Zdrole Morphology
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| Zdrole | |
|---|---|
| Zdrêoll | |
| Pronunciation | IPA: [zd̠ɹ̠ɤ̂.ləl] |
| Native to | Fortizendria |
| Region | Central Occeia in Krystar |
Native speakers | Unknown |
Occe-Fortizian
| |
| Mezéz | |
| Official status | |
Official language in | Fortizendria |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | ZDR |
Zdrole (native: Zdrêola, pronounced: [zd̠ɹ̠ɤ̂.la], formally Êzdreola, lit. "around the tongue") is the official and most widely spoken language of Fortizendria, a nation in the region of Krystar. Zdrole is regularly used by about 80% of Fortizendrians and is the first language of about 65%, although about 45% have notable dialectal differences, many of which differ substantially, in some cases being considered "unrecognized partially intelligible languages". It is by far the most widely spoken language, with the only officially recognized and local-official language of Fvonil and its dialects being close, being known by about 40% of the population and 20% learning it as a first language. Non-recognized varieties of Ovalul, Cziliel, and neighboring countries' languages being the first language of the remaining 15% and being understood by roughly 30% of the population. It is not especially well documented.
Zdrole is not very centralized as a single language, with several dialects exhibiting mergers or splits in certain sounds, different cases being used for specific circumstances, differences in honorifics, and even a change in lexicon due to borrowing from other languages and coining new terms. This article mainly covers a specific dialect of Zdrole, the Fortizendriana or Capital Dialect, which is most widely understood due to use in federal government. However, it should be noted that many provincial governments, as well as local governments, often different dialects, if not Fvonil (or in locales other minor languages). International diplomacy must be conducted in Zdrole, but dialects may vary wildly. Legal language and technical jargon is written or spoken with many technical loan words taken from more advanced economic neighbors, while the constitution was written in a now "archaic" version of a dialect that was not even the Capital dialect.
This page is reserved for Zdrole morphology, lexicon and inflection. This section ONLY covers words and their basic meaning, as well as their various forms (if applicable), and does not describe what each form is or means in much detail. For grammar, phonology, and other aspects of the Zdrole language, see the Zdrole Language.
Grammatical Case Inflection
Grammatical case in Zdrole is rather complicated, having anywhere from 7 to 30 total cases, although many of these cases may be analyzed as a combination of case inflection and derivational morphology. It is often not entirely clear what counts as a distinct case vs. a derivation in Zdrole, as some modifiers have the functions of both. Grammatical case is unique in that it agrees in both noun class and verbal "gender"/ending paradigm. Below is a table showing all of the various forms for each widely accepted case marking, as well as archaic and less-agreed-upon compound cases.
Legend: [C] = Consonant, [vC] = voiced consonant, [xC] = voiceless consonant;
(#)[V] = Vowel, [f = front, [b = back, [c = close, [o = open, [r = rounded, [u = unrounded, s = same vowel, a = any vowel;
ɵ = mid vowel with the same backness / roundness; ʉ = close vowel with the same backness/roundess;
- = last letter, -- / -[#] - = last vowel / consonant, - -# = second - is part of the orthography; {#} = individual letters; #-> = segment is removed and replaced by inflection;
[irreg] = Irregular words only; [dia] = Dialectal, or common different variants across various dialects, or otherwise varies between speakers among dialects.
"Alternate case endings" are endings that specifically appear after short words, primarily after most CV and many VC monosyllabic unpitched non-loanwords, along with several exceptions including compounds.
Note: Polysyllabic words also receive a pitch accent
| Ergative Case | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | Open | Nasal | Dental | Alveolar | Post-Alevolar | Peripheral |
| Broad | -ni | [C] -uin
[V] -n |
-nid | -niz | -nij | -nik |
| Narrow | -na
{d}-> -nda |
-nan(g) [dia]
{d}-> -ndan(g) [dia] |
-nad
{d}-> -nta |
-nacz
{d}->-ndac |
-nacj
{d}->-ndacx |
-nav
{d}-> -ndav/ndao [dia] |
