [dia]

[C] -ɵqiun

[V] -qiun

[C] -ɵsqt

[V] -qɵsqt

[C] -ɵsqc

[V] -qɵsqc

[C] -ɵxqc

[V] -qɵxqc

[C] -ɵhqk

[V] -qɵhqk

Narrow
Plural
Spindly
Alternate Dative Case
Gender Open Nasal Dental Alveolar Post-Alevolar Peripheral
Broad -fɵ -fɵm -fɵt -fɵs -fɵx -fɵf
Narrow -mɵ [fV] --moem

[bV] --mom

-mɵt -mɵs -mɵx [fV] --moe(v) [dia]

[bV] --mo(v) [dia]

Plural [C] -ɵfqp

[V] -qɵ, -qɵfqp [dia]

[C] -ɵqiun

[V] -qiun

[C] -ɵsqt

[V] -qɵsqt

[C] -ɵsqc

[V] -qɵsqc

[C] -ɵxqc

[V] -qɵxqc

[C] -ɵhqk

[V] -qɵhqk

Spindly [rV] --foexoe

[uV] --fexe

[rV] --foexoen

[uV] --fexen

[rV] --foexoet

[uV] --fexet

[rV] --foexuiz

[uV] --fexis

[rV] --foexuij

[uV] --fexix

[rV] --foexoe(v) [dia]

[uV] --fexif

Causative Case
Gender Open Nasal Dental Alveolar Post-Alevolar Peripheral
Broad [fV]-[C] -ùina

[bV]-C -ùnao

[fV] -qùina

[bV] -qùnao

[fV̀] --ûina

[bV̀] --ûnao

[fV]-[C] -ùin

[bV]-C -ùn, ùm [dia]

[fV] -qùin

[bV] -qùn, -qùm [dia]

[fV̀] --ûin

[bV̀] --ûn, --ûm [dia]

[fV]-[C] -ùit

[bV]-C -ùt

[fV] -qùit

[bV] -qùt

[fV̀] --ûit

[bV̀] --ût

[fV]-[C] -ùis

[bV]-C -ùs

[fV] -qùis

[bV] -qùs

[fV̀] --ûis

[bV̀] --ûs

[fV]-[C] -ùix

[bV]-C -ùx

[fV] -qùix

[bV] -qùx

[fV̀] --ûix

[bV̀] --ûx

[fV]-[C] -ùi(v) [dia]

[bV]-C -ù(v) [dia]

[fV] -qùi(v) [dia]

[bV] -qù(v) [dia]

[fV̀] --ûi(v) [dia]

[bV̀] --û(v) [dia]

Narrow [fV] --vâ,

[bV] --(v)âo [dia]

[fV̂] --va, --ua [dia]

[bV̂] --(v)ao [dia]

[fV] --vâng

[bV] --(v)âong [dia]

[fV̂] --viun, --uin [dia]

[bV̂] --(v)aong, --um [dia]

[fV] --vât

[bV] --(v)âot [dia]

[fV̂] --vat, --uat [dia]

[bV̂] --(v)aot [dia]

[fV] --vâz

[bV] --(v)âoz [dia]

[fV̂] --vaz, --uaz [dia]

[bV̂] --(v)aoz [dia]

[fV] --vâj

[bV] --(v)âoj [dia]

[fV̂] --vaj, --uaj [dia]

[bV̂] --(v)aoj [dia]

[fV] --vâv

[bV] --(v)âo(v) [dia]

[fV̂] --vav, -uv [dia]

[bV̂] --(v)ao(v) [dia]

Plural [fV]-[C] -ùi

[bV]-C -ù

[fV] -qùi

[bV] -qù

[fV]-[C] -ùin

[bV]-C -ùn, ùm [dia]

[fV] -qùin

[bV] -qùn, -qùm [dia]

[C] -d

[V] -d(a) [dia]

