Emnian verbs

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In Emnian, verbs take the form of derived stems, and are conjugated to reflect their tense and mood, as well as to agree with their subjects in gender, number, and person. Each verb has an inherent voice, though a verb in one voice typically has counterparts in other voices. This article deals primarily with modern Emnian but the information shown here applies to some extent to Middle Emnian as well.

Verb classification

Roots

Verbs in Emnian, like nouns, adjectives, and adverbs, are formed and declined by altering a two- to five- (but usually three-) letter stem. Vowels are added between these consonants in a pattern to form a related meaning between different roots. For instance, somháir "he kept" and cotháibh both have the same CoC(h)áiC(h) pattern to indicate the third person singular past tense.

Emnian verbs can be further divided into strong verbs (wholly regular verbs), weak verbs (verbs with predictable irregularities), and irregular verbs (wholly irregular verbs).

There are three common types of weak verbs: guttural (containing ʾ, Ḥ, or ʿ in any position, H in any position except final, or R as second radical in the historic root), hollow (containing W or Y anywhere, or H as the final radical in the historic root), or repeating (ending with two of the same radical).

Historic radicals and their modern orthographic representations
Root Initial Medial Final
ʾ
(glottal stop)

(deletion)
gh
b b
g g
d d
h th
(deletion)
w mh
z dh
ch
t
y
(deletion)
dh
k c
l l
m m
n n
s s
ʿ
(pharyngeal fricative)

(deletion)
gh
p p
f
s
q c
ś s
š
t t

Note that c and t are resistant to lenition when derived from historic roots q and . Radicals d and t are also resistant to lenition when immediately followed by dh, gh, ch, or th.

Guttural weak roots

Guttural roots contain a historic guttural (ʾ, Ḥ, or ʿ in any position, H in any position except final, or R as second radical). The observable effect of this is "broadening" — i.e. the replacement of a slender environnment with a broad one when a guttural consonant occurs as the final radical.

Hollow weak roots

Roots containing a historic W or Y, as well as roots with a final historic H are known as hollow roots.

Repeating weak roots

Roots containing two of the same letter are considered repeating roots. In some nonstandard dialects, roots with an initial N also behave as repeating roots.

Stems

Emnian verbs are inflected according to specific patterns called Conjugations. There are seven basic conjugations as well as some irregular verbs coming from otherwise obsolete conjugations.

Regular conjugation

The main weak conjugation categories are:

  • 1) Guttural 3 — a verb with or ʿ (pharyngeal fricative) as the final radical. This also technically includes verbs with ʾ (glottal stop) as the final radical, but they have a slightly different form.
  • 2) H 3 — a verb with h as its final radical.
  • 3) Stop 3 a verb with ʾ (glottal stop) as the final radical.
  • 4) Vowel 1 a verb with ʾ (glottal stop), ʿ (pharyngeal fricative), or y as the initial radical.

If a verb doesn't begin to any of these categories and is not irregular, then it will follow the strong pattern. If a particular subtype is absent from a chart, then it follows the strong pattern.

Infinitive

Infinitive patterns
Stem
Conjugation I
Strong l'o12ó3
guttural 3
H 3 l'o12ó
stop 3
vowel 1 l'o2ó3
repeating l'o11ó2
Conjugation II
Strong l'oi1i22éi3
guttural 3 l'oi1i22éa3
H 3 l'oi1i22é
stop 3 l'oi1i22éa
vowel 1 l'oi22éi3
repeating l'oi11éi2
Conjugation III
Strong l'ai12í3
guttural 3 l'ai12ío3
H 3 l'ai12í
stop 3 l'ai12ío
vowel 1 l'ai2í3
repeating l'ai11í2
Conjugation IV
Strong l'oith1i22éi3
guttural 3 l'oith1i22éa3
H 3 l'oith1i22é
stop 3 l'oith1i22éa
vowel 1 l'oithi22éi3
repeating l'oiti11éi2
Conjugation V
Strong l'u12ái3
guttural 3 l'u12á3
H 3 l'u12á
stop 3
vowel 1 l'u2ái3
repeating l'u11ái2
Conjugation VI
Strong l'o1u22ái3
guttural 3 l'o1u22á3
H 3 l'o1u22á
stop 3
vowel 1 l'u22ái3
repeating l'u11ái2
Conjugation VII
Strong l'oi11i2éi3
guttural 3 l'oi11i2éa3
H 3 l'oi11i2é
stop 3 l'oi11i2éa
vowel 1 l'oiti2éi3
repeating l'oi11éi2

Prefix conjugation (Nonpast Tense)

