Zdrole Morphology

Zdrole
Zdrêoll
Pronunciation	IPA: [zd̠ɹ̠ɤ̂.ləl]
Native to	Fortizendria
Region	Central Occeia in Krystar
Native speakers	Unknown
Language family	Occe-Fortizian Zdrole
Writing system	Mezéz
Official status
Official language in	Fortizendria
Language codes
ISO 639-3	ZDR

Zdrole (native: Zdrêola, pronounced: [zd̠ɹ̠ɤ̂.la], formally Êzdreola, lit. "around the tongue") is the official and most widely spoken language of Fortizendria, a nation in the region of Krystar. Zdrole is regularly used by about 80% of Fortizendrians and is the first language of about 65%, although about 45% have notable dialectal differences, many of which differ substantially, in some cases being considered "unrecognized partially intelligible languages". It is by far the most widely spoken language, with the only officially recognized and local-official language of Fvonil and its dialects being close, being known by about 40% of the population and 20% learning it as a first language. Non-recognized varieties of Ovalul, Cziliel, and neighboring countries' languages being the first language of the remaining 15% and being understood by roughly 30% of the population. It is not especially well documented.

Zdrole is not very centralized as a single language, with several dialects exhibiting mergers or splits in certain sounds, different cases being used for specific circumstances, differences in honorifics, and even a change in lexicon due to borrowing from other languages and coining new terms. This article mainly covers a specific dialect of Zdrole, the Fortizendriana or Capital Dialect, which is most widely understood due to use in federal government. However, it should be noted that many provincial governments, as well as local governments, often different dialects, if not Fvonil (or in locales other minor languages). International diplomacy must be conducted in Zdrole, but dialects may vary wildly. Legal language and technical jargon is written or spoken with many technical loan words taken from more advanced economic neighbors, while the constitution was written in a now "archaic" version of a dialect that was not even the Capital dialect.

This page is reserved for Zdrole morphology, lexicon and inflection. This section ONLY covers words and their basic meaning, as well as their various forms (if applicable), and does not describe what each form is or means in much detail. For grammar, phonology, and other aspects of the Zdrole language, see the Zdrole Language.

Grammatical Case Inflection

Grammatical case in Zdrole is rather complicated, having anywhere from 7 to 30 total cases, although many of these cases may be analyzed as a combination of case inflection and derivational morphology. It is often not entirely clear what counts as a distinct case vs. a derivation in Zdrole, as some modifiers have the functions of both. Grammatical case is unique in that it agrees in both noun class and verbal "gender"/ending paradigm. Below is a table showing all of the various forms for each widely accepted case marking, as well as archaic and less-agreed-upon compound cases.

Legend: [C] = Consonant, [vC] = voiced consonant, [xC] = voiceless consonant, [N] = nasal;

(#)[V] = Vowel, [f = front, [b = back, [c = close, [o = open, [r = rounded, [u = unrounded, s = same vowel, a = any vowel;

ɵ = mid vowel with the same backness / roundness; ʉ = close vowel with the same backness/roundess;

- = last letter, -- / -[#] - = last vowel / consonant, - -# = second - is part of the orthography; {#} = individual letters; #-> = segment is removed and replaced by inflection;

[irreg] = Irregular words only; [dia] = Dialectal, or common different variants across various dialects, or otherwise varies between speakers among dialects.

"Alternate case endings" are endings that specifically appear after short words, primarily after most CV and many VC monosyllabic unpitched non-loanwords, along with several exceptions including compounds.

