Port-aux-Perdrix: Difference between revisions
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===First Settlements=== | ===First Settlements=== | ||
[[File:St_Ann%27s_Catholic_Church,_Guysborough.jpg|left|thumb|300px|Notre-Dame-la-sauveuse-du-peuple- | [[File:St_Ann%27s_Catholic_Church,_Guysborough.jpg|left|thumb|300px|Notre-Dame-la-sauveuse-du-peuple-en-Port-aux-Perdrix Church in 2004.]] | ||
Although first discovered in 1568, the bay was not settled until the early 1740s, by fishermen looking for a less crowded site to earn a living, mainly northwards from the larger city of Acadia. The first families to occupy the area were the Caron, Blanchet, and Chiasson families. As the settlement's population grew, the decision was made to fortify the community, beginning with a wooden rampart in 1755, providing a safe haven for small ships in the northern parts of Rhodevus, which proved to be important in the unrest that followed over the next century. | Although first discovered in 1568, the bay was not settled until the early 1740s, by fishermen looking for a less crowded site to earn a living, mainly northwards from the larger city of Acadia. The first families to occupy the area were the Caron, Blanchet, and Chiasson families. As the settlement's population grew, the decision was made to fortify the community, beginning with a wooden rampart in 1755, providing a safe haven for small ships in the northern parts of Rhodevus, which proved to be important in the unrest that followed over the next century. | ||
Jean-Baptiste Chiasson, a minister from Baie St.-Paul, established the church of Notre-Dame-la-sauveuse-du-peuple- | Jean-Baptiste Chiasson, a minister from Baie St.-Paul, established the church of Notre-Dame-la-sauveuse-du-peuple-en-Port-aux-Perdrix in 1869, taking the name for the church from the bay described by de Montblanc three centuries earlier. The church became the centre of the sprouting fishing community, with more than 30 families arriving in the next decade. The village was incorporated as a town on December 3, 1873, one of the first towns incorporated in Hauteterre County. | ||
===Raid on Icaloucouit=== | ===Raid on Icaloucouit=== | ||
Revision as of 15:21, 3 July 2020
Port-aux-Perdrix
Port Partridge | |
|---|---|
Village | |
 Port-aux-Perdrix Harbour | |
 Flag  Coat of arms | |
| Motto(s): Nous endurerons English: We will endure | |
 Port-aux-Perdrix's location in Iylan Province. | |
| Country | Rhodevus |
| Province | Iylan Province |
| County | Hauteterre |
| Incorporated | 1873 |
| Government | |
| • Type | County Council |
| • Body | Conseil du comté Hauteterre |
| • Warden | Rhéal Caron |
| Area | |
| • Total | 8.2 km2 (3.2 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 3 m (10 ft) |
| Population (2015) | |
| • Total | 639 |
| • Density | 78/km2 (200/sq mi) |
Port-aux-Perdrix (/ˌpɔɹt oʊ ˈpɛəɹdɹiː/, French: /ˌpɔʁ o pɛʁˈdʁi/) is a unincorporated community located in Hauteterre county, Iylan Province, Rhodevus. It is situated on the southern shore of Partridge Bay (Baie du Perdrix), an inlet of the Lutetian Ocean on the eastern coast of the Saint-Jean peninsula. Port-aux-Perdrix was founded in 1873 by French-speaking settlers, who named it for the abundance of partridges living in the forests around the bay. After reaching a peak population of 2,076 in 1925, Port-aux-Perdrix's population has gradually fallen, counting 639 residents in 2015.
The village lies in the Francophone areas of Rhodevus, and a large majority of its inhabitants count French as their mother tongue. Port-aux-Perdrix relies heavily on fishing as a source of income and is the main employer in the community, though it is feared that the village's population will continue to decrease along with economic output, accelerated by the opening of a cannery in Baie St.-Paul, twelve kilometres southeast, pulling more jobs away from the community. The mayor and residents have pleaded government officials for funding and resources to keep the community alive.
History
The area Port-aux-Perdrix occupies today has been known and explored for thousands of years by indigenous peoples, who called it iqalukkuit, meaning "rivers of fish". The first explorers are believed to have come in the early 16th century, with the first definitive account of the area recorded in 1568 by Georges Éupéry de Montblanc. It is inferred that no indigenous settlements existed on the bay at this time, or rather that they were seasonal, as the main inhabited regions were south past Cap Sainte-Marie, and de Montblanc makes no mention of any encounter in his daybook.