[fV]-[C] -ùiz

[bV]-C -ùz

[fV] -qùiz

[bV] -qùz

[fV]-[C] -ùij

[bV]-C -ùj

[fV] -qùij

[bV] -qùj

[fV]-[C] -ùik

[bV]-C -ùk

[fV] -qùik

[bV] -qùk

Spindly [fV]-[C] -ùix

[bV]-C -ùx

[fV] -qùix

[bV] -qùx

[fV]-[C] -ùixoen

[bV]-C -ùxon

[fV] -qùixoen

[bV] -qùxon

[fV]-[C] -ùixoen

[bV]-C -ùxon

[fV] -qùixoen

[bV] -qùxon

[fV]-[C] -ùixoes

[bV]-C -ùxos

[fV] -qùixoes

[bV] -qùxos

[fV]-[C] -ùixoex

[bV]-C -ùxox

[fV] -qùixoex

[bV] -qùxox

[fV]-[C] -ùixoek

[bV]-C -ùxof

[fV] -qùixoek

[bV] -qùxof

Locative Case
Gender Open Nasal Dental Alveolar Post-Alevolar Peripheral
Broad [fV] --stra

[bV] --stro

[fV] --stran(a) [dia]

[bV] --stron(o) [dia]

[fV] --strad

[bV] --strod

[fV] --streses

[bV] --strosos

[fV] --stracj

[bV] --strocj

[fV] --straf

[bV] --strof

Narrow [fV]-[vC] -zdrieo

[bV]-[vC] -zdreo

[fV]-{n/z} -drieo

[bV]-{n/z} -dreo

[fV]-{d/cz} - -rieon [d̪ɾiɤn]

[bV]-{d/cz} - -reon [d̪ɾɤn]

[fV]-{j} -> -zdrieo

[bV]-{j} -> zdreo

[fV]-{cj} -> drieo

[bV]-{d/cj} -> dreo

[fV] --zdrieon

[bV] --zdreon

[fV]-{n/z} -drieon [d͡ʒɹiɤn]

[bV]-{n/z} -dreon [d͡ʒɹɤn]

[fV]-{d/cz} - -rieon [d̪ɾiɤn]

[bV]-{d/cz} - -reon [d̪ɾɤn]

[fV]-{j} -> zdrieon

[bV]-{j} -> zdreon

[fV]-{cj} -> drieon [d͡ʒɹiɤ]

[bV]-{cj} -> dreon [d͡ʒɹɤ]

[fV] --zdrieod

[bV] --zdreod

[fV]-{n/z} -drieod

[bV]-{n/z} -dreod

[fV]-{d/cz} - -rieod

[bV]-{d/cz} - -reod

[fV]-{j} -> zdrieod

[bV]-{j} -> zdreod

[fV]-{cj} -> drieod

[bV]-{cj} -> dreod

[fV] --zdrieoz

[bV] --zdreoz

[fV]-{n/z} -drieoz

[bV]-{n/z} -dreoz

[fV]-{d/cz} - -rieoz

[bV]-{d/cz} - -reoz

[fV]-{j} -> zdrieoz

[bV]-{j} -> zdreoz

[fV]-{cj} -> drieoz

[bV]-{cj} -> dreoz

[fV] --zdrieoj

[bV] --zdreoj

[fV]-{n/z} -drieoj

[bV]-{n/z} -dreoj

[fV]-{d/cz} - -rieoj

[bV]-{d/cz} - -reoj

[fV]-{j} -> zdrieoj

[bV]-{j} -> zdreoj

[fV]-{cj} -> drieoj

[bV]-{cj} -> dreoj

[fV] --zdrieovêov

[bV] --zdreovêov

[fV]-{n/z} -drieovêov

[bV]-{n/z} -dreovêov

[fV]-{d/cz} - -rieovêov

[bV]-{d/cz} - -reovêov

[fV]-{j} -> zdrieovêov

[bV]-{j} -> zdreovêov

[fV]-{cj} -> drieovêov

[bV]-{cj} -> dreovêov

Plural [fV] --stroe

[bV] --stro

[fV] --stroem

[bV] --strom

[fV] --stroet

[bV] --strot

[fV] --stroes

[bV] --stros

[fV] --stroexuix

[bV] --stroxux

[fV] --stroef

[bV] --strof

Spindly -cce

{c} -> c-cxe

{cx} -cxe, -> cce [dia]