Note: Polysyllabic words also receive a pitch accent

Case Ending Inflections for Basic

Ergative Case
Gender	Open	Nasal	Dental	Alveolar	Post-Alevolar	Peripheral
Broad	-ni	[C] -uin [V] -n	-nid	-niz	-nij	-nik
Narrow	-na {d}-> -nda	-nan(g) [dia] {d}-> -ndan(g) [dia]	-nad {d}-> -nta	-nacz {d}->-ndac	-nacj {d}->-ndacx	-nav {d}-> -ndav/ndao [dia]
Plural	[C] -oe [V] -ze	[C] -ôe [V] -zê	[C] -oet [V] -zet	[C] -oec [V] -zec	[C] -oecx [V] -zecx	[C] -oek [V] -zek
Spindly	-nʉ	-nʉng	[rV] --noet [uV] --net	[rV] --noecz [uV] --necz	[rV] --noecj [uV] --necj	[rV] --nao(v) [dia] [uV] --nav
Absolutive Case
Gender	Open	Nasal	Dental	Alveolar	Post-Alevolar	Peripheral
Broad	-∅	[C] -ɵng [V] -ng [N] -∅ [N][V] -> [N]	[C] -ɵt [V] -t {t} -∅	[C] -ɵs [V] -s	[C] -ɵx [V] -x	[C] -ɵf, -k (if permitted) [V] -ɵf
Narrow	-∅	[C] -ɵng [V] -ng [N] -∅ [N][V] -> [N]	[C] -ad [V] -d {d/t} -∅	-az {a} -z {z/s} -c	[C] -aj [V] -j {j} -c, {x} -> cc	[C] -ag [V] -g
Plural	-∅	[C] ∅ [V] -n	-t	-c	-cx	[C] -gk [V] -f
Spindly	-∅	[rV]-[C] -ong [uV]-[C] -eong [V] -ng [N] -∅ [N][V] -> [N]	[rV]-[C] -ɵt [uV]-[C] -ɵt [V] -t	[V]/liquid -c {c/cx/cz/cj} -∅ [C]* -ec [irreg]	[V]/liquid -cx {c/cx/cz/cj} -∅ [C]* -ec [irreg]	-k, -∅ [irreg]
Alternate Absolutive Case
Gender	Open	Nasal	Dental	Alveolar	Post-Alevolar	Peripheral
Broad	-fui	-fuin	-fuis	-fuiz	-fuij, -fuix [dia]	-fui(v) [dia]
Narrow	[C] -ui [V] - bui	[C] -uin [V] -buin, -buim [dia]	[C] -uit [V] - buis	[C] -uiz(e) [dia] [V] -buiz(e) [dia]	[C] -uij [V] - buix, -buij [dia]	[C] -ui, -uiv, -uif [dia] [V] -bui, -buiv, -buif [dia]
Plural	-∅	[C] -∅ [V] -n	-t	-c	-cx	[C] -gk [V] -f
Spindly	-fuizè	-fuiziun	-fuizet	-fuizíc	-fuizí(c)x [dia]	-fuizík
Dative Case
Gender	Open	Nasal	Dental	Alveolar	Post-Alevolar	Peripheral
Broad	[C] -ɵfqp [V] -qɵ, -qɵfqp [dia]	[C] -ɵqiun [V] -qiun	[C] -ɵsqt [V] -qɵsqt	[C] -ɵsqc [V] -qɵsqc	[C] -ɵxqc [V] -qɵxqc	[C] -ɵhqk [V] -qɵhqk
Narrow
Plural
Spindly
Alternate Dative Case
Gender	Open	Nasal	Dental	Alveolar	Post-Alevolar	Peripheral
Broad	-fɵ	-fɵm	-fɵt	-fɵs	-fɵx	-fɵf
Narrow	-mɵ	[fV] --moem [bV] --mom	-mɵt	-mɵs	-mɵx	[fV] --moe(v) [dia] [bV] --mo(v) [dia]
Plural	[C] -ɵfqp [V] -qɵ, -qɵfqp [dia]	[C] -ɵqiun [V] -qiun	[C] -ɵsqt [V] -qɵsqt	[C] -ɵsqc [V] -qɵsqc	[C] -ɵxqc [V] -qɵxqc	[C] -ɵhqk [V] -qɵhqk
Spindly	[rV] --foexoe [uV] --fexe	[rV] --foexoen [uV] --fexen	[rV] --foexoet [uV] --fexet	[rV] --foexuiz [uV] --fexis	[rV] --foexuij [uV] --fexix	[rV] --foexoe(v) [dia] [uV] --fexif
Causative Case
Gender	Open	Nasal	Dental	Alveolar	Post-Alevolar	Peripheral
Broad	[fV]-[C] -ùina [bV]-C -ùnao [fV] -qùina [bV] -qùnao [fV̀] --ûina [bV̀] --ûnao	[fV]-[C] -ùin [bV]-C -ùn, ùm [dia] [fV] -qùin [bV] -qùn, -qùm [dia] [fV̀] --ûin [bV̀] --ûn, --ûm [dia]	[fV]-[C] -ùit [bV]-C -ùt [fV] -qùit [bV] -qùt [fV̀] --ûit [bV̀] --ût	[fV]-[C] -ùis [bV]-C -ùs [fV] -qùis [bV] -qùs [fV̀] --ûis [bV̀] --ûs	[fV]-[C] -ùix [bV]-C -ùx [fV] -qùix [bV] -qùx [fV̀] --ûix [bV̀] --ûx	[fV]-[C] -ùi(v) [dia] [bV]-C -ù(v) [dia] [fV] -qùi(v) [dia] [bV] -qù(v) [dia] [fV̀] --ûi(v) [dia] [bV̀] --û(v) [dia]
Narrow	[fV] --vâ, [bV] --(v)âo [dia] [fV̂] --va, --ua [dia] [bV̂] --(v)ao [dia]	[fV] --vâng [bV] --(v)âong [dia] [fV̂] --viun, --uin [dia] [bV̂] --(v)aong, --um [dia]	[fV] --vât [bV] --(v)âot [dia] [fV̂] --vat, --uat [dia] [bV̂] --(v)aot [dia]	[fV] --vâz [bV] --(v)âoz [dia] [fV̂] --vaz, --uaz [dia] [bV̂] --(v)aoz [dia]	[fV] --vâj [bV] --(v)âoj [dia] [fV̂] --vaj, --uaj [dia] [bV̂] --(v)aoj [dia]	[fV] --vâv [bV] --(v)âo(v) [dia] [fV̂] --vav, -uv [dia] [bV̂] --(v)ao(v) [dia]
Plural	[fV]-[C] -ùi [bV]-C -ù [fV] -qùi [bV] -qù	[fV]-[C] -ùin [bV]-C -ùn, ùm [dia] [fV] -qùin [bV] -qùn, -qùm [dia]	[C] -d [V] -d(a) [dia]	[fV]-[C] -ùiz [bV]-C -ùz [fV] -qùiz [bV] -qùz	[fV]-[C] -ùij [bV]-C -ùj [fV] -qùij [bV] -qùj	[fV]-[C] -ùik [bV]-C -ùk [fV] -qùik [bV] -qùk