| Plural | [V] -ze
[C] -oe |
[V] -zê
[C] -ôe |
[V] -zet
[C] -oet |
[V] -zec
[C] -oec |
[V] -zecx
[C] -oecx |
[V] -zek
[C] -oek |
| Spindly | -nʉ | -nʉng | [rV] --noet
[uV] --net |
[rV] --noecz
[uV] --necz |
[rV] --noecj
[uV] --necj |
[rV] --nao(v) [dia]
[uV] --nav |
| Absolutive Case | ||||||
| Gender | Open | Nasal | Dental | Alveolar | Post-Alevolar | Peripheral |
| Broad | -∅ | [C] -ɵng
[V] -ng {m/ng} -∅ |
[C] -ɵt
[V] -t {t} -∅ |
[C] -ɵs
[V] -s |
[C] -ɵx
[V] -x |
[C] -ɵk, -k (if permitted)
[V] -k |
| Narrow | -∅ | [C] -ɵng
[V] -ng {n} -∅ |
[C] -ad
[V] -d {d/t} -∅ |
-az
{a} -z {z/s} -c |
[C] -aj
[V] -j {j} -c, {x} -> cc |
[C] -ag
[V] -g |
| Plural | -∅ | [C] ∅
[V] -n |
-t | -c | -cx | [C] -gk
[V] -f |
| Spindly | -∅ | [rV]-[C] -ong
[uV]-[C] -eong [V] -ng |
[rV]-[C] -aot
[uV]-[C] -at [V] -t |
[V]/liquid -c
{c/cx/cz/cj} -∅ [C]* -ec [irreg] |
[V]/liquid -cx
{c/cx/cz/cj} -∅ [C]* -ec [irreg] |
-k,
-∅ [irreg] |
| Alternate Absolutive Case | ||||||
| Gender | Open | Nasal | Dental | Alveolar | Post-Alevolar | Peripheral |
| Broad | -fui | -fuin | -fuis | -fuiz | -fuij, -fuix [dia] | -fui(v) [dia] |
| Narrow | [C] -ui
[V] - bui |
[C] -uin
[V] -buin, -buim [dia] |
[C] -uit
[V] - buis |
[C] -uiz(e) [dia]
[V] -buiz(e) [dia] |
[C] -uij
[V] - buix, -buij [dia] |
[C] -ui, -uiv, -uif [dia]
[V] -bui, -buiv, -buif [dia] |
| Plural | -∅ | [C] -∅
[V] -n |
-t | -c | -cx | [C] -gk
[V] -f |
| Spindly | -fuizè | -fuiziun | -fuizet | -fuizíc | -fuizí(c)x [dia] | -fuizík |
| Dative Case | ||||||
| Gender | Open | Nasal | Dental | Alveolar | Post-Alevolar | Peripheral |
| Broad | [C] -ɵfqp
[V] -qɵ, -qɵfqp [dia] |
[C] -ɵqiun
[V] -qiun |
[C] -ɵsqt
[V] -qɵsqt |
[C] -ɵsqc
[V] -qɵsqc |
[C] -ɵxqc
[V] -qɵxqc |
[C] -ɵhqk
[V] -qɵhqk |
| Narrow | ||||||
| Plural | ||||||
| Spindly | ||||||
| Alternate Dative Case | ||||||
| Gender | Open | Nasal | Dental | Alveolar | Post-Alevolar | Peripheral |
| Broad | -fɵ | -fɵm | -fɵt | -fɵs | -fɵx | -fɵf |
| Narrow | -mɵ | [fV] --moem
[bV] --mom |
-mɵt | -mɵs | -mɵx | [fV] --moe(v) [dia]
[bV] --mo(v) [dia] |
| Plural | [C] -ɵfqp
[V] -qɵ, -qɵfqp [dia] |
[C] -ɵqiun
[V] -qiun |
[C] -ɵsqt
[V] -qɵsqt |
[C] -ɵsqc
[V] -qɵsqc |
[C] -ɵxqc
[V] -qɵxqc |
[C] -ɵhqk
[V] -qɵhqk |
| Spindly | [rV] --foexoe
[uV] --fexe |
[rV] --foexoen
[uV] --fexen |
[rV] --foexoet
[uV] --fexet |
[rV] --foexuiz
[uV] --fexis |
[rV] --foexuij
[uV] --fexix |
[rV] --foexoe(v) [dia]
[uV] --fexif |
| Causative Case | ||||||
| Gender | Open | Nasal | Dental | Alveolar | Post-Alevolar | Peripheral |
| Broad | [fV]-[C] -ùina
[bV]-C -ùnao [fV] -qùina [bV] -qùnao [fV̀] --ûina [bV̀] --ûnao |
[fV]-[C] -ùin
[bV]-C -ùn, ùm [dia] [fV] -qùin [bV] -qùn, -qùm [dia] [fV̀] --ûin [bV̀] --ûn, --ûm [dia] |
[fV]-[C] -ùit
[bV]-C -ùt [fV] -qùit [bV] -qùt [fV̀] --ûit [bV̀] --ût |
[fV]-[C] -ùis
[bV]-C -ùs [fV] -qùis [bV] -qùs [fV̀] --ûis [bV̀] --ûs |
[fV]-[C] -ùix
[bV]-C -ùx [fV] -qùix [bV] -qùx [fV̀] --ûix [bV̀] --ûx |
[fV]-[C] -ùi(v) [dia]
[bV]-C -ù(v) [dia] [fV] -qùi(v) [dia] [bV] -qù(v) [dia] [fV̀] --ûi(v) [dia] [bV̀] --û(v) [dia] |
| Narrow | [fV] --vâ,
[bV] --(v)âo [dia] [fV̂] --va, --ua [dia] [bV̂] --(v)ao [dia] |
[fV] --vâng
[bV] --(v)âong [dia] [fV̂] --viun, --uin [dia] [bV̂] --(v)aong, --um [dia] |
[fV] --vât
[bV] --(v)âot [dia] [fV̂] --vat, --uat [dia] [bV̂] --(v)aot [dia] |
[fV] --vâz
[bV] --(v)âoz [dia] [fV̂] --vaz, --uaz [dia] [bV̂] --(v)aoz [dia] |
[fV] --vâj
[bV] --(v)âoj [dia] [fV̂] --vaj, --uaj [dia] [bV̂] --(v)aoj [dia] |
[fV] --vâv
[bV] --(v)âo(v) [dia] [fV̂] --vav, -uv [dia] [bV̂] --(v)ao(v) [dia] |
| Plural | [fV]-[C] -ùi
[bV]-C -ù [fV] -qùi [bV] -qù |
[fV]-[C] -ùin
[bV]-C -ùn, ùm [dia] [fV] -qùin [bV] -qùn, -qùm [dia] |
[C] -d
[V] -d(a) [dia] |
[fV]-[C] -ùiz
[bV]-C -ùz [fV] -qùiz [bV] -qùz |
[fV]-[C] -ùij
[bV]-C -ùj [fV] -qùij [bV] -qùj |
[fV]-[C] -ùik
[bV]-C -ùk [fV] -qùik [bV] -qùk |
| Spindly | [fV]-[C] -ùix
[bV]-C -ùx [fV] -qùix [bV] -qùx |
[fV]-[C] -ùixoen
[bV]-C -ùxon [fV] -qùixoen [bV] -qùxon |
[fV]-[C] -ùixoen
[bV]-C -ùxon [fV] -qùixoen [bV] -qùxon |
[fV]-[C] -ùixoes
[bV]-C -ùxos [fV] -qùixoes [bV] -qùxos |
[fV]-[C] -ùixoex
[bV]-C -ùxox [fV] -qùixoex [bV] -qùxox |
[fV]-[C] -ùixoek
[bV]-C -ùxof [fV] -qùixoek [bV] -qùxof |
| Locative Case | ||||||
| Gender | Open | Nasal | Dental | Alveolar | Post-Alevolar | Peripheral |
| Broad | [fV] --stra
[bV] --stro |
[fV] --stran(a) [dia]
[bV] --stron(o) [dia] |
[fV] --strad
[bV] --strod |
[fV] --streses
[bV] --strosos |
[fV] --stracj
[bV] --strocj |
[fV] --straf