Present tense subject prefixes
Person Singular Plural
Masculine Feminine Masculine Feminine
1st person a(i)- no(i)-
2nd person to(i)- to(i)—(e/a) to(i)—(e/a) to(i)—(e)ann
3rd person o(i)- to(i)- o(i)—(e/a)
Nonpast tense patterns
Stem Suffix y/n
No Yes
Conjugation I
Strong -12ió3 -12ió3-
guttural 3
H 3 -12ió -12iógh-
stop 3
vowel 1 -2ió3 -2ió3-
repeating -11ió2 -11ió2-
Conjugation II
Strong -1ai22éi3 -1ái223-
guttural 3 -1ai22éa3 -1á223-
H 3 -1ai22é -1ái22-
stop 3 -1ai22éa -1á22-
vowel 1 -i22éi3 -i22éi3-
repeating -i11éi2 -i11éi2-
Conjugation III
Strong -12í3 -12í3-
guttural 3 -12ío3 -12ío3-
H 3 -12í -1í2-
stop 3 -12ío -1ío2-
vowel 1 -2í3 -2í3-
repeating -11í2 -11í2-
Conjugation IV
Strong -th1i22éi3 -th1iái223-
guttural 3 -th1i22éa3 -th1iá223-
H 3 -th1i22é -th1iái22-
stop 3 -th1i22éa -th1iá22-
vowel 1 -ti22éi3 -tiái223-
repeating -ti11éi2 -tiái112-
Conjugation V
Strong -12ái3 -12ái3-
guttural 3 -12á3 -12á3-
H 3 -12á -1ái2-
stop 3 -1á2-
vowel 1 -2ái3 -2ái3-
repeating -11ái2 -11ái2-
Conjugation VI
Strong -1u22ái3 -1ú223-
guttural 3 -1u22á3 -1ú223-
H 3 -1u22á -1ú22-
stop 3
vowel 1 -2ái3 -2ái3-
repeating -11ái2 -11ái2-
Conjugation VII
Strong -11i2éi3 -11iái23-
guttural 3 -11i2éa3 -11iá23-
H 3 -11i2é -11iái2-
stop 3 -11i2éa -11iá2-
vowel 1 -ti2éi3 -tiái23-
repeating -ti11éi2 -tiái112-

Suffix conjugation (Past Tense)

A verb in the past tense agrees with its subject in person, number, and, in the second person and third person singular, gender.

Conjugation in the past tense is done by adding a suffix to a Conjugation-specific root. For example:

  • somháir "kept" + -t (1st person singular suffix) = somháirt "I kept"
  • somháir "kept" + -e, -a (3rd person singular feminine suffix) = sóimhre "she kept"

Below are the suffixes used with the past tense. Note that some suffixes have two possible forms, depending on whether the ending of the root is slender or broad.

Past tense subject suffixes
Person Singular Plural
Masculine Feminine Masculine Feminine
1st person -t -ne, -na
2nd person -te, -ta -t -ten, -tan
3rd person no suffix -e, -a -eamh, -amh
Past tense patterns
Stem Suffix
None Vowel Consonant
Conjugation I
Strong 1o2ái3 1ói23- 1o2ái3-
Guttural 3 1o2á3 1ó23- 1o2á3-
H 3 1o2á 1ó2- 1o2á-
stop 3
vowel 1 o2á3 ó23- o2á3-
repeating 1ói2 1ói2- 1ói2-
Conjugation II
Strong 1oi22éi3 1oí223- 1oi22éi3-
Guttural 3 1oi22éa3 1oío223- 1oi22éa3-
H 3 1oi22é 1oí22- 1oi22é-
stop 3 1oi22éa 1oío22- 1oi22éa-
vowel 1 oi22éi3 oí223- oi22éi3-
vowel 1 oi22éi3 oí223- oi22éi3-
repeating 1ói2 1oí2- 1ói3-
Conjugation III
Strong i12í3 i12í3- i12í3-
Guttural 3 i12ío3 i12ío3- i12ío3-
H 3 i12í i1í2- i12í-
stop 3 i12ío i12íon- i12ío-
vowel 1 i2í3 i2í3- i2í3-
repeating i11í2 i11í2- i11í2-
Conjugation IV
Strong oith1i22éi3 oith1iái223- oith1i22éi3-
Guttural 3 oith1i22éa3 oith1iá223- oith1i22éa3-
H 3 oith1i22é oith1iái22- oith1i22é-
stop 3 oith1i22éa oith1iá22- oith1i22éa-
vowel 1 oiti22éi3 oitiái223- oiti22éi3-
repeating oith11éi2 oith11éi2- oith11éi2-
Conjugation V
Strong u12ái3 u12ái3- u12ái3-
Guttural 3 u12á3 u12á3- u12á3-
H 3 u12á u1á2- u12ái-
stop 3 u12á-
vowel 1 u2ái3 u2ái3- u2ái3-
repeating u11ái2 u11ái2- u11ái2-
Conjugation VI
Strong 1u22ái3 1uái223- 1u22ái3-
Guttural 3 1u22á3 1uá223- 1u22á3-
H 3 1u22á 1uá22- 1u22ái-
stop 3 1u22á-
vowel 1 u2ái3 u2ái3- u2ái3-
repeating 1úi2 1úi3- 1úi3-
Conjugation VII
Strong noi12iá3 noi12éi3- noi12iá3-
Guttural 3 noi12iá3 noi12éa3- noi12iá3-
H 3 noi12iá noi1éi2- noi12iá-
stop 3 noi1éa2-
vowel 1 noi2iá3 noi2éi3- noi2iá3-
repeating noi11iá2 noi11éi2- noi11iá2-