Spindly	[fV]-[C] -ùix [bV]-C -ùx [fV] -qùix [bV] -qùx	[fV]-[C] -ùixoen [bV]-C -ùxon [fV] -qùixoen [bV] -qùxon	[fV]-[C] -ùixoen [bV]-C -ùxon [fV] -qùixoen [bV] -qùxon	[fV]-[C] -ùixoes [bV]-C -ùxos [fV] -qùixoes [bV] -qùxos	[fV]-[C] -ùixoex [bV]-C -ùxox [fV] -qùixoex [bV] -qùxox	[fV]-[C] -ùixoek [bV]-C -ùxof [fV] -qùixoek [bV] -qùxof
Locative Case
Gender	Open	Nasal	Dental	Alveolar	Post-Alevolar	Peripheral
Broad	[fV] --stra [bV] --stro	[fV] --stran(a) [dia] [bV] --stron(o) [dia]	[fV] --strad [bV] --strod	[fV] --streses [bV] --strosos	[fV] --stracj [bV] --strocj	[fV] --straf [bV] --strof
Narrow	[fV]-[vC] -zdrieo [bV]-[vC] -zdreo [fV]-{n/z} -drieo [bV]-{n/z} -dreo [fV]-{d/cz} - -rieon [d̪ɾiɤn] [bV]-{d/cz} - -reon [d̪ɾɤn] [fV]-{j} -> -zdrieo [bV]-{j} -> zdreo [fV]-{cj} -> drieo [bV]-{d/cj} -> dreo	[fV] --zdrieon [bV] --zdreon [fV]-{n/z} -drieon [d͡ʒɹiɤn] [bV]-{n/z} -dreon [d͡ʒɹɤn] [fV]-{d/cz} - -rieon [d̪ɾiɤn] [bV]-{d/cz} - -reon [d̪ɾɤn] [fV]-{j} -> zdrieon [bV]-{j} -> zdreon [fV]-{cj} -> drieon [d͡ʒɹiɤ] [bV]-{cj} -> dreon [d͡ʒɹɤ]	[fV] --zdrieod [bV] --zdreod [fV]-{n/z} -drieod [bV]-{n/z} -dreod [fV]-{d/cz} - -rieod [bV]-{d/cz} - -reod [fV]-{j} -> zdrieod [bV]-{j} -> zdreod [fV]-{cj} -> drieod [bV]-{cj} -> dreod	[fV] --zdrieoz [bV] --zdreoz [fV]-{n/z} -drieoz [bV]-{n/z} -dreoz [fV]-{d/cz} - -rieoz [bV]-{d/cz} - -reoz [fV]-{j} -> zdrieoz [bV]-{j} -> zdreoz [fV]-{cj} -> drieoz [bV]-{cj} -> dreoz	[fV] --zdrieoj [bV] --zdreoj [fV]-{n/z} -drieoj [bV]-{n/z} -dreoj [fV]-{d/cz} - -rieoj [bV]-{d/cz} - -reoj [fV]-{j} -> zdrieoj [bV]-{j} -> zdreoj [fV]-{cj} -> drieoj [bV]-{cj} -> dreoj	[fV] --zdrieovêov [bV] --zdreovêov [fV]-{n/z} -drieovêov [bV]-{n/z} -dreovêov [fV]-{d/cz} - -rieovêov [bV]-{d/cz} - -reovêov [fV]-{j} -> zdrieovêov [bV]-{j} -> zdreovêov [fV]-{cj} -> drieovêov [bV]-{cj} -> dreovêov
Plural	[fV] --stroe [bV] --stro	[fV] --stroem [bV] --strom	[fV] --stroet [bV] --strot	[fV] --stroes [bV] --stros	[fV] --stroexuix [bV] --stroxux	[fV] --stroef [bV] --strof
Spindly	[C] -cxe [V] -cce {c} -> c-cxe {cx} -cxe, -e, -> cce [dia]	[C] -cxenan, -cxenin [dia] [V] -ccenan, -ccexin [dia] {c} -> c-cxe(nan/xin) [dia] {cx} -cxenan, -en, -> ccexin [dia]	[C] -cxet [V] -ccet {c} -> c-cxet {cx} -cxet, -et, -> ccet [dia]	[C] -cxes [V] -cces {c} -> c-cxes {cx} -cxes, -es, -> cces [dia]	[C] -icx [V] -cc	[C] -cxek [V] -ccek {c} -> c-cxek {cx} -cxek, -ek, -> ccek [dia]
Semblative Case
Gender	Open	Nasal	Dental	Alveolar	Post-Alevolar	Peripheral
Broad	-li	-liun	-lit	-lis	-lix	-lik
Narrow	[rV] --ro [uV] --reo	[rV] --ron [uV] --reon	[rV] --rot [uV] --reot	[rV] --roz [uV] --reoz	[rV] --rox [uV] --reox	[rV] --rok [uV] --reok
Plural	-la	-lan	-lat	-laz	-laj	-lav
Spindly
Equative Case
Gender	Open	Nasal	Dental	Alveolar	Post-Alevolar	Peripheral
Broad	-iciu {c(x)} -iu	-iciun {c(x)} -iun	-iciut {c(x)} -iut	-isqc	-ixqc	-if
Narrow	[rV]-[C] -oexuix [uV]-[C] -exix [rV] -xuix [uV] -xix	[rV]-[C] -oexuin [uV]-[C] -exin [rV] -xuin [uV] -xin	[rV]-[C] -oexoet [uV]-[C] -exet [rV] -xuixoet [uV] -xixet	[rV]-[C] -oexuis [uV]-[C] -exis [rV] -xuixoes [uV] -xixes	[rV]-[C] -oexuix [uV]-[C] -exix [rV] -xuixoex [uV] -xixex	[rV]-[C] -oexoek [uV]-[C] -exek [rV] -xuixek [uV] -xixek
Plural	[rV] --uizoe [uV] --ize	[rV] --uizoen [uV] --izen	-d, -da, -ad [dia, sometimes C/V]	[rV] --uizoec [uV] --izec	[rV] --uij(oe) [dia] [uV] --ij(e) [dia]	[rV] --uizk [uV] --izk
Spindly	[rV] --kao [uV] --ka	[rV] --kaoh [uV] --kah	[rV] --kaot [uV] --kat	[rV] --kaoz [uV] --kaz	[rV] --kaox [uV] --kax	[rV] --kaok [uV] --kak
Alt. Spindly	[rV] --kaofui [uV] --kafui	[rV] --kaofuin [uV] --kafuin	[rV] --kaofuizè [uV] --kafuizè	[rV] --kaofuis [uV] --kafuis	[rV] --kaofuix [dia] [uV] --kafuix [dia] f may be z or fuiz; [dia]	[rV] --kaofui(v) [dia] [uV] --kafui(v) [dia]] f may be z or fuiz; [dia]