-ccenan, -ccexin [dia]

{c} -> c-cxe(nan/xin) [dia]

{cx} -cxenan, -> ccexin [dia]

-ccet

{c} -> c-cxet

{cx} -cxet, -> ccet [dia]

-ccet

{c} -> c-cxet

{cx} -cxet, -> ccet [dia]

-ccet

{c} -> c-cxet

{cx} -cxet, -> ccet [dia]

-ccet

{c} -> c-cxet

{cx} -cxet, -> ccet [dia]

Semblative Case
Gender Open Nasal Dental Alveolar Post-Alevolar Peripheral
Broad -li -liun -lit -lis -lix -lik
Narrow [rV] --ro

[uV] --reo

[rV] --ron

[uV] --reon

[rV] --rot

[uV] --reot

[rV] --roz

[uV] --reoz

[rV] --rox

[uV] --reox

[rV] --rok

[uV] --reok

Plural -la -lan -lat -laz -laj -lav
Spindly
Equative Case
Gender Open Nasal Dental Alveolar Post-Alevolar Peripheral
Broad -iciu -iciun -iciut -isqc -ixqc -if
Narrow [rV]-[C] -oexuix

[uV]-[C] -exix

[rV] -xuix

[uV] -xix

[rV]-[C] -oexuin

[uV]-[C] -exin

[rV] -xuin

[uV] -xin

[rV]-[C] -oexoet

[uV]-[C] -exet

[rV] -xuixoet

[uV] -xixet

[rV]-[C] -oexuis

[uV]-[C] -exis

[rV] -xuixoes

[uV] -xixes

[rV]-[C] -oexuix

[uV]-[C] -exix

[rV] -xuixoex

[uV] -xixex

[rV]-[C] -oexoek

[uV]-[C] -exek

[rV] -xuixek

[uV] -xixek

Plural [rV] --uizoe

[uV] --ize

[rV] --uizoen

[uV] --izen

-d, -da, -ad

[dia, sometimes C/V]

[rV] --uizoec

[uV] --izec

[rV] --uij(oe) [dia]

[uV] --ij(e) [dia]

[rV] --uizk

[uV] --izk

Spindly [rV] --kao

[uV] --ka

[rV] --kaoh

[uV] --kah

[rV] --kaot

[uV] --kat

[rV] --kaoz

[uV] --kaz

[rV] --kaox

[uV] --kax

[rV] --kaok

[uV] --kak

Alt. Spindly [rV] --kaofui

[uV] --kafui

[rV] --kaofuin

[uV] --kafuin

[rV] --kaofuizè

[uV] --kafuizè

[rV] --kaofuis

[uV] --kafuis

[rV] --kaofuix [dia]

[uV] --kafuix [dia]

f may be z or fuiz; [dia]

[rV] --kaofui(v) [dia]

[uV] --kafui(v) [dia]]

f may be z or fuiz; [dia]

Potential Equative Case
Gender Open Nasal Dental Alveolar Post-Alevolar Peripheral
Broad -layciu -layciun -layciut -laycius -layciux -layciuk
Narrow [rV] --roxuix

[uV] --reoxix

[rV] --ronoexuin

[uV] --reonexin

[rV] --rocxoet

[uV] --reocxet

[rV] --rozoexuis

[uV] --reozexis

[rV] --roxoexuix

[uV] --reoxexix

[rV] --rohqk

[uV] --reohqk

Plural -layze -layzen -layzet -layzec -layzecx -layzek
Spindly -laka -langkah -latkat -lackas -lacxkax -lafkak
Alt. Spindly -lakafui -langkafuin -laskafuizè -laskafuis -laxkafuij -lafkazui(v) [dia]
Relative Case
Gender Open Nasal Dental Alveolar Post-Alevolar Peripheral
Broad [rV] --liòna, --yòna [dia]