[bV] --strof |
| Narrow | [fV]-[vC] -zdrieo
[bV]-[vC] -zdreo [fV]-{n/z} -drieo [bV]-{n/z} -dreo [fV]-{d/cz} - -rieon [d̪ɾiɤn] [bV]-{d/cz} - -reon [d̪ɾɤn] [fV]-{j} -> -zdrieo [bV]-{j} -> zdreo [fV]-{cj} -> drieo [bV]-{d/cj} -> dreo |
[fV] --zdrieon
[bV] --zdreon [fV]-{n/z} -drieon [d͡ʒɹiɤn] [bV]-{n/z} -dreon [d͡ʒɹɤn] [fV]-{d/cz} - -rieon [d̪ɾiɤn] [bV]-{d/cz} - -reon [d̪ɾɤn] [fV]-{j} -> zdrieon [bV]-{j} -> zdreon [fV]-{cj} -> drieon [d͡ʒɹiɤ] [bV]-{cj} -> dreon [d͡ʒɹɤ] |
[fV] --zdrieod
[bV] --zdreod [fV]-{n/z} -drieod [bV]-{n/z} -dreod [fV]-{d/cz} - -rieod [bV]-{d/cz} - -reod [fV]-{j} -> zdrieod [bV]-{j} -> zdreod [fV]-{cj} -> drieod [bV]-{cj} -> dreod |
[fV] --zdrieoz
[bV] --zdreoz [fV]-{n/z} -drieoz [bV]-{n/z} -dreoz [fV]-{d/cz} - -rieoz [bV]-{d/cz} - -reoz [fV]-{j} -> zdrieoz [bV]-{j} -> zdreoz [fV]-{cj} -> drieoz [bV]-{cj} -> dreoz |
[fV] --zdrieoj
[bV] --zdreoj [fV]-{n/z} -drieoj [bV]-{n/z} -dreoj [fV]-{d/cz} - -rieoj [bV]-{d/cz} - -reoj [fV]-{j} -> zdrieoj [bV]-{j} -> zdreoj [fV]-{cj} -> drieoj [bV]-{cj} -> dreoj |
[fV] --zdrieovêov
[bV] --zdreovêov [fV]-{n/z} -drieovêov [bV]-{n/z} -dreovêov [fV]-{d/cz} - -rieovêov [bV]-{d/cz} - -reovêov [fV]-{j} -> zdrieovêov [bV]-{j} -> zdreovêov [fV]-{cj} -> drieovêov [bV]-{cj} -> dreovêov |
| Plural | [fV] --stroe
[bV] --stro |
[fV] --stroem
[bV] --strom |
[fV] --stroet
[bV] --strot |
[fV] --stroes
[bV] --stros |
[fV] --stroexuix
[bV] --stroxux |
[fV] --stroef
[bV] --strof |
| Spindly | -cce
{c} -> c-cxe {cx} -cxe, -> cce [dia] |
-ccenan, -ccexin [dia]
{c} -> c-cxe(nan/xin) [dia] {cx} -cxenan, -> ccexin [dia] |
-ccet
{c} -> c-cxet {cx} -cxet, -> ccet [dia] |
-ccet
{c} -> c-cxet {cx} -cxet, -> ccet [dia] |
-ccet
{c} -> c-cxet {cx} -cxet, -> ccet [dia] |
-ccet
{c} -> c-cxet {cx} -cxet, -> ccet [dia] |
| Semblative Case | ||||||
| Gender | Open | Nasal | Dental | Alveolar | Post-Alevolar | Peripheral |
| Broad | -li | -liun | -lit | -lis | -lix | -lik |
| Narrow | [rV] --ro
[uV] --reo |
[rV] --ron
[uV] --reon |
[rV] --rot
[uV] --reot |
[rV] --roz
[uV] --reoz |
[rV] --rox
[uV] --reox |
[rV] --rok
[uV] --reok |
| Plural | -la | -lan | -lat | -laz | -laj | -lav |
| Spindly | ||||||
| Equative Case | ||||||
| Gender | Open | Nasal | Dental | Alveolar | Post-Alevolar | Peripheral |
| Broad | -iciu | -iciun | -iciut | -isqc | -ixqc | -if |
| Narrow | [rV]-[C] -oexuix
[uV]-[C] -exix [rV] -xuix [uV] -xix |
[rV]-[C] -oexuin
[uV]-[C] -exin [rV] -xuin [uV] -xin |
[rV]-[C] -oexoet
[uV]-[C] -exet [rV] -xuixoet [uV] -xixet |
[rV]-[C] -oexuis
[uV]-[C] -exis [rV] -xuixoes [uV] -xixes |
[rV]-[C] -oexuix
[uV]-[C] -exix [rV] -xuixoex [uV] -xixex |
[rV]-[C] -oexoek
[uV]-[C] -exek [rV] -xuixek [uV] -xixek |
| Plural | [rV] --uizoe
[uV] --ize |
[rV] --uizoen
[uV] --izen |
-d, -da, -ad
[dia, sometimes C/V] |
[rV] --uizoec
[uV] --izec |
[rV] --uij(oe) [dia]
[uV] --ij(e) [dia] |
[rV] --uizk
[uV] --izk |
| Spindly | [rV] --kao
[uV] --ka |
[rV] --kaoh
[uV] --kah |
[rV] --kaot
[uV] --kat |
[rV] --kaoz
[uV] --kaz |
[rV] --kaox
[uV] --kax |
[rV] --kaok
[uV] --kak |
| Alt. Spindly | [rV] --kaofui
[uV] --kafui |
[rV] --kaofuin
[uV] --kafuin |
[rV] --kaofuizè
[uV] --kafuizè |
[rV] --kaofuis
[uV] --kafuis |
[rV] --kaofuix [dia]
[uV] --kafuix [dia] f may be z or fuiz; [dia] |
[rV] --kaofui(v) [dia]
[uV] --kafui(v) [dia]] f may be z or fuiz; [dia] |
| Potential Equative Case | ||||||
| Gender | Open | Nasal | Dental | Alveolar | Post-Alevolar | Peripheral |
| Broad | -layciu | -layciun | -layciut | -laycius | -layciux | -layciuk |
| Narrow | [rV] --roxuix
[uV] --reoxix |
[rV] --ronoexuin
[uV] --reonexin |
[rV] --rocxoet
[uV] --reocxet |
[rV] --rozoexuis
[uV] --reozexis |
[rV] --roxoexuix
[uV] --reoxexix |
[rV] --rohqk
[uV] --reohqk |
| Plural | -layze | -layzen | -layzet | -layzec | -layzecx | -layzek |
| Spindly | -laka | -langkah | -latkat | -lackas | -lacxkax | -lafkak |
| Alt. Spindly | -lakafui | -langkafuin | -laskafuizè | -laskafuis | -laxkafuij | -lafkazui(v) [dia] |
| Relative Case | ||||||
| Gender | Open | Nasal | Dental | Alveolar | Post-Alevolar | Peripheral |
| Broad | [rV] --liòna, --yòna [dia]
[uV] --lièna, --yèna [dia] |
[rV] --liòng, --yòng [dia]
[uV] --lièn, --yèn [dia] |
[rV] --liònt, --yònt [dia]
[uV] --liènt, --yènt [dia] |
[rV] --liònaz, --yònaz [dia]
[uV] --liènaz, --yènaz [dia] |
[rV] --liònaj, --yònaj [dia]
[uV] --liènaj, --yènaj [dia] |
[rV] --liòngka, --yòngka [dia]
[uV] --lièngka, --yèngka [dia] |
| Narrow | [rV] --râ(v) [dia]