Potential Equative Case
Gender	Open	Nasal	Dental	Alveolar	Post-Alevolar	Peripheral
Broad	-layciu	-layciun	-layciut	-laycius	-layciux	-layciuk
Narrow	[rV] --roxuix [uV] --reoxix	[rV] --ronoexuin [uV] --reonexin	[rV] --rocxoet [uV] --reocxet	[rV] --rozoexuis [uV] --reozexis	[rV] --roxoexuix [uV] --reoxexix	[rV] --rohqk [uV] --reohqk
Plural	-layze	-layzen	-layzet	-layzec	-layzecx	-layzek
Spindly	-laka	-langkah	-latkat	-lackas	-lacxkax	-lafkak
Alt. Spindly	-lakafui	-langkafuin	-laskafuizè	-laskafuis	-laxkafuij	-lafkazui(v) [dia]
Relative Case
Gender	Open	Nasal	Dental	Alveolar	Post-Alevolar	Peripheral
Broad	[rV] --liòna, --yòna [dia] [uV] --lièna, --yèna [dia]	[rV] --liòng, --yòng [dia] [uV] --lièn, --yèn [dia]	[rV] --liònt, --yònt [dia] [uV] --liènt, --yènt [dia]	[rV] --liònaz, --yònaz [dia] [uV] --liènaz, --yènaz [dia]	[rV] --liònaj, --yònaj [dia] [uV] --liènaj, --yènaj [dia]	[rV] --liòngka, --yòngka [dia] [uV] --lièngka, --yèngka [dia]
Narrow	[rV] --râ(v) [dia] [uV] -r-âo(v) [dia]	[rV] --rân [uV] --râon	[rV] --râd [uV] --râod	[rV] --râz [uV] --râoz	[rV] --râj [uV] --râoj	[rV] --râk [uV] --râok
Plural	[C] -ilia [irr] [rV] -liòna, -yòna [dia] [uV] -lièna, -yèna [dia] {n} -yè	[C] -ilian [irr] [rV] -liòn, -yòn [dia] [uV] -lièn, -yèn [dia] {n} -yàn	[C] -iliat [irr] [rV] -liònt, -yònt [dia] [uV] -liènt, -yènt [dia] {n} -yàt	[C] -iliaz [irr] [rV] -liònaz, -yònaz [dia] [uV] -liènaz, -yènaz [dia] {n} -yàz	[C] -iliaj [irr] [rV] -liònaj, -yònaj [dia] [uV] -liènaj, -yènaj [dia] {n} -yèx	[C] -iliak [irr] [rV] --liòngka, --yòngka [dia] [uV] --lièngka, --yèngka [dia] {n} -yàk
Spindly	[C] -ùixuil [V] -qùixuil	[C] -ùixuin [V] -qùixuin	[C] -ùixuit [V] -qùixuit	[C] -ùixuiz [V] -qùixuiz	[C] -ùixuix [V] -qùixuix	[C] -ùixuik [V] -qùixuik
Locative-Genitive Case
Gender	Open	Nasal	Dental	Alveolar	Post-Alevolar	Peripheral
Broad	-straqùina	-straqùin	-straqùit	-straqùiz	-straqùix	-straqùi(v) [dia]
Narrow	[fV] --zdriêona [bV] --zdrêona [fV]-{n/z} -driêona [d͡ʒɹiɤ] [bV]-{n/z} -drêona [d͡ʒɹɤ] [fV]-{d/cz} - -riêona [d̪ɾiɤ] [bV]-{d/cz} - -rêona [d̪ɾɤ] [fV]-{j} -> zdriêona [bV]-{j} -> zdrêona [fV]-{cj} -> driêona [d͡ʒɹiɤ] [bV]-{cj} -> drêona [d͡ʒɹɤ]	[fV] --zdriêon [bV] --zdrêon [fV]-{n/z} -driêon [d͡ʒɹiɤn] [bV]-{n/z} -drêon [d͡ʒɹɤn] [fV]-{d/cz} - -riêon [d̪ɾiɤn] [bV]-{d/cz} - -rêon [d̪ɾɤn] [fV]-{j} -> zdriêon [bV]-{j} -> zdrêon [fV]-{cj} -> driêon [d͡ʒɹiɤ] [bV]-{cj} -> drêon [d͡ʒɹɤ]	[fV] --zdriêot [bV] --zdrêot [fV]-{n/z} -driêot [bV]-{n/z} -drêot [fV]-{d/cz} - -riêot [bV]-{d/cz} - -rêot [fV]-{j} -> zdriêot [bV]-{j} -> zdrêot [fV]-{cj} -> driêot [bV]-{cj} -> drêot	[fV] --zdriêoncz [bV] --zdrêoncz [fV]-{n/z} -driêoncz [bV]-{n/z} -drêoncz [fV]-{d/cz} - -riêoncz [bV]-{d/cz} - -rêoncz [fV]-{j} -> zdriêoncz [bV]-{j} -> zdrêoncz [fV]-{cj} -> driêoncz [bV]-{cj} -> drêoncz	[fV] --zdriêoncj [bV] --zdrêoncj [fV]-{n/z} -driêoncj [bV]-{n/z} -drêoncj [fV]-{d/cz} - -riêoncj [bV]-{d/cz} - -rêoncj [fV]-{j} -> zdriêonc [bV]-{j} -> zdrêonc [fV]-{cj} -> driêonc [bV]-{cj} -> drêonc	[fV] --zdriêo(v) [dia] [bV] --zdrêo(v) [dia] [fV]-{n/z} -driêo(v) [dia] [bV]-{n/z} -drêo(v) [dia] [fV]-{d/cz} - -riêo(v) [dia] [bV]-{d/cz} - -rêo(v) [dia] [fV]-{j} -> zdriêo(v) [dia] [bV]-{j} -> zdrêo(v) [dia] [fV]-{cj} -> driêovêo(v) [dia] [bV]-{cj} -> drêovêo(v) [dia]
Plural	-strôna	-strônoen	-strônta	-strôsos	-strôj(a) [dia]	-strôk
Spindly	-ccûi(n(a) [dia] {c} -> c-cxûi(n(a)) [dia] {cx} -cxûi(n(a), -> ccûi(n(a) [dia]	-cceqûin {c} -> c-cxeqûin {cx} -cxeqûin, -> cceqûin [dia]	-cceqûit {c} -> c-cxeqûit {cx} -cxeqûit, -> cceqûit [dia]	-ccûis {c} -> c-cxûis {cx} -cxûis, -> ccûis [dia]	-ccûix {c} -> c-cxûix {cx} -cxûix, -> ccûix [dia]	-ccûik {c} -> c-cxûik {cx} -cxûik, -> ccûikd [dia]