Present participle

The present participle agrees with its subject in gender and number, as it is grammatically an adjective. In written Emnian, the present participle can be combined with a copular formula to form a periphrastic present progressive tense. For example:

  • Is cothaibhe thaoi. — "She is writing."

This type of sentence structure is not common in spoken Emnian.

Present participle patterns
Root Type Singular Plural
Masculine
(no suffix)
Feminine
-e / -a
Masculine
-imh / -aimh
Feminine
-eoth / -aoth
Conjugation I
Strong 1o2ai3 1o2ai3e 1oi23imh 1oi23eoth
guttural 3 1o2a3 1o2a3a 1o23aimh 1o23aoth
H 3 1o2a 1o2aimh 1o2aoth
stop 3
vowel 1 o2ai3 o2ai3e oi23imh oi23eoth
Conjugation II
Strong ma1ai22ei3 ma1ai22ei3e ma1ai22ei3imh ma1ai22ei3eoth
guttural 3 ma1ai22ea3 ma1ai22ea3a ma1ai22ea3aimh ma1ai22ea3aoth
H 3 ma1ai22e ma1ai22eimh ma1ai22eoth
stop 3 ma1ai22ea
vowel 1 mai22ei3 mai22ei3e mai22ei3imh mai22ei3eoth
Conjugation III
Strong mai12í3 mai12í3e mai12í3imh mai12í3eoth
guttural 3 mai12ío3 mai12ío3a mai12ío3aimh mai12ío3aoth
H 3 mai12í mai12í mai12ímh mai12íoth
stop 3 mai12ía mai12íaimh mai12íaoth
vowel 1 mai2í3 mai2í3e mai2í3imh mai2í3eoth
Conjugation IV
Strong moith1i22ei3 moith1i22ei3e moith1i22ei3imh moith1i22ei3eoth
guttural 3 moith1i22ea3 moith1i22ea3a moith1i22ea3aimh moith1i22ea3aoth
H 3 moith1i22e moith1i22eimh moith1i22eoth
stop 3 moith1i22ea
vowel 1 moiti22ei3 moiti22ei3e moiti22ei3imh moiti22ei3eoth
Conjugation V
Strong mu12ái3 mu12ái3e mu12ái3imh mu12ái3eoth
guttural 3 mu12á3 mu12á3a mu12á3aimh mu12á3aoth
H 3 mu12á mu12áimh mu12áoth
stop 3
vowel 1 mu2ái3 mu2ái3e mu2ái3imh mu2ái3eoth
Conjugation VI
Strong ma1u22ai3 ma1u22ai3e ma1u22ai3imh ma1u22ai3eoth
guttural 3 ma1u22a3 ma1u22a3a ma1u22a3aimh ma1u22a3aoth
H 3 ma1u22a ma1u22aimh ma1u22aoth
stop 3
vowel 1 mu22ai3 mu22ai3e mu22ai3imh mu22ai3eoth
Conjugation VII
Strong noi12ia3 noi12ia3a noi12ia3aimh noi12ia3aoth
H 3 noi12ia noi12iaimh noi12iaoth
stop 3
vowel 1 noi2ia3 noi2ia3a noi2ia3aimh noi2ia3aoth

Past participle

Past participles are formed according to the tables shown below. Grammatically, the past participle is an adjective and is inflected for gender and number. Conjugations IV-VII lack past participles. Conjugation I verbs that have a corresponding Conjugation VII verb use the Conjugation I past participle and the Conjugation VII nonpast to indicate different states of completion.