[uV] -r-âo(v) [dia] |
[rV] --rân
[uV] --râon |
[rV] --râd
[uV] --râod |
[rV] --râz
[uV] --râoz |
[rV] --râj
[uV] --râoj |
[rV] --râk
[uV] --râok |
| Plural | [C] -ilia [irr]
[rV] -liòna, -yòna [dia] [uV] -lièna, -yèna [dia] {n} -yè |
[C] -ilian [irr]
[rV] -liòn, -yòn [dia] [uV] -lièn, -yèn [dia] {n} -yàn |
[C] -iliat [irr]
[rV] -liònt, -yònt [dia] [uV] -liènt, -yènt [dia] {n} -yàt |
[C] -iliaz [irr]
[rV] -liònaz, -yònaz [dia] [uV] -liènaz, -yènaz [dia] {n} -yàz |
[C] -iliaj [irr]
[rV] -liònaj, -yònaj [dia] [uV] -liènaj, -yènaj [dia] {n} -yèx |
[C] -iliak [irr]
[rV] --liòngka, --yòngka [dia] [uV] --lièngka, --yèngka [dia] {n} -yàk |
| Spindly | [C] -ùixuil
[V] -qùixuil |
[C] -ùixuin
[V] -qùixuin |
[C] -ùixuit
[V] -qùixuit |
[C] -ùixuiz
[V] -qùixuiz |
[C] -ùixuix
[V] -qùixuix |
[C] -ùixuik
[V] -qùixuik |
| Locative-Genitive Case | ||||||
| Gender | Open | Nasal | Dental | Alveolar | Post-Alevolar | Peripheral |
| Broad | -straqùina | -straqùin | -straqùit | -straqùiz | -straqùix | -straqùi(v) [dia] |
| Narrow | [fV] --zdriêona
[bV] --zdrêona [fV]-{n/z} -driêona [d͡ʒɹiɤ] [bV]-{n/z} -drêona [d͡ʒɹɤ] [fV]-{d/cz} - -riêona [d̪ɾiɤ] [bV]-{d/cz} - -rêona [d̪ɾɤ] [fV]-{j} -> zdriêona [bV]-{j} -> zdrêona [fV]-{cj} -> driêona [d͡ʒɹiɤ] [bV]-{cj} -> drêona [d͡ʒɹɤ] |
[fV] --zdriêon
[bV] --zdrêon [fV]-{n/z} -driêon [d͡ʒɹiɤn] [bV]-{n/z} -drêon [d͡ʒɹɤn] [fV]-{d/cz} - -riêon [d̪ɾiɤn] [bV]-{d/cz} - -rêon [d̪ɾɤn] [fV]-{j} -> zdriêon [bV]-{j} -> zdrêon [fV]-{cj} -> driêon [d͡ʒɹiɤ] [bV]-{cj} -> drêon [d͡ʒɹɤ] |
[fV] --zdriêot
[bV] --zdrêot [fV]-{n/z} -driêot [bV]-{n/z} -drêot [fV]-{d/cz} - -riêot [bV]-{d/cz} - -rêot [fV]-{j} -> zdriêot [bV]-{j} -> zdrêot [fV]-{cj} -> driêot [bV]-{cj} -> drêot |
[fV] --zdriêoncz
[bV] --zdrêoncz [fV]-{n/z} -driêoncz [bV]-{n/z} -drêoncz [fV]-{d/cz} - -riêoncz [bV]-{d/cz} - -rêoncz [fV]-{j} -> zdriêoncz [bV]-{j} -> zdrêoncz [fV]-{cj} -> driêoncz [bV]-{cj} -> drêoncz |
[fV] --zdriêoncj
[bV] --zdrêoncj [fV]-{n/z} -driêoncj [bV]-{n/z} -drêoncj [fV]-{d/cz} - -riêoncj [bV]-{d/cz} - -rêoncj [fV]-{j} -> zdriêonc [bV]-{j} -> zdrêonc [fV]-{cj} -> driêonc [bV]-{cj} -> drêonc |
[fV] --zdriêo(v) [dia]
[bV] --zdrêo(v) [dia] [fV]-{n/z} -driêo(v) [dia] [bV]-{n/z} -drêo(v) [dia] [fV]-{d/cz} - -riêo(v) [dia] [bV]-{d/cz} - -rêo(v) [dia] [fV]-{j} -> zdriêo(v) [dia] [bV]-{j} -> zdrêo(v) [dia] [fV]-{cj} -> driêovêo(v) [dia] [bV]-{cj} -> drêovêo(v) [dia] |
| Plural | -strôna | -strônoen | -strônta | -strôsos | -strôj(a) [dia] | -strôk |
| Spindly | -ccûi(n(a) [dia]
{c} -> c-cxûi(n(a)) [dia] {cx} -cxûi(n(a), -> ccûi(n(a) [dia] |
-cceqûin
{c} -> c-cxeqûin {cx} -cxeqûin, -> cceqûin [dia] |
-cceqûit
{c} -> c-cxeqûit {cx} -cxeqûit, -> cceqûit [dia] |
-ccûis
{c} -> c-cxûis {cx} -cxûis, -> ccûis [dia] |
-ccûix
{c} -> c-cxûix {cx} -cxûix, -> ccûix [dia] |
-ccûik
{c} -> c-cxûik {cx} -cxûik, -> ccûikd [dia] |
Pronouns
Zdrole has an extremely rich number of pronouns. To read more about pronouns, see Pronouns under the Zdrole Language. Aside from being coded for six verb genders, 11 forms and having an emphatic version of each, there are only a handful of actual base pronouns:
- 1st person singular (I/me/my/mine/myself) and plural/nosist (we, us, our, ours, ourselves);
- 2nd person singular general (thou, thee, thy, thine, thineself), familiar / cute (you, you, your, yours, yourself), and plural/nosist (ye, you, your, yours, yourselves), as well as formal you, where the gender of the addressee is coded into the ending rather than a variety of the default. (Spindly endings are fairly rare and often replaced with Nosist endings.)
- 3rd person human/animate pronoun with case inflected for broad singular and narrow singular (he/she, him/her, his/her, his/hers, himself/herself), plural/nosist (they, them, their, theirs, themselves), and spindly, which doubly acts as an epicene and indefinite pronoun, and may be singular or plural (singular/plural they, them, their, theirs, themself/themselves; one, one's, oneself, whoever, whoever's, whoself, someone, someone's)
- 3rd person inanimate equivalents to all aforementioned pronouns (it, its, itself, they, them, their, etc.)
- Animate and inanimate interrogative pronouns, which do not inflect their cases and are automatically in the Broad case.