Pronouns

Zdrole has an extremely rich number of pronouns. To read more about pronouns, see Pronouns under the Zdrole Language. Aside from being coded for six verb genders, 11 forms and having an emphatic version of each, there are only a handful of actual base pronouns:

• 1st person singular (I/me/my/mine/myself) and plural/nosist (we, us, our, ours, ourselves);
• 2nd person singular general (thou, thee, thy, thine, thineself), familiar / cute (you, you, your, yours, yourself), and plural/nosist (ye, you, your, yours, yourselves), as well as formal you, where the gender of the addressee is coded into the ending of the general "you" rather than a variety of the default. (Spindly endings are fairly rare and often replaced with Nosist endings.). Formal gender addresses may be used for general singular as well as "cute" singular, for which "cute" singular is generally used in formal settings to children and historically younger women or those in lesser positions, although these latter uses are largely phased out.
• 3rd person human/animate pronoun with case inflected for broad singular and narrow singular (he/she, him/her, his/her, his/hers, himself/herself), plural/nosist (they, them, their, theirs, themselves), and spindly, which doubly acts as an epicene and indefinite pronoun, and may be singular or plural (singular/plural they, them, their, theirs, themself/themselves; one, one's, oneself, whoever, whoever's, whoself, someone, someone's)
• 3rd person inanimate equivalents to all aforementioned pronouns (it, its, itself, they, them, their, etc.)
• Animate and inanimate interrogative pronouns, which do not inflect their cases and are automatically in the Broad case.
• Demonstratives (this/these, that/those), which may combine with the third person pronoun for 2 additional 3rd person pronouns by preceding them with an open non-emphatic Disjunctive inflection (i.e. se + la = sela). Demonstrative cases are coded for gender. Spindly-inflected pronouns are analyzed as true epicene singular pronouns (singular they/them/their/theirs/theirself), as well as referenced indefinite pronouns (said individual, such an individual, etc.). Proximal demonstratives (this) may refer to 1st, 2nd or 3rd person with dramatically different contexts; distal demonstratives (that) may refer to 2nd and 3rd person with similarly nuanced dependent context.
• Interrogative determiners (which), negative (no/none/etc.), referential (any, such individual, said individual [context-dependent] - formed by that + this), and universal (every, any) which do not code for gender.
• The word for "spouse" may be used for the first, second or third person when talking to or referring to a spouse. They are coded for gender.

Base Pronouns

	1st s	1st p	2nd s	2nd formal s	2nd fam. s	2nd p	3rd anim. s	3rd anim. p	3rd ina. s	3rd ina. p	Determiner
Definite	uil	lyle	ci		cxi	cu	la	lamin	lle	llemin
Indefinite								la		lle
Selective Ind							moasla		maosole		maose
Negative	dhala								ledha		dha
Interrogative	rula							rulamin	rulyl	rulylemin	ru
Proximal	sela	selamin	sela			selamin	sela	selamin	selle	sellemin	se
Distal			mao				mao	maokoe	maole	maolemin	mao
Selective Int	qnula							qnulamin	qnulyl	qnulylemin	qnu