[uV] --lièna, --yèna [dia]

[rV] --liòng, --yòng [dia]

[uV] --lièn, --yèn [dia]

[rV] --liònt, --yònt [dia]

[uV] --liènt, --yènt [dia]

[rV] --liònaz, --yònaz [dia]

[uV] --liènaz, --yènaz [dia]

[rV] --liònaj, --yònaj [dia]

[uV] --liènaj, --yènaj [dia]

[rV] --liòngka, --yòngka [dia]

[uV] --lièngka, --yèngka [dia]

Narrow [rV] --râ(v) [dia]

[uV] -r-âo(v) [dia]

[rV] --rân

[uV] --râon

[rV] --râd

[uV] --râod

[rV] --râz

[uV] --râoz

[rV] --râj

[uV] --râoj

[rV] --râk

[uV] --râok

Plural [C] -ilia [irr]

[rV] -liòna, -yòna [dia]

[uV] -lièna, -yèna [dia]

{n} -yè

[C] -ilian [irr]

[rV] -liòn, -yòn [dia]

[uV] -lièn, -yèn [dia]

{n} -yàn

[C] -iliat [irr]

[rV] -liònt, -yònt [dia]

[uV] -liènt, -yènt [dia]

{n} -yàt

[C] -iliaz [irr]

[rV] -liònaz, -yònaz [dia]

[uV] -liènaz, -yènaz [dia]

{n} -yàz

[C] -iliaj [irr]

[rV] -liònaj, -yònaj [dia]

[uV] -liènaj, -yènaj [dia]

{n} -yèx

[C] -iliak [irr]

[rV] --liòngka, --yòngka [dia]

[uV] --lièngka, --yèngka [dia]

{n} -yàk

Spindly [C] -ùixuil

[V] -qùixuil

[C] -ùixuin

[V] -qùixuin

[C] -ùixuit

[V] -qùixuit

[C] -ùixuiz

[V] -qùixuiz

[C] -ùixuix

[V] -qùixuix

[C] -ùixuik

[V] -qùixuik

Locative-Genitive Case
Gender Open Nasal Dental Alveolar Post-Alevolar Peripheral
Broad -straqùina -straqùin -straqùit -straqùiz -straqùix -straqùi(v) [dia]
Narrow [fV] --zdriêona

[bV] --zdrêona

[fV]-{n/z} -driêona [d͡ʒɹiɤ]

[bV]-{n/z} -drêona [d͡ʒɹɤ]

[fV]-{d/cz} - -riêona [d̪ɾiɤ]

[bV]-{d/cz} - -rêona [d̪ɾɤ]

[fV]-{j} -> zdriêona

[bV]-{j} -> zdrêona

[fV]-{cj} -> driêona [d͡ʒɹiɤ]

[bV]-{cj} -> drêona [d͡ʒɹɤ]

[fV] --zdriêon

[bV] --zdrêon

[fV]-{n/z} -driêon [d͡ʒɹiɤn]

[bV]-{n/z} -drêon [d͡ʒɹɤn]

[fV]-{d/cz} - -riêon [d̪ɾiɤn]

[bV]-{d/cz} - -rêon [d̪ɾɤn]

[fV]-{j} -> zdriêon

[bV]-{j} -> zdrêon

[fV]-{cj} -> driêon [d͡ʒɹiɤ]

[bV]-{cj} -> drêon [d͡ʒɹɤ]