- Demonstratives (this/these, that/those), which may combine with the third person pronoun for 2 additional 3rd person pronouns by preceding them with an open non-emphatic Disjunctive inflection (i.e. se + la = sela). Demonstrative cases are coded for gender. Spindly-inflected pronouns are analyzed as true epicene singular pronouns (singular they/them/their/theirs/theirself), as well as referenced indefinite pronouns (said individual, such an individual, etc.). Proximal demonstratives (this) may refer to 1st, 2nd or 3rd person with dramatically different contexts; distal demonstratives (that) may refer to 2nd and 3rd person with similarly nuanced dependent context.
- Interrogative determiners (which), negative (no/none/etc.), referential (any, such individual, said individual [context-dependent] - formed by that + this), and universal (every, any) which do not code for gender.
| 1st s | 1st p | 2nd s | 2nd formal s | 2nd fam. s | 2nd p | 3rd anim. s | 3rd anim. p | 3rd ina. s | 3rd ina. p | Determiner | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Definite | uil | lyle | ci | cxi | cu | la | lamin | lle | llemin | ||
| Indefinite | la | lle | |||||||||
| Selective Ind | moasela | maoslle | maose | ||||||||
| Negative | |||||||||||
| Interrogative | |||||||||||
| Proximal | sela | selamin | sela | selamin | sela | selamin | selle | sellemin | se | ||
| Distal | maola | moala | moalamin | maolle | maollemin | mao | |||||
| Selective Int | |||||||||||
| First Person Singular Pronouns | Emphatic First Singular Person Pronouns | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender/Case | Open | Nasal | Dental | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Peripheral | Open | Nasal | Dental | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Peripheral | |
| Ergative | uini | uin | uinit | uinis | uinix | uinik | E | ûini | ûin | ûinit | ûinis | ûinix | ûinik |
| Absolutive | uil | uil | uit, uilt [dia] | uis | uix | uif | Ab | ûil | ûiloen | ûit, ûilt [dia] | ûis | ûix | ûi |
| Dative | uih | uihiun | uisqt | uisqc | uixqc | uihqk | D | ûih | ûihen | ûisqt | ûisqc | ûixqc | ûihqk |
| Locative | uistra | uistran | uistrat | uistras | uistrax | uistraf | L | ûistra | ûistran | ûistrat | ûistras | ûistrax | ûistraf |
| Semblative | uili | uilin | uilit | uilis | uilix, uihi [dia] | uilif | S | ûili | ûilin | ûilit | ûilis | ûilix, uihi [dia] | ûilif |
| Relative | uina | uin | uinat | uinas | uinax | uinak | R | ûina | ûin | ûinat | ûinas | ûinax | ûinak |
| Approximative | uistreola | uistreolan | uistreolat | uistreolaz | uistreolaj | uistreolav | Ap | ûistreola | ûistreolan | ûistreolat | ûistreolas | ûistreolax | ûistreolaf |
| Locative-Genetive | uicxi | uicxin | uicxit | uicxis | uicxix | uicxik | LG | ûicxi | ûicxin | ûicxit | ûicxis | ûicxix | ûicxik |
| Comitative-Possessive | uici | uisin | uisit | uisic, uic [dia] | uisicx | uicik, uisik [dia] | CP | ûici | ûisin | ûisit | ûisic, ûic [dia] | ûisicx | ûicik, ûisik [dia] |
| "Cute" Abs./Disj. | uii | uiin | uiinic(x) | uiinic(x) | uiinic(x) | uiiniki, uiinic(x) | cA | ûi | ûin | ûic(x) | ûic(x) | ûic(x) | ûiki, ûicx |
| "Cute" Dative | ui(i)hi | ui(i)hin | ui(i)s(i) | ui(i)s(i) | ui(i)x(i) | ui(i)ki | cD | ûihi | ûihin | ûiis | ûiis | ûiix | ûi(i)ki |
| "Cute" Locative | ui(i)sa | uisan | uisac(x) | uisac(x) | uisac(x) | uisaki, uisacx | cL | ûisa | ûisan | ûisac(x) | ûisac(x) | ûisac(x) | ûisaki, ûisacx |
| Disjunctive | ûil | ûin | ûit, ûilt [dia] | ûis | ûix | ûi | D | ûi (in writing "uiui") | |||||
| First Person Plural / Nosist Pronouns | Emphatic First Person Plural / Nosist Pronouns | ||||||||||||
| Gender/Case | Open | Nasal | Dental | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Peripheral | Open | Nasal | Dental | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Peripheral | |
| Ergative | lylena | lylen | lylent | lylenc | lylecx | lylek | E | lŷlena | lŷlen | lŷlent | lŷlenc | lŷlencx | lŷlengk |
| Absolutive | lylemin | lylemin | lylemint | lyleminc | lylemincx | lylemingk | Ab | lŷlemin | lŷlemin | lŷlemint | lŷleminc | lŷlemincx | lŷlemingk |
| Dative | lyleh | lylehiun | lylesqt | lylesqc | lylexqc | lylehqk | D | lŷleh | lŷlehiun | lŷlesqt | lŷlesqc | lŷlexqc | lŷlehqk |
| Locative | lylestra | lylestran | lylestrat | lylestras | lylestrax | lylestraf | L | lŷlestra | lŷlestran | lŷlestrat | lŷlestras | lŷlestrax | lŷlestraf |
| Semblative | lyl-la,
uila [dia] |
lyl-lan,
uilan [dia] |
lyl-lat,
uilat [dia] |
lyl-las,
uilas [dia] |
lyl-lax,
uilax [dia] |
lyl-laf,
uilaf [dia] |
S | ||||||
| Relative | lylòna | lylòn | lylònt | lylònc | lylòncx | lylòngk | R | lŷleliòna,
lŷleyòna [dia] |
lŷleliòn,