Nous traversâmes aujourd'hui un point, je présume le Cap Sainte-Marie, à travers lequel y était une baie d'eau dans en terre boisée. Lors de l'entrée des eaux dociles, on voyait plusieurs gibiers à plumes. Nous montrerons notre camp ici ce soir- il y a sûrement un abondance de nourriture dans les eaux et à terre.
We rounded today a point, I presume to be the Cap Sainte-Marie, across which lay a bay of water in a forested land. Upon entering the calm waters, many gamebirds were seen. We make our camp here tonight; there is surely plentiful food to be found in the waters and in the land.— Un racont des voyages au Nord et la vie de Georges Éupéry de Montblanc (1575)
First Settlements
Although first discovered in 1568, the bay was not settled until the early 1740s, by fishermen looking for a less crowded site to earn a living, mainly northwards from the larger city of Acadia. The first families to occupy the area were the Caron, Blanchet, and Chiasson families. As the settlement's population grew, the decision was made to fortify the community, beginning with a wooden rampart in 1755, providing a safe haven for small ships in the northern parts of Rhodevus, which proved to be important in the unrest that followed over the next century.
Jean-Baptiste Chiasson, a minister from Baie St.-Paul, established the church of Notre-Dame-la-sauveuse-du-peuple-en-Port-aux-Perdrix in 1869, taking the name for the church from the bay described by de Montblanc three centuries earlier. The church became the centre of the sprouting fishing community, with more than 30 families arriving in the next decade. The village was incorporated as a town on December 3, 1873, one of the first towns incorporated in Hauteterre County.
Raid on Icaloucouit
On the evening of August 4, 1742, the indigenous tribe local to the area raided the burgeoning settlement, which at that time counted 80 people, 50 of whom were fishermen. The raiders took 3 men hostage, and killed 2 more before retreating to their own settlement. A plaque commemorates the event, though popular opinion on the events that took place has fluctuated over time. Until recently, it was seen as an example of native aggression towards settlers, but it is now being recognized as a symptom of a larger problem where the indigenous peoples gradually lost rights, land and possessions to the new settlers, without being able to mount any resistance.
The governor of the contemporaneous northern territories recounts in a daybook:
... il y eut un terrible assaut directé vers une colonie dessous mon contrôle il y a une quinzaine. Des quatre-vingt colons, trois seraient tués, et deux ne retourneraient jamais, prises par les agresseurs. Un véritable désastre.
... there had been a terrible attack on one settlement under my control, a fortnight ago. Of the eighty settlers, three would be killed, and two more would never return. A true disaster.— François Royer, Gouverneur des Territoires septentrionaux provisionnels (1742)
The Rhodeve Empire
The people in Port-aux-Perdrix did not learn of the events that took place in 1754, where Emilia Hart gained power and transformed Rhodevus into an empire, until nearly 3 years after the transformation took place. By this time, Rhodevus had begun engaging in naval warfare across Sunalaya, and international trade became much more lucrative. Goods in Rhodevus became cheaper and more affordable for the people in Port-aux-Perdrix, which led to a higher quality of life and a population increase in the years thereafter.
The Rhodeve Collapse
Port-aux-Perdrix is furthermore known as the final resting place of two naval military commanders, Wulffe Lindholm from Talvistova and Wülfric von Edelhols from the Düotinnari Kingdom, renowned for their skills during the Rhodeve Collapse of 1840 to 1845. Although now famous partly because of the collapse, Port-aux-Perdrix was unaffected by the conflict, counting only an estimated 100 to 120 people during that time period. Notably, a farmer from the outskirts of Rome, Herbert Lemaître, was the first to bring hardier crops north to Port-aux-Perdrix, allowing the cultivation of wheat and rye in the short summers, leading to a more stable and varied food supply. Descendants of Lemaître still run the original farm about two kilometres north of the village centre.
1920s Boom Town, the World Wars and the Great Depression
During both world wars, Port-aux-Perdrix was hit hard by food and supply rationing. Prices increased exponentially for household items, making everyday life less affordable. In a sense, the Great Depression never ended in Rhodeve fishing towns as it had for the rest of the country. The aid given by the government in the 1930s simply was not adequate to regulate prices. Fish prices stayed low as the market was oversaturated, a trend that began in the 1920s, and prices for other goods such as manufactured items and refined foods stayed high, as the demand was higher than the smaller workforce could provide.