[fV] --zdriêot

[bV] --zdrêot

[fV]-{n/z} -driêot

[bV]-{n/z} -drêot

[fV]-{d/cz} - -riêot

[bV]-{d/cz} - -rêot

[fV]-{j} -> zdriêot

[bV]-{j} -> zdrêot

[fV]-{cj} -> driêot

[bV]-{cj} -> drêot

[fV] --zdriêoncz

[bV] --zdrêoncz

[fV]-{n/z} -driêoncz

[bV]-{n/z} -drêoncz

[fV]-{d/cz} - -riêoncz

[bV]-{d/cz} - -rêoncz

[fV]-{j} -> zdriêoncz

[bV]-{j} -> zdrêoncz

[fV]-{cj} -> driêoncz

[bV]-{cj} -> drêoncz

[fV] --zdriêoncj

[bV] --zdrêoncj

[fV]-{n/z} -driêoncj

[bV]-{n/z} -drêoncj

[fV]-{d/cz} - -riêoncj

[bV]-{d/cz} - -rêoncj

[fV]-{j} -> zdriêonc

[bV]-{j} -> zdrêonc

[fV]-{cj} -> driêonc

[bV]-{cj} -> drêonc

[fV] --zdriêo(v) [dia]

[bV] --zdrêo(v) [dia]

[fV]-{n/z} -driêo(v) [dia]

[bV]-{n/z} -drêo(v) [dia]

[fV]-{d/cz} - -riêo(v) [dia]

[bV]-{d/cz} - -rêo(v) [dia]

[fV]-{j} -> zdriêo(v) [dia]

[bV]-{j} -> zdrêo(v) [dia]

[fV]-{cj} -> driêovêo(v) [dia]

[bV]-{cj} -> drêovêo(v) [dia]

Plural -strôna -strônoen -strônta -strôsos -strôj(a) [dia] -strôk
Spindly -ccûi(n(a) [dia]

{c} -> c-cxûi(n(a)) [dia]

{cx} -cxûi(n(a), -> ccûi(n(a) [dia]

-cceqûin

{c} -> c-cxeqûin

{cx} -cxeqûin, -> cceqûin [dia]

-cceqûit

{c} -> c-cxeqûit

{cx} -cxeqûit, -> cceqûit [dia]

-ccûis

{c} -> c-cxûis

{cx} -cxûis, -> ccûis [dia]

-ccûix

{c} -> c-cxûix

{cx} -cxûix, -> ccûix [dia]

-ccûik

{c} -> c-cxûik

{cx} -cxûik, -> ccûikd [dia]

Pronouns

Zdrole has an extremely rich number of pronouns. To read more about pronouns, see Pronouns under the Zdrole Language. Aside from being coded for six verb genders, 11 forms and having an emphatic version of each, there are only a handful of actual base pronouns:

  • 1st person singular (I/me/my/mine/myself) and plural/nosist (we, us, our, ours, ourselves);
  • 2nd person singular general (thou, thee, thy, thine, thineself), familiar / "cute" (you, you, your, yours, yourself), and plural/nosist (ye, you, your, yours, yourselves);
  • 3rd person human/animate pronoun with case inflected for broad singular and narrow singular (he/she, him/her, his/her, his/hers, himself/herself), plural/nosist (they, them, their, theirs, themselves), and spindly, which doubly acts as an epicene and indefinite pronoun, and may be singular or plural (singular/plural they, them, their, theirs, themself/themselves; one, one's, oneself, whoever, whoever's, who, someone, )
  • 3rd person inanimate equivalents to all aforementioned pronouns (it, its, itself, they, them, their, etc.)
  • Animate and inanimate interrogative pronouns, which do not inflect their cases and are automatically in the Broad case.
  • Demonstratives (this, that) and interrogative determiner pronouns (which), all of which may combine with the third person pronoun for 2 additional 3rd person pronouns by preceding them with an open non-emphatic Disjunctive inflection (i.e. se + la = sela). Only interrogatives do not code for gender. spindly-inflected pronouns are analyzed as true epicene singular pronouns (singular they/them/their/theirs/theirself), as well as referenced indefinite pronouns (said individual, such an individual, etc.). Proximal demonstratives (this) may refer to 1st, 2nd or 3rd person with dramatically different contexts; distal demonstratives (that) may refer to 2nd and 3rd person with similarly nuanced dependent context. moa + lle -> moale; moa + la -> moa
First Person Singular Pronouns Emphatic First Singular Person Pronouns
Gender/Case Open Nasal Dental Alveolar Postalveolar Peripheral Open Nasal Dental Alveolar Postalveolar Peripheral
Ergative uini uin uinit uinis uinix uinik E ûini ûin ûinit ûinis ûinix ûinik
Absolutive uil uil uit, uilt [dia] uis uix uif Ab ûil ûiloen ûit, ûilt [dia] ûis ûix ûi
Dative uih uihiun uisqt uisqc uixqc uihqk D ûih ûihen ûisqt ûisqc ûixqc ûihqk
Locative uistra uistran uistrat uistras uistrax uistraf L ûistra ûistran ûistrat ûistras ûistrax ûistraf
Semblative uili uilin uilit uilis uilix, uihi [dia] uilif S ûili ûilin ûilit ûilis ûilix, uihi [dia] ûilif
Relative uina uin uinat uinas uinax uinak R ûina ûin ûinat ûinas ûinax ûinak
Approximative uistreola uistreolan uistreolat uistreolas uistreolax uistreolaf Ap ûistreola ûistreolan ûistreolat ûistreolas ûistreolax ûistreolaf
Locative-Genetive uicxi uicxin uicxit uicxis uicxix uicxik LG ûicxi ûicxin ûicxit ûicxis ûicxix ûicxik
Comitative-Possessive uici uisin uisit uisic, uic [dia] uisicx uicik, uisik [dia] CP ûici ûisin ûisit ûisic, ûic [dia] ûisicx ûicik, ûisik [dia]
"Cute" Abs./Disj. uii uiin uiinic(x) uiinic(x) uiinic(x) uiiniki, uiinic(x) cA ûi ûin ûic(x) ûic(x) ûic(x) ûiki, ûicx
"Cute" Dative ui(i)hi ui(i)hin ui(i)s(i) ui(i)s(i) ui(i)x(i) ui(i)ki cD ûihi ûihin ûiis ûiis ûiix ûi(i)ki
"Cute" Locative ui(i)sa uisan uisac(x) uisac(x) uisac(x) uisaki, uisacx cL ûisa ûisan ûisac(x) ûisac(x) ûisac(x) ûisaki, ûisacx
Disjunctive ûil ûin ûit, ûilt [dia] ûis ûix ûi D ûi (in writing "uiui")
First Person Plural / Nosist Pronouns Emphatic First Person Plural / Nosist Pronouns
Gender/Case Open Nasal Dental Alveolar Postalveolar Peripheral Open Nasal Dental Alveolar Postalveolar Peripheral
Ergative lylena lylen lylent lylenc lylecx lylek E lŷlena lŷlen lŷlent lŷlenc lŷlencx lŷlengk
Absolutive lylemin lylemin lylemint lyleminc lylemincx lylemingk Ab lŷlemin lŷlemin lŷlemint lŷleminc lŷlemincx lŷlemingk
Dative lyleh lylehiun lylesqt lylesqc lylexqc lylehqk D lŷleh lŷlehiun lŷlesqt lŷlesqc lŷlexqc lŷlehqk
Locative lylestra lylestran lylestrat lylestras lylestrax lylestraf L lŷlestra lŷlestran lŷlestrat lŷlestras lŷlestrax lŷlestraf
Semblative lyl-la,

uila [dia]

lyl-lan,

uilan [dia]

lyl-lat,

uilat [dia]

lyl-las,

uilas [dia]

lyl-lax,

uilax [dia]

lyl-laf,

uilaf [dia]