lŷleyòn [dia] |
lŷleliònt,
lŷleyònt [dia] |
lŷleliònaz,
lŷleyònaz [dia] |
lŷleliònaj,
lŷleyònaj [dia] |
lŷleliòngka,
lŷleyòngka [dia] |
| Approximative | lyléstreola | lyléstreolan | lyléstreolat | lyléstreolaz | lyléstreolaj | lyléstreolav | Ap | lýlestrêola | lýlestrêolan | lýlestrêolat | lylestrêolaz | lýlestrêolaj | lýlestrêolav |
| Locative-Genetive | lylestrôna | lylestrôneon | lylestrônt | lylestrôseos | lylestrôja | lylestrôka | LG | lŷlestròna | lŷlestròneon | lŷlestrònt | lŷlestròseos | lŷlestròja | lŷlestròka |
| Comitative-Possessive | lylestroîze | CP | lŷlestroize | ||||||||||
| "Cute" Absolutive | ye | yemi | yec(x)i | yec(x)i | yec(x)i | yeki, yecxi | cA | yê | yêmi | yêc(x)i | yêc(x)i | yêc(x)i | yêki, yêcxi |
| "Cute" Dative | yehi | yey | yesi | yesi | yexi | yefi | cD | yêhi | yêy | yêsi | yêsi | yêxi | yêfi |
| "Cute" Locative | yesa | yesan | yes | yes | yex | yef | cL | yêsa | yêsan | yês | yês | yêx | yêf |
| Disjunctive | lŷle | lŷlen | lŷlet | lŷles | lŷlex | lŷlek | D | yê (in writing "lylee") | |||||
| Second Person General Singular Pronouns | Emphatic Second Person General Singular Pronouns | ||||||||||||
| Gender/Case | Open | Nasal | Dental | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Peripheral | Open | Nasal | Dental | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Peripheral | |
| Ergative | cina | cinan | cinat | cinas | cinax | cinak | E | cîna | cînan | cînat | cînas | cînax | cînak |
| Absolutive | ci | cin | cit | cis | cix | cik | Ab | cî | cîn | cît | cîs | cîx | cîk |
| Dative | cih | ciqiun | cisqt | cisqc | cixqc | cihqk | D | cîh | cîqiun | cîsqt | cîsqc | cîxqc | cîhqk |
| Locative | cistra | cistran | cistrat | cistras | cistrax | cistraf | L | cîstra | cîstran | cîstrat | cîstras | cîstrax | cîstraf |
| Semblative | cili | cilin | cilit | cilic | cilicx | cilif | S | clî | clîn | clît | clîc | clîcx | clîf |
| Relative | ciliòna,
ciyòna [dia] |
ciliòng,
ciyòng [dia] |
ciliòt,
ciyòt [dia] |
ciliòs,
ciyòs [dia] |
ciliòx,
ciyòx [dia] |
ciliòk,
ciyòk [dia] |
R | cîli | cîlien | cîliet | cîliaz | cîliaj | cîliak |
| Approximative | cistreola | cistreolan | cistreolat | cistreolas | cistreolax | cistreolaf | Ap | cîstreola | cîstreolan | cîstreolat | cîstreolas | cîstreolax | cîstreolaf |
| Locative-Genetive | LG | ||||||||||||
| Comitative-Possessive | CP | ||||||||||||
| Disjunctive | cî | cîn | cît | cîs | cîx | cîk | D | sî (in writing "cii") | |||||
| Second Person Singular Formal You | |||||||||||||
| All | Ci + fui / bui / fuizè endings | ||||||||||||
| Second Person Familiar / "Cute" Singular Pronouns | Emphatic Second Person Familiar / "Cute" Singular Pronouns | ||||||||||||
| Gender/Case | Open | Nasal | Dental | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Peripheral | Open | Nasal | Dental | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Peripheral | |
| Ergative | E | ||||||||||||
| Absolutive | cxi | cxini | cxicx(i) | cxicx(i) | cxicx(i) | chiki, cxicx(i) | Ab | ||||||
| Dative | D | ||||||||||||
| Locative | L | ||||||||||||
| Semblative | S | ||||||||||||
| Relative | R | ||||||||||||
| Approximative | Ap | ||||||||||||
| Locative-Genetive | LG | ||||||||||||
| Comitative-Possessive | CP | ||||||||||||
| Disjunctive | D | xî (in writing "cxii") | |||||||||||
| Second Person Plural / Nosist Pronouns | Emphatic Second Person Plural / Nosist Pronouns | ||||||||||||
| Gender/Case | Open | Nasal | Dental | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Peripheral | Open | Nasal | Dental | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Peripheral | |
| Ergative | E | ||||||||||||
| Absolutive | cu | Ab | cû | ||||||||||
| "Cute" Absolutive | ciu, ci,
cxiu, cxi |
cA | cîu, cî,
cxîu, cxî |
||||||||||
| Dative | cuh | D | cuh | ||||||||||
| Locative | L | ||||||||||||
| Semblative | S | ||||||||||||
| Relative | R | ||||||||||||
| Approximative | Ap | ||||||||||||
| Locative-Genetive | LG | ||||||||||||
| Comitative-Possessive | CP | ||||||||||||
| Disjunctive | D | cîu (in writing "cu-iu") | |||||||||||
| Third Person Broad Animate / Familiar Singular Pronoun | Emphatic Third Person Broad Animate / Familiar Singular Pronoun | ||||||||||||
| Gender/Case | Open | Nasal | Dental | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Peripheral | Open | Nasal | Dental | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Peripheral | |
| Ergative | E | lâni | |||||||||||
| Absolutive | lafui | Ab | lâfui | ||||||||||