First Person Singular Pronouns								Emphatic First Singular Person Pronouns
Gender/Case	Open	Nasal	Dental	Alveolar	Postalveolar	Peripheral		Open	Nasal	Dental	Alveolar	Postalveolar	Peripheral
Ergative	uini	uin	uinit	uinis	uinix	uinik	E	ûini	ûin	ûinit	ûinis	ûinix	ûinik
Absolutive	uil	uil	uit, uilt [dia]	uis	uix	uif	Ab	ûil	ûiloen	ûit, ûilt [dia]	ûis	ûix	ûi
Dative	uih	uihiun	uisqt	uisqc	uixqc	uihqk	D	ûih	ûihen	ûisqt	ûisqc	ûixqc	ûihqk
Locative	uistra	uistran	uistrat	uistras	uistrax	uistraf	L	ûistra	ûistran	ûistrat	ûistras	ûistrax	ûistraf
Semblative	uili	uilin	uilit	uilis	uilix, uihi [dia]	uilif	S	ûili	ûilin	ûilit	ûilis	ûilix, uihi [dia]	ûilif
Relative	uina	uin	uinat	uinas	uinax	uinak	R	ûina	ûin	ûinat	ûinas	ûinax	ûinak
Approximative	uistreola	uistreolan	uistreolat	uistreolaz	uistreolaj	uistreolav	Ap	ûistreola	ûistreolan	ûistreolat	ûistreolas	ûistreolax	ûistreolaf
Locative-Genetive	uicxi	uicxin	uicxit	uicxis	uicxix	uicxik	LG	ûicxi	ûicxin	ûicxit	ûicxis	ûicxix	ûicxik
Comitative-Possessive	uici	uisin	uisit	uisic, uic [dia]	uisicx	uicik, uisik [dia]	CP	ûici	ûisin	ûisit	ûisic, ûic [dia]	ûisicx	ûicik, ûisik [dia]
"Cute" Abs./Disj.	uii	uiin	uiinic(x)	uiinic(x)	uiinic(x)	uiiniki, uiinic(x)	cA	ûi	ûin	ûic(x)	ûic(x)	ûic(x)	ûiki, ûicx
"Cute" Dative	ui(i)hi	ui(i)hin	ui(i)s(i)	ui(i)s(i)	ui(i)x(i)	ui(i)ki	cD	ûihi	ûihin	ûiis	ûiis	ûiix	ûi(i)ki
"Cute" Locative	ui(i)sa	uisan	uisac(x)	uisac(x)	uisac(x)	uisaki, uisacx	cL	ûisa	ûisan	ûisac(x)	ûisac(x)	ûisac(x)	ûisaki, ûisacx
Disjunctive	ûil	ûin	ûit, ûilt [dia]	ûis	ûix	ûi	D	ûi (in writing "uiui")
First Person Plural / Nosist Pronouns								Emphatic First Person Plural / Nosist Pronouns
Gender/Case	Open	Nasal	Dental	Alveolar	Postalveolar	Peripheral		Open	Nasal	Dental	Alveolar	Postalveolar	Peripheral
Ergative	lylena	lylen	lylent	lylenc	lylecx	lylek	E	lŷlena	lŷlen	lŷlent	lŷlenc	lŷlencx	lŷlengk
Absolutive	lylemin	lylemin	lylemint	lyleminc	lylemincx	lylemingk	Ab	lŷlemin	lŷlemin	lŷlemint	lŷleminc	lŷlemincx	lŷlemingk
Dative	lyleh	lylehiun	lylesqt	lylesqc	lylexqc	lylehqk	D	lŷleh	lŷlehiun	lŷlesqt	lŷlesqc	lŷlexqc	lŷlehqk
Locative	lylestra	lylestran	lylestrat	lylestras	lylestrax	lylestraf	L	lŷlestra	lŷlestran	lŷlestrat	lŷlestras	lŷlestrax	lŷlestraf
Semblative	lyl-la, uila [dia]	lyl-lan, uilan [dia]	lyl-lat, uilat [dia]	lyl-las, uilas [dia]	lyl-lax, uilax [dia]	lyl-laf, uilaf [dia]	S	lŷl-la, ûila [dia]	lŷl-lan, ûilan [dia]	lŷl-lat, ûilat [dia]	lŷl-las, ûilas [dia]	lŷl-lax, ûilax [dia]	lŷl-laf, ûilaf [dia]
Relative	lylòna	lylòn	lylònt	lylònc	lylòncx	lylòngk	R	lŷleliòna, lŷleyòna [dia]	lŷleliòn, lŷleyòn [dia]	lŷleliònt, lŷleyònt [dia]	lŷleliònaz, lŷleyònaz [dia]	lŷleliònaj, lŷleyònaj [dia]	lŷleliòngka, lŷleyòngka [dia]
Approximative	lyléstreola	lyléstreolan	lyléstreolat	lyléstreolaz	lyléstreolaj	lyléstreolav	Ap	lýlestrêola	lýlestrêolan	lýlestrêolat	lylestrêolaz	lýlestrêolaj	lýlestrêolav
Locative-Genetive	lylestrôna	lylestrôneon	lylestrônt	lylestrôseos	lylestrôja	lylestrôka	LG	lŷlestròna	lŷlestròneon	lŷlestrònt	lŷlestròseos	lŷlestròja	lŷlestròka
Comitative-Possessive	lylestroîze	lylestroîzen	lylestroîd	lylestroîzec	lylestroîej	lylestroîzek	CP	lŷlestroize	lŷlestroizen	lŷlestroid	lŷlestroizec	lŷlestroiej	lŷlestroizek
"Cute" Absolutive	ye	yemi	yec(x)i	yec(x)i	yec(x)i	yeki, yecxi	cA	yê	yêmi	yêc(x)i	yêc(x)i	yêc(x)i	yêki, yêcxi
"Cute" Dative	yehi	yey	yesi	yesi	yexi	yefi	cD	yêhi	yêy	yêsi	yêsi	yêxi	yêfi
"Cute" Locative	yesa	yesan	yes	yes	yex	yef	cL	yêsa	yêsan	yês	yês	yêx	yêf
Disjunctive	lŷle	lŷlen	lŷlet	lŷles	lŷlex	lŷlek	D	yê (in writing "lylee")
Second Person General Singular Pronouns								Emphatic Second Person General Singular Pronouns
Gender/Case	Open	Nasal	Dental	Alveolar	Postalveolar	Peripheral		Open	Nasal	Dental	Alveolar	Postalveolar	Peripheral
Ergative	cina	cinan	cinat	cinas	cinax	cinak	E	cîna	cînan	cînat	cînas	cînax	cînak
Absolutive	ci	cin	cit	cis	cix	cik	Ab	cî	cîn	cît	cîs	cîx	cîk
Dative	cih	ciqiun	cisqt	cisqc	cixqc	cihqk	D	cîh	cîqiun	cîsqt	cîsqc	cîxqc	cîhqk
Locative	cistra	cistran	cistrat	cistras	cistrax	cistraf	L	cîstra	cîstran	cîstrat	cîstras	cîstrax	cîstraf
Semblative	cili	cilin	cilit	cilic	cilicx	cilif	S	clî	clîn	clît	clîc	clîcx	clîf
Relative	ciliòna, ciyòna [dia]	ciliòng, ciyòng [dia]	ciliòt, ciyòt [dia]	ciliòs, ciyòs [dia]	ciliòx, ciyòx [dia]	ciliòk, ciyòk [dia]	R	cîli	cîlien	cîliet	cîliaz	cîliaj	cîliak
Approximative	cistreola	cistreolan	cistreolat	cistreolas	cistreolax	cistreolaf	Ap	cîstreola	cîstreolan	cîstreolat	cîstreolas	cîstreolax	cîstreolaf
Locative-Genetive	cizdrêona	cizdrêoiun	cizdrêot	cizdrêoncz	cizdrêoncj	cizdrêov	LG	cîzdreona	cîzdreoiun	cîzdreot	cîzdreoncz	cîzdreoncj	cîzdreov
Comitative-Possessive	cixri	cixrin	cixrit	cixris	cixrix	cixrik	CP	cîxri	cîxrin	cîxrit	cîxris	cîxrix	cîxrik
Disjunctive	cî	cîn	cît	cîs	cîx	cîk	D	sî (in writing "cii")
Second Person Singular Formal You
All	Ci + fui / bui / fuizè endings
Second Person Familiar / "Cute" Singular Pronouns								Emphatic Second Person Familiar / "Cute" Singular Pronouns
Gender/Case	Open	Nasal	Dental	Alveolar	Postalveolar	Peripheral		Open	Nasal	Dental	Alveolar	Postalveolar	Peripheral
Ergative	cxinda	cxindan	cxindac(x)	cxindac(x)	cxindac(x)	cxindacx, cxindaki	E
Absolutive	cxi	cxini	cxicx(i)	cxicx(i)	cxicx(i)	chiki, cxicx(i)	Ab
Dative	cxihi	cxihin	cxis(i)	cxis(i)	cxix(i)	cxiki	D
Locative	cxisa	cxisan	cxis(i)	cxis(i)	cxix(i)	cxiki	L