S
Relative lylòna lylòn lylònt lylònc lylòncx lylòngk R
Approximative Ap
Locative-Genetive LG
Comitative-Possessive CP
"Cute" Absolutive ye yemi yec(x)i yec(x)i yec(x)i yeki, yecxi cA yê yêmi yêc(x)i yêc(x)i yêc(x)i yêki, yêcxi
"Cute" Dative yehi yey yesi yesi yexi yefi cD yêhi yêy yêsi yêsi yêxi yêfi
"Cute" Locative yesa yesan yes yes yex yef cL yêsa yêsan yês yês yêx yêf
Disjunctive lŷle lŷlen lŷlet lŷles lŷlex lŷlek D yê (in writing "lylee")
Second Person General Singular Pronouns Emphatic Second Person General Singular Pronouns
Gender/Case Open Nasal Dental Alveolar Postalveolar Peripheral Open Nasal Dental Alveolar Postalveolar Peripheral
Ergative E
Absolutive ci Ab
Dative D
Locative L
Semblative S
Relative R
Approximative Ap
Locative-Genetive LG
Comitative-Possessive CP
Disjunctive D sî (in writing "cii")
Second Person Familiar / "Cute" Singular Pronouns Emphatic Second Person Familiar / "Cute" Singular Pronouns
Gender/Case Open Nasal Dental Alveolar Postalveolar Peripheral Open Nasal Dental Alveolar Postalveolar Peripheral
Ergative E
Absolutive cxi cxini cxicx(i) cxicx(i) cxicx(i) chiki, cxicx(i) Ab
Dative D
Locative L
Semblative S
Relative R
Approximative Ap
Locative-Genetive LG
Comitative-Possessive CP
Disjunctive D xî (in writing "cxii")
Second Person Plural / Nosist Pronouns Emphatic Second Person Plural / Nosist Pronouns
Gender/Case Open Nasal Dental Alveolar Postalveolar Peripheral Open Nasal Dental Alveolar Postalveolar Peripheral
Ergative E
Absolutive cu Ab cû
"Cute" Absolutive ciu, ci,

cxiu, cxi

cA cîu, cî,

cxîu, cxî

Dative D
Locative L
Semblative S
Relative R
Approximative Ap
Locative-Genetive LG
Comitative-Possessive CP
Disjunctive D cîu (in writing "cu-iu")
Third Person Broad Animate / Familiar Singular Pronoun Emphatic Third Person Broad Animate / Familiar Singular Pronoun
Gender/Case Open Nasal Dental Alveolar Postalveolar Peripheral Open Nasal Dental Alveolar Postalveolar Peripheral
Ergative E
Absolutive lafui Ab lâfui
"Cute" Absolutive lafi, lefi cA lâfi, lêfi
Dative D
Locative L
Semblative S
Relative R
Approximative Ap
Locative-Genetive LG
Comitative-Possessive CP
Disjunctive lâ D lâ (in writing "laa")
Third Person Narrow Animate / Familiar Singular Pronouns Emphatic Third Person Narrow Animate / Familiar Singular Pronouns
Gender/Case Open Nasal Dental Alveolar Postalveolar Peripheral Open Nasal Dental Alveolar Postalveolar Peripheral
Ergative E
Absolutive labui Ab lâbui
"Cute" Absolutive lavi, leúi cA lôy, lêy
Dative D
Locative L
Semblative S
Relative R
Approximative Ap
Locative-Genetive LG
Comitative-Possessive CP
Disjunctive lâ D lâ (in writing "laa")
Third Person Spindly / Ambiguous Human / Familiar Pronouns Emphatic Third Person Spindly / Ambiguous Animate / Familiar Pronouns
Gender/Case Open Nasal Dental Alveolar Postalveolar Peripheral Open Nasal Dental Alveolar Postalveolar Peripheral
Ergative E
Absolutive lafuizè Ab lâfuize
"Cute" Absolutive lafi, lefi,