| "Cute" Absolutive | lafi, lefi | cA | lâfi, lêfi | ||||||||||
| Dative | D | lah | |||||||||||
| Locative | L | ||||||||||||
| Semblative | S | ||||||||||||
| Relative | R | ||||||||||||
| Approximative | Ap | ||||||||||||
| Locative-Genetive | LG | ||||||||||||
| Comitative-Possessive | CP | ||||||||||||
| Disjunctive | lâ | D | lâ (in writing "laa") | ||||||||||
| Third Person Narrow Animate / Familiar Singular Pronouns | Emphatic Third Person Narrow Animate / Familiar Singular Pronouns | ||||||||||||
| Gender/Case | Open | Nasal | Dental | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Peripheral | Open | Nasal | Dental | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Peripheral | |
| Ergative | E | ||||||||||||
| Absolutive | labui | Ab | lâbui | ||||||||||
| "Cute" Absolutive | lavi, leúi | cA | lôy, lêy | ||||||||||
| Dative | D | la | |||||||||||
| Locative | L | ||||||||||||
| Semblative | S | ||||||||||||
| Relative | R | ||||||||||||
| Approximative | Ap | ||||||||||||
| Locative-Genetive | LG | ||||||||||||
| Comitative-Possessive | CP | ||||||||||||
| Disjunctive | lâ | D | lâ (in writing "laa") | ||||||||||
| Third Person Spindly / Ambiguous Human / Familiar Pronouns | Emphatic Third Person Spindly / Ambiguous Animate / Familiar Pronouns | ||||||||||||
| Gender/Case | Open | Nasal | Dental | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Peripheral | Open | Nasal | Dental | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Peripheral | |
| Ergative | E | ||||||||||||
| Absolutive | lafuizè | Ab | lâfuize | ||||||||||
| "Cute" Absolutive | lafi, lefi,
lafizi |
cA | lâfi, lêfi,
lafîzi |
||||||||||
| Dative | D | lah | |||||||||||
| Locative | L | ||||||||||||
| Semblative | S | ||||||||||||
| Relative | R | ||||||||||||
| Approximative | Ap | ||||||||||||
| Locative-Genetive | LG | ||||||||||||
| Comitative-Possessive | CP | ||||||||||||
| Disjunctive | lâ | D | lâ (in writing "laa") | ||||||||||
| Third Person Plural / Nosist Animate / Familiar Pronouns | Emphatic Third Person Plural / Nosist Animate / Familiar Pronouns | ||||||||||||
| Gender/Case | Open | Nasal | Dental | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Peripheral | Open | Nasal | Dental | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Peripheral | |
| Ergative | E | ||||||||||||
| Absolutive | lamin | Ab | lamîn | ||||||||||
| Dative | D | ||||||||||||
| Locative | L | ||||||||||||
| Semblative | S | ||||||||||||
| Relative | R | ||||||||||||
| Approximative | Ap | ||||||||||||
| Locative-Genetive | LG | ||||||||||||
| Comitative-Possessive | CP | ||||||||||||
| Disjunctive | lâ | D | lâ (in writing "laa") | ||||||||||
| Third Person Broad Inanimate / Distal Singular Pronoun | Emphatic Third Person Broad Inanimate / Distal Singular Pronoun | ||||||||||||
| Gender/Case | Open | Nasal | Dental | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Peripheral | Open | Nasal | Dental | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Peripheral | |
| Ergative | E | ||||||||||||
| Absolutive | llefui | Ab | ĺl̀efui | ||||||||||
| "Cute" Absolutive | lafi, lefi | cA | |||||||||||
| Dative | D | ||||||||||||
| Locative | L | ||||||||||||
| Semblative | S | ||||||||||||
| Relative | R | ||||||||||||
| Approximative | Ap | ||||||||||||
| Locative-Genetive | LG | ||||||||||||
| Comitative-Possessive | CP | ||||||||||||
| Disjunctive | lle | D | |||||||||||
| Third Person Narrow Inanimate / Distal Singular Pronouns | Emphatic Third Person Narrow Inanimate / Distal Singular Pronouns | ||||||||||||
| Gender/Case | Open | Nasal | Dental | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Peripheral | Open | Nasal | Dental | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Peripheral | |
| Ergative | E | ||||||||||||
| Absolutive | llebui | Ab | ĺl̀ebui | ||||||||||
| "Cute" Absolutive | cA | ||||||||||||
| Dative | D | ||||||||||||
| Locative | L | ||||||||||||
| Semblative | S | ||||||||||||
| Relative | R | ||||||||||||
| Approximative | Ap | ||||||||||||
| Locative-Genetive | LG | ||||||||||||
| Comitative-Possessive | CP | ||||||||||||
| Disjunctive | lle | D | |||||||||||
| Third Person Spindly / Ambiguous Inanimate / Distal Pronouns | Emphatic Third Person Spindly Inanimate / Distal Pronouns | ||||||||||||
| Gender/Case | Open | Nasal | Dental | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Peripheral | Open | Nasal | Dental | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Peripheral | |