The Conjugation I past participle indicates a completed action:

  • Is cathuibhimh them an seapharaimh. — "The books are written."

The Conjugation VII nonpast, on the other hand, indicates that the action is still being done.

  • Oiciáithbe an seapharaimh. — "The books are (being) written."
Past participle patterns
Root Type Singular Plural
Masculine
(no suffix)
Feminine
-e / -a
Masculine
-imh / -aimh
Feminine
-eoth / -aoth
Conjugation I
Strong 1a2ui3 1a2ui3e 1a2ui3imh 1a2ui3eoth
guttural 3 1a2u3 1a2u3a 1a2u3aimh 1a2u3aoth
H 3 1a2u 1a2uimh 1a2aoth
stop 3
vowel 1 a2ui3 a2ui3e a2ui3imh a2ui3eoth
Conjugation II
Strong mo1u22ai3 mo1u22ai3e mo1u22ai3imh mo1u22ai3eoth
guttural 3 mo1u22a3 mo1u22a3a mo1u22a3aimh mo1u22a3aoth
H 3 mo1u22a mo1u22aimh mo1u22aoth
stop 3
vowel 1 mu22ai3 mu22ai3e mu22ai3imh mu22ai3eoth
Conjugation III
Strong mu12ái3 mu12ái3e mu12ái3imh mu12ái3eoth
guttural 3 mu12á3 mu12á3a mu12á3aimh mu12á3aoth
H 3 mu12á mu12áimh mu12áoth
stop 3
vowel 1 mu2ái3 mu2ái3e mu2ái3imh mu2ái3eoth
Conjugation IV
Strong N/A
Conjugation V
Strong N/A
Conjugation VI
Strong N/A
Conjugation VII
Strong N/A

Imperative

Imperatives are only used in affirmative commands. Negative commands use the particle aell followed by the corresponding prefix conjugation form.

Imperative patterns
Stem singular plural
Conjugation I
Strong u12ói3 u12ói3inn
guttural 3 u12ó3 u12ó3ann
H 3 u12ó u12ónn
stop 3
vowel 1 u2ói3 u2ói3inn
repeating u11ói2 u11ói2inn
Conjugation II
Strong 1a22ae3 1a22ae3ann
guttural
H 3 1a22ae 1a22aenn
stop 3
vowel 1 a22ae3 a22ae3ann
repeating 1ae2 1ae2ann
Conjugation III
Strong ai12éi3 ai12éi3inn
guttural 3 ai12éa3 ai12éa3ann
H 3 ai12é ai12éinn
stop 3 ai12éa ai12éann
vowel 1 a22ae3 a22ae3ann
repeating ai11éi2 ai11éi2inn
Conjugation IV
Strong oith1i22ei3 oith1i22ei3inn
guttural 3 oith1i22ea3 oith1i22ea3ann
H 3 oith1i22e oith1i22einn
stop 3 oith1i22ea oith1i22eann
vowel 1 oiti22ei3 oiti22ei3inn
repeating oiti11ei2 oiti11ei2inn
Conjugation V
Strong NA
Conjugation VI
Strong NA
Conjugation VII
Strong oi11e2éi3 oi11e2éi3inn
guttural 3 oi11e2éa3 oi11e2éa3ann
H 3 oi11e2é oi11e2éinn
stop 3 oi11e2éa oi11e2éann
vowel 1 oi2éi3 oi2éi3inn
repeating oi11éi2 oi11éi2inn

Action noun

Action noun patterns
Stem singular plural
Conjugation I
Strong i12io3a i12io3aoth
H 3 i12ia i12eoth
stop 3
vowel 1 i2io3a i2io3aoth
Conjugation II
Strong 1i22iu3 1i22iu3aimh
H 3 1i22iu 1i22iuimh
stop 3
vowel 1 i22iu3 i22iu3aimh
Conjugation III
Strong a12a3a a12a3aoth
H 3 a12a a12aoth
stop 3
vowel 1 a2a3a a2a3aoth
Conjugation IV
Strong oith1ia223a oith1ia223aimh
H 3 oith1ia22a oith1ia22aimh
stop 3
vowel 1 oitia223a oitia223aimh
Conjugation V
Strong NA
Conjugation VI
Strong NA
Conjugation VII
Strong oi11ea23a oi11ea23aoth
H 3 oi11ea2a oi11ea2aoth
stop 3
vowel 1 ia23a ia23aoth

Auxiliary verbs

Irregular verbs

See also