lafizi

cA lâfi, lêfi,

lafîzi

Dative D
Locative L
Semblative S
Relative R
Approximative Ap
Locative-Genetive LG
Comitative-Possessive CP
Disjunctive lâ D lâ (in writing "laa")
Third Person Plural / Nosist Animate / Familiar Pronouns Emphatic Third Person Plural / Nosist Animate / Familiar Pronouns
Gender/Case Open Nasal Dental Alveolar Postalveolar Peripheral Open Nasal Dental Alveolar Postalveolar Peripheral
Ergative E
Absolutive lamin Ab lamîn
Dative D
Locative L
Semblative S
Relative R
Approximative Ap
Locative-Genetive LG
Comitative-Possessive CP
Disjunctive lâ D lâ (in writing "laa")
Third Person Broad Inanimate / Distal Singular Pronoun Emphatic Third Person Broad Inanimate / Distal Singular Pronoun
Gender/Case Open Nasal Dental Alveolar Postalveolar Peripheral Open Nasal Dental Alveolar Postalveolar Peripheral
Ergative E
Absolutive llefui Ab ĺl̀efui
"Cute" Absolutive lafi, lefi cA
Dative D
Locative L
Semblative S
Relative R
Approximative Ap
Locative-Genetive LG
Comitative-Possessive CP
Disjunctive lle D
Third Person Narrow Inanimate / Distal Singular Pronouns Emphatic Third Person Narrow Inanimate / Distal Singular Pronouns
Gender/Case Open Nasal Dental Alveolar Postalveolar Peripheral Open Nasal Dental Alveolar Postalveolar Peripheral
Ergative E
Absolutive llebui Ab ĺl̀ebui
"Cute" Absolutive cA
Dative D
Locative L
Semblative S
Relative R
Approximative Ap
Locative-Genetive LG
Comitative-Possessive CP
Disjunctive lle D
Third Person Spindly / Ambiguous Inanimate / Distal Pronouns Emphatic Third Person Spindly Inanimate / Distal Pronouns
Gender/Case Open Nasal Dental Alveolar Postalveolar Peripheral Open Nasal Dental Alveolar Postalveolar Peripheral
Ergative E
Absolutive llezui Ab llêfuize
"Cute" Absolutive cA
Dative D
Locative L
Semblative S
Relative R
Approximative Ap
Locative-Genetive LG
Comitative-Possessive CP
Disjunctive lle D
Third Person Plural / Nosist Inanimate / Distal Pronouns Emphatic Third Person Plural / Nosist Inanimate / Distal Pronouns
Gender/Case Open Nasal Dental Alveolar Postalveolar Peripheral Open Nasal Dental Alveolar Postalveolar Peripheral
Ergative E
Absolutive llemin Ab ĺl̀emin
Dative D
Locative L
Semblative S
Relative R
Approximative Ap
Locative-Genetive LG
Comitative-Possessive CP
Disjunctive llemin D

Interrogative Pronouns

Interrogative Animate Pronouns Emphatic Interrogative Animate Pronouns
Gender/Case Open Nasal Dental Alveolar Postalveolar Peripheral Open Nasal Dental Alveolar Postalveolar Peripheral
Ergative E
Absolutive Ab
"Cute" Absolutive cA
Dative D
Locative L
Semblative S
Relative R
Approximative Ap
Locative-Genetive LG
Comitative-Possessive CP
Disjunctive D
Interrogative Inanimate Pronouns Emphatic Interrogative Inanimate Pronouns
Gender/Case Open Nasal Dental Alveolar Postalveolar Peripheral Open Nasal Dental Alveolar Postalveolar Peripheral
Ergative E
Absolutive Ab
"Cute" Absolutive cA
Dative D
Locative L
Semblative S
Relative R
Approximative Ap
Locative-Genetive LG
Comitative-Possessive CP
Disjunctive D
Determiner Emphatic Determiner
Gender/Case Open Nasal Dental Alveolar Postalveolar Peripheral Open Nasal Dental Alveolar Postalveolar Peripheral
Proximal Demonstrative se P
Distal Demonstrative mao D
Interrogative Determiner I
Determiner + 3rd Person Animate Emphatic Determiner + 3rd Person Animate
Gender/Case Open Nasal Dental Alveolar Postalveolar Peripheral Open Nasal Dental Alveolar Postalveolar Peripheral
Proximal (Disjunctive) sela P
Distal (Disjunctive) mao D mâo
Interrogative (Disjunctive) I
Determiner + 3rd Person Inanimate Emphatic Determiner + 3rd Person Inanimate
Gender/Case Open Nasal Dental Alveolar Postalveolar Peripheral Open Nasal Dental Alveolar Postalveolar Peripheral
Proximal (Disjunctive) selle P
Distal (Disjunctive) moale D mâole
Interrogative (Disjunctive) I
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