| Ergative | E | ||||||||||||
| Absolutive | llezui | Ab | llêfuize | ||||||||||
| "Cute" Absolutive | cA | ||||||||||||
| Dative | D | ||||||||||||
| Locative | L | ||||||||||||
| Semblative | S | ||||||||||||
| Relative | R | ||||||||||||
| Approximative | Ap | ||||||||||||
| Locative-Genetive | LG | ||||||||||||
| Comitative-Possessive | CP | ||||||||||||
| Disjunctive | lle | D | |||||||||||
| Third Person Plural / Nosist Inanimate / Distal Pronouns | Emphatic Third Person Plural / Nosist Inanimate / Distal Pronouns | ||||||||||||
| Gender/Case | Open | Nasal | Dental | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Peripheral | Open | Nasal | Dental | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Peripheral | |
| Ergative | E | ||||||||||||
| Absolutive | llemin | Ab | ĺl̀emin | ||||||||||
| Dative | D | ||||||||||||
| Locative | L | ||||||||||||
| Semblative | S | ||||||||||||
| Relative | R | ||||||||||||
| Approximative | Ap | ||||||||||||
| Locative-Genetive | LG | ||||||||||||
| Comitative-Possessive | CP | ||||||||||||
| Disjunctive | llemin | D | |||||||||||
Interrogative Pronouns
| Interrogative Animate Pronouns | Emphatic Interrogative Animate Pronouns | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender/Case | Open | Nasal | Dental | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Peripheral | Open | Nasal | Dental | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Peripheral | |
| Ergative | E | ||||||||||||
| Absolutive | Ab | ||||||||||||
| "Cute" Absolutive | cA | ||||||||||||
| Dative | D | ||||||||||||
| Locative | L | ||||||||||||
| Semblative | S | ||||||||||||
| Relative | R | ||||||||||||
| Approximative | Ap | ||||||||||||
| Locative-Genetive | LG | ||||||||||||
| Comitative-Possessive | CP | ||||||||||||
| Disjunctive | D | ||||||||||||
| Interrogative Inanimate Pronouns | Emphatic Interrogative Inanimate Pronouns | ||||||||||||
| Gender/Case | Open | Nasal | Dental | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Peripheral | Open | Nasal | Dental | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Peripheral | |
| Ergative | E | ||||||||||||
| Absolutive | Ab | ||||||||||||
| "Cute" Absolutive | cA | ||||||||||||
| Dative | D | ||||||||||||
| Locative | L | ||||||||||||
| Semblative | S | ||||||||||||
| Relative | R | ||||||||||||
| Approximative | Ap | ||||||||||||
| Locative-Genetive | LG | ||||||||||||
| Comitative-Possessive | CP | ||||||||||||
| Disjunctive | D | ||||||||||||
| Determiner | Emphatic Determiner | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender/Case | Open | Nasal | Dental | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Peripheral | Open | Nasal | Dental | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Peripheral | ||
| Proximal Demonstrative | se | sen | set | ses | sex | sef | P | sê | sên | sêt | sês | sêx | sêf | |
| Distal Demonstrative | mao | maong | maot | maos | maox | maof | D | mâo | mâong | mâot | mâos | mâox | mâof | |
| Indefinite Determiner | maose | Ind | ||||||||||||
| Negative Determiner | N | |||||||||||||
| Interrogative Determiner | Int | |||||||||||||
| Determiner + 3rd Person Animate | Emphatic Determiner + 3rd Person Animate | |||||||||||||
| Gender/Case | Open | Nasal | Dental | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Peripheral | Open | Nasal | Dental | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Peripheral | ||
| Proximal (Disjunctive) | sela | P | ||||||||||||
| Distal (Disjunctive) | maola | D | mâo | |||||||||||
| Indefinite (Disjunctive) | maosela | Ind | ||||||||||||
| Negative (Disjunctive) | N | |||||||||||||
| Interrogative (Disjunctive) | Int | |||||||||||||
| Determiner + 3rd Person Inanimate | Emphatic Determiner + 3rd Person Inanimate | |||||||||||||
| Gender/Case | Open | Nasal | Dental | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Peripheral | Open | Nasal | Dental | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Peripheral | ||
| Proximal (Disjunctive) | selle | sellen | sellet | selles | sellex | sellek | P | seĺl̀ | ||||||
| Distal (Disjunctive) | moalle | maollen | maollet | maolles | maollex | maollek | D | mâolle | ||||||
| Indefinite (Disjunctive) | maoselle | maosellen | maosellet | maoselles | maosellex | maosellek | Ind | mâoselle | ||||||
| Negative (Disjunctive) | N | |||||||||||||
| Interrogative (Disjunctive) | Int | |||||||||||||