In contrast, the 1920s is considered the heyday of Port-aux-Perdrix and the fishing industry. The international economy was strong, and products could be exported all over the globe. Fishing became more lucrative than ever, and more people could afford items previously considered luxuries, like oranges from tropical regions or fresh apples in the winter. Industrial companies began to capitalize on the leftover fish that could not be sold by canning it and shipping it out across the globe, providing a source of employment for the coastal towns. For the first time in its history, the employment rate in Port-aux-Perdrix hit nearly one hundred percent, peaking at 99.1% in early 1928. As the world markets became saturated with manufactured goods, however, prices steadily dropped, and by September 1929 the world economy was in freefall, culminating in the largest stock market crash in history.
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All but one of the canning plants near Port-aux-Perdrix closed between 1930 and 1933, putting nearly 1000 people out of work. They soon went back to fishing like they had done previously, but the prices were not suitable for sustainable fishing in the long-term, and more fish needed to be sold in order to survive. This led to the first depopulation of fish in the bay, where a sharp drop in both numbers and diversity affected the local ecosystems, and put many out of work again. By the time of the arrival of the government's unemployment insurance in 1934, the unemployment rate in Port-aux-Perdrix had hit nearly 40%. Both the fish stocks and the local economy would never recover until the early 2000s. In 1935, after losing a quarter of its population in the last decade, Port-aux-Perdrix was unincorporated and made a community, governed from Kikitamouk, the seat of the county.
The depression continued along the coast until the end of the Second World War, but the conflict had no real effect on the community until conscription was introduced in 1943. Of the nearly 1200 residents, 12 went to fight for the Rhodeve army, one of whom, Bernard Gâchon, was famous for using his whaling harpoon in the field of battle. Bernard Gâchon was killed on the 6th of November, 1944. Of the twelve who fought during the war, only 6 came back to the community afterwards.
Slow Decline
Since 1945, the community has been decreasing in population, mainly due to outmigration, especially to other areas of Rhodevus, in search of a job. Since 1920, the population of the village has been more than halved, from a peak in 1929 of more than two thousand, to fewer than seven hundred residents in 2015. The economy of the area has tried to diversify without much success, although the government now runs a tourist program that covers all of the eastern coast of Iylan province, contributing to a recent foray by the county into a cottage resort near the community. Since the opening of a cannery in nearby Baie St.-Paul, more and more people plan on leaving the village, as did the former warden of the county, Gilles de Rochambeau, who grew up in Port-aux-Perdrix.
The citizens of the community have been requesting help from the government to help them survive ever since the moratorium on fishing in 1998, which devastated the town. Fish stocks remain low, but the allowances are strict and not enough to survive. The community has requested aid in opening a factory, of any kind, near the village so that their way of life can persist. The government has been reluctant to offer any aid, presenting instead the idea that they may need to be relocated in order to subsist. The community is now petitioning international governments for aid in finding a company interested in opening a factory near them.
Geography
Port-aux-Perdrix lies at the point where the Ruisselet des Bouleaux meets the Baie du Perdrix, in the northwestern corner of the bay. The original settlement founded by Montblanc is estimated to lie further south in the bay, though no trace remains. Baie du Perdrix is mostly shallow, but had a channel dredged in the 1920s to accommodate larger vessels. The community lies on the eastern shore of the Saint Jean peninsula, the most remote maritime region of northern Rhodevus. Originally, the area was inhabited by indigenous peoples, primarily the Ghong, however since the complete colonization of Rhodevus, the majority of indigenous peoples in northern Rhodevus have been placed in reservations, Iylan province being no exception. Fifty-two kilometres to the west of Port-aux-Perdrix lies the Ghong reservation of Akiani, with a population of ninety-two. The reservation is governed directly from the federal level, however the community is considered neglected by the federal government and has lobbied for aid from other levels of government, as is the typical situation in many reservations in Rhodevus. North of the reservation is a the Akuliaq National Park and Wildlife Reserve, which occupies a large space of the mountains in the interior of the Saint Jean peninsula.