Semblative	cxivi	cxivan	cxivic(x)	cxivic(x)	cxivic(x)	cxivicx, cxiviki	S
Relative	cxiyo	cxiyon(i)	cxiso	cxiso	cxiox	cxioki, cxioc	R
Approximative	cxizo	cxizon	cxizoc(x)	cxizoc(x)	cxizoc(x)	cxizoc(x), cxizoki	Ap
Locative-Genetive	cxizeona	cxizeon	cxizeonc(x)	cxizeonc(x)	cxizeonc(x)	cxizeoncx, cxizeongki	LG
Comitative-Possessive	cxicxi	cxicxin	cxicxicx	cxicxicx	cxicxicx	cxicxicx, cxicxiki	CP	cxîcxi	cxîcxin	cxîcxicx	cxîcxicx	cxîcxicx	cxîcxicx, cxîcxiki
Disjunctive	cxî	cxîn	cxîcx	cxîcx	cxîcx	cxîcx, cxîki	D	(c)xî (in writing "cxii")
Second Person Singular Cute Formal You
All	Ci + fui / bui / fuizè endings
Second Person Plural / Nosist Pronouns								Emphatic Second Person Plural / Nosist Pronouns
Gender/Case	Open	Nasal	Dental	Alveolar	Postalveolar	Peripheral		Open	Nasal	Dental	Alveolar	Postalveolar	Peripheral
Ergative	cuze	cuzen	cuzet	cuzec	cuzecx	cuzek	E
Absolutive	cu	cun	cut	cus	cux	cuk	Ab	cû
"Cute" Absolutive	ciu, ci, cxiu, cxi	ciun, cin, cxiun, cxin					cA	cîu, cî, cxîu, cxî
Dative	cuh	cuxiun	cusqt	cusqc	cuxqc	cuhqk	D	cuh
Locative							L
Semblative							S
Relative							R
Approximative							Ap
Locative-Genetive							LG
Comitative-Possessive							CP
Disjunctive							D	cîu (in writing "cu-iu")
Third Person Broad Animate / Familiar Singular Pronoun								Emphatic Third Person Broad Animate / Familiar Singular Pronoun
Gender/Case	Open	Nasal	Dental	Alveolar	Postalveolar	Peripheral		Open	Nasal	Dental	Alveolar	Postalveolar	Peripheral
Ergative							E	lâni
Absolutive	lafui						Ab	lâfui
"Cute" Absolutive	lafi, lefi						cA	lâfi, lêfi
Dative							D	lah
Locative							L
Semblative							S
Relative							R
Approximative							Ap
Locative-Genetive							LG
Comitative-Possessive							CP
Disjunctive	lâ						D	lâ (in writing "laa")
Third Person Narrow Animate / Familiar Singular Pronouns								Emphatic Third Person Narrow Animate / Familiar Singular Pronouns
Gender/Case	Open	Nasal	Dental	Alveolar	Postalveolar	Peripheral		Open	Nasal	Dental	Alveolar	Postalveolar	Peripheral
Ergative							E
Absolutive	labui						Ab	lâbui
"Cute" Absolutive	lavi, leúi						cA	lôy, lêy
Dative							D	la
Locative							L
Semblative							S
Relative							R
Approximative							Ap
Locative-Genetive							LG
Comitative-Possessive							CP
Disjunctive	lâ						D	lâ (in writing "laa")
Third Person Spindly / Ambiguous Human / Familiar Pronouns								Emphatic Third Person Spindly / Ambiguous Animate / Familiar Pronouns
Gender/Case	Open	Nasal	Dental	Alveolar	Postalveolar	Peripheral		Open	Nasal	Dental	Alveolar	Postalveolar	Peripheral
Ergative							E
Absolutive	lafuizè						Ab	lâfuize
"Cute" Absolutive	lafi, lefi, lafizi						cA	lâfi, lêfi, lafîzi
Dative							D	lah
Locative							L
Semblative							S
Relative							R
Approximative							Ap
Locative-Genetive							LG
Comitative-Possessive							CP
Disjunctive	lâ						D	lâ (in writing "laa")
Third Person Plural / Nosist Animate / Familiar Pronouns								Emphatic Third Person Plural / Nosist Animate / Familiar Pronouns
Gender/Case	Open	Nasal	Dental	Alveolar	Postalveolar	Peripheral		Open	Nasal	Dental	Alveolar	Postalveolar	Peripheral
Ergative							E
Absolutive	lamin						Ab	lamîn
Dative							D
Locative							L
Semblative							S
Relative							R
Approximative							Ap
Locative-Genetive							LG
Comitative-Possessive							CP
Disjunctive	lâ						D	lâ (in writing "laa")
Third Person Broad Inanimate / Distal Singular Pronoun								Emphatic Third Person Broad Inanimate / Distal Singular Pronoun
Gender/Case	Open	Nasal	Dental	Alveolar	Postalveolar	Peripheral		Open	Nasal	Dental	Alveolar	Postalveolar	Peripheral
Ergative							E
Absolutive	llefui						Ab	ĺl̀efui
"Cute" Absolutive	lafi, lefi						cA
Dative							D
Locative							L
Semblative							S
Relative							R
Approximative							Ap
Locative-Genetive							LG
Comitative-Possessive							CP
Disjunctive	lle						D
Third Person Narrow Inanimate / Distal Singular Pronouns								Emphatic Third Person Narrow Inanimate / Distal Singular Pronouns
Gender/Case	Open	Nasal	Dental	Alveolar	Postalveolar	Peripheral		Open	Nasal	Dental	Alveolar	Postalveolar	Peripheral
Ergative							E
Absolutive	llebui						Ab	ĺl̀ebui
"Cute" Absolutive							cA
Dative							D
Locative							L
Semblative							S
Relative							R
Approximative							Ap
Locative-Genetive							LG
Comitative-Possessive							CP
Disjunctive	lle						D
Third Person Spindly / Ambiguous Inanimate / Distal Pronouns								Emphatic Third Person Spindly Inanimate / Distal Pronouns
Gender/Case	Open	Nasal	Dental	Alveolar	Postalveolar	Peripheral		Open	Nasal	Dental	Alveolar	Postalveolar	Peripheral
Ergative							E
Absolutive	llezui						Ab	llêfuize
"Cute" Absolutive							cA
Dative							D
Locative							L
Semblative							S
Relative							R
Approximative							Ap
Locative-Genetive							LG
Comitative-Possessive							CP
Disjunctive	lle						D
Third Person Plural / Nosist Inanimate / Distal Pronouns								Emphatic Third Person Plural / Nosist Inanimate / Distal Pronouns
Gender/Case	Open	Nasal	Dental	Alveolar	Postalveolar	Peripheral		Open	Nasal	Dental	Alveolar	Postalveolar	Peripheral
Ergative							E
Absolutive	llemin						Ab	ĺl̀emin
Dative							D
Locative							L
Semblative							S
Relative							R
Approximative							Ap
Locative-Genetive							LG
Comitative-Possessive							CP
Disjunctive	llemin						D

Interrogative Pronouns

Interrogative Animate Pronouns								Emphatic Interrogative Animate Pronouns
Gender/Case	Open	Nasal	Dental	Alveolar	Postalveolar	Peripheral		Open	Nasal	Dental	Alveolar	Postalveolar	Peripheral
Ergative							E
Absolutive							Ab
"Cute" Absolutive							cA
Dative							D
Locative							L
Semblative							S
Relative							R
Approximative							Ap
Locative-Genetive							LG
Comitative-Possessive							CP
Disjunctive							D
Interrogative Inanimate Pronouns								Emphatic Interrogative Inanimate Pronouns
Gender/Case	Open	Nasal	Dental	Alveolar	Postalveolar	Peripheral		Open	Nasal	Dental	Alveolar	Postalveolar	Peripheral
Ergative							E
Absolutive							Ab
"Cute" Absolutive							cA
Dative							D
Locative							L
Semblative							S
Relative							R
Approximative							Ap
Locative-Genetive							LG
Comitative-Possessive							CP
Disjunctive							D

Determiner								Emphatic Determiner
Gender/Case	Open	Nasal	Dental	Alveolar	Postalveolar	Peripheral		Open	Nasal	Dental	Alveolar	Postalveolar	Peripheral
Proximal Demonstrative	se	sen	set	ses	sex	sek	P	sê	sên	sêt	sês	sêx	sêk
Distal Demonstrative	mao	maong	maot	maos	maox	maof	D	mâo	mâong	mâot	mâos	mâox	mâof
Indefinite Determiner	maose	maosen	maoset	maoses	maosex	maosek	Ind	mâose	mâosen	mâoset	mâoses	mâosex	mâosek
Negative Determiner							N
Interrogative Determiner	ru	run	rut	rus	rux	ruk	Int	rú	rún	rút	rús	rúx	rúk
Determiner + 3rd Person Animate								Emphatic Determiner + 3rd Person Animate
Gender/Case	Open	Nasal	Dental	Alveolar	Postalveolar	Peripheral		Open	Nasal	Dental	Alveolar	Postalveolar	Peripheral
Proximal (Disjunctive)	sela						P
Distal (Disjunctive)	mao						D	mâo
Indefinite (Disjunctive)	maosqna						Ind
Negative (Disjunctive)							N
Interrogative (Disjunctive)	rula						Int	rúla
Determiner + 3rd Person Inanimate								Emphatic Determiner + 3rd Person Inanimate
Gender/Case	Open	Nasal	Dental	Alveolar	Postalveolar	Peripheral		Open	Nasal	Dental	Alveolar	Postalveolar	Peripheral
Proximal (Disjunctive)	selle	sellen	sellet	selles	sellex	sellek	P	seĺl̀
Distal (Disjunctive)	moale	maolen	maolet	maoles	maolex	maolek	D	mâole
Indefinite (Disjunctive)	maosole	maosolen	maosolet	maosoles	maosolex	maosolek	Ind	mâosole
Negative (Disjunctive)							N
Interrogative (Disjunctive)	rulyl						Int	rúlyl

Vocabulary

Unlike Fvonil and other southern Occe-Fortizian languages, Zdrole does not primarily coin new terms through direct agglutination, i.e. putting words next to each other. It is thought to have originally been an agglutinative language, but has since undergone some level of fusion, with compounds often either melding together, or otherwise being separate words taking the Semblative or Equative endings. This is commonly done with all open class parts of speech, while closed classes are rarely altered, although occasionally two adpositions may be juxtaposed analytically.

Swadesh List

No	English	Zdrole	Etymology
1-14	See Pronouns, Demonstratives
15	how	ru gêzme	what path
16	not	-ne( n/t/c/cx/k) (clitic), -nê (emphatic), bróta (isolate)
17	all	maos	this-that
	any	émaos	one this-that
18	many	bruzmaos (many), maos (very many)	(some) this-that
19	some	bruze( /n/t/s/x/k)
20	few
21	other	su( /n/t/s/x/k)	second
22-26	See Numerals
27	big	nuihîvu, eléngoe (human), sufârim (abstract)
28	long	nuihíziu	big (spindly)
	tall	mecxne( /n/t/c/cx/k)	not short; originally long
29	wide	nuihìma	big (broad)
30	thick
31	heavy	fuh
32	small	yâvu, ku-iz (human). ku-icx (h. narrow), ku-ifa (h. broad),
33	short	mecx(iu) ( /n/t/c/cx/k), yáziu
34	narrow	yàma
35	thin
36	woman	la-onè [B], làongkoe [P]
37	man (male)	laqnè [B], laqnemin [P]
38	human	xáofao [S], xurê [P]
39	child	lenî [N], lêyra [P]
40	wife	woman; míng [B], ngiung [N}, ngàong [S] [P]	spouse (may be used as pronoun)
41	husband	man; míng [B], ngiung [N}, ngàong [S] [P]
42	mother	mama [N]	should be self-explanatory. (Babies make these sounds.)
43	father	baba [N]
	parent	dada, tata [N] -min plural
44	animal	saoaleng, svaleng [B] -ke plural
45	fish	meqùx [SN] -koe plural, [S] mass
46	bird	súkoe [B] -min plural
47	dog	bóevzi [N] -min plural, rofrao [S]
	cat	xqcambyen [B], cxama / xqcama [N] -(g)ke plural	why is "cat" not on the list? shame.
48	laos	strû [N] -koe plural
49	snake	srîs [SN], occasionally surîs [SN] -ke plural
50	worm	ngaomsris [SN] -ke plural	dirt snake