Though the lands to the west and north of Port-aux-Perdrix are mountainous and mostly barren, Port-aux-Perdrix lies in a subtle valley caused by the Ruisselet des Bouleaux. The forest cover around the village is a mix of coniferous and deciduous, whereas inland it is overwhelmingly coniferous, indicating the milder temperatures and more developed soils around the bay. Around twelve thousand years ago, when the vast majority of Rhodevus was covered under ice sheets and glaciers, a proglacial river flowed out near where Port-aux-Perdrix lies today, out to the sea an estimated further twenty kilometres, as the sea levels were much lower. The soils deposited by this river were the top layers of soil stripped from other regions by the glacier, and contribute to the favourable soil conditions around Port-aux-Perdrix. Some deposits in the ancient riverbed match the composition of some soils nearly three hundred kilometres to the north.
Climate
Port-aux-Perdrix has a subarctic climate, belonging to the Köppen Dfc subtype. The variations during a year can be divided into four distinct seasons, although spring and autumn may be considerably shorter than summer and winter. The average July maximum temperature is 12.4°C (54.3°F), and the average January minimum temperature is -19.8°C (-3.6°F).
Summers are mild and relatively humid for the region, affected by the moderating effect of the ocean. The average high reaches above 10 degrees Celsius in only two months, July and August. On average, 11 days a year have temperatures above 20 degrees Celsius, though the record highs have reached much higher. If the humidex is considered, 37 days a year have temperatures above 20 degrees.
Snow and ice dominate the winter season, with very little rain falling as temperatures rarely reach above the freezing point. On average, Port-aux-Perdrix receives 47 centimetres of snow a year, and retains nearly 30 centimetres of snowpack throughout the winter season. 36 days of the winter months experience lows below -30 degrees Celsius, or 51 days if the wind chill is considered.
Spring and fall are short and variable, prone to temperature extremes and unpredictable swings in both precipitation amounts and temperatures. Days above 15 degrees have occurred as early as April and as late as September. Annual precipitation averages around 950 millimetres.
| Climate data for Port-aux-Perdrix, 1985-2010 normals and extremes | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high Humidex | 8.7 | 7.8 | 9.8 | 16.6 | 24.3 | 31.3 | 32.5 | 29.5 | 26.4 | 16.6 | 10.0 | 4.5 | 32.5 |
| Record high °C (°F) | 5.6 (42.1) |
6.1 (43.0) |
8.2 (46.8) |
15.0 (59.0) |
17.4 (63.3) |
18.9 (66.0) |
24.7 (76.5) |
25.2 (77.4) |
19.1 (66.4) |
11.2 (52.2) |
8.1 (46.6) |
6.1 (43.0) |
25.2 (77.4) |
| Average high °C (°F) | −8.1 (17.4) |
−8.6 (16.5) |
−5.3 (22.5) |
−2.3 (27.9) |
5.2 (41.4) |
9.6 (49.3) |
12.4 (54.3) |
11.7 (53.1) |
9.5 (49.1) |
5.0 (41.0) |
−0.2 (31.6) |
−3.4 (25.9) |
2.1 (35.8) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −12.2 (10.0) |
−13.1 (8.4) |
−9.1 (15.6) |
−5.8 (21.6) |
−0.7 (30.7) |
4.9 (40.8) |
6.7 (44.1) |
6.2 (43.2) |
4.2 (39.6) |
2.5 (36.5) |
−3.6 (25.5) |
−5.7 (21.7) |
−2.1 (28.2) |
| Average low °C (°F) | −19.8 (−3.6) |
−21.6 (−6.9) |
−15.1 (4.8) |
−5.2 (22.6) |
−2.6 (27.3) |
−0.2 (31.6) |
2.1 (35.8) |
3.2 (37.8) |
3.1 (37.6) |
−2.4 (27.7) |
−5.2 (22.6) |
−14.2 (6.4) |
−6.5 (20.3) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −39.4 (−38.9) |
−40.1 (−40.2) |
−36.2 (−33.2) |
−32.7 (−26.9) |
−17.5 (0.5) |
−6.7 (19.9) |
−7.1 (19.2) |
−5.2 (22.6) |
−13.8 (7.2) |
−17.1 (1.2) |
−19.3 (−2.7) |
−24.8 (−12.6) |
−40.1 (−40.2) |
| Record low wind chill | −52.9 | −59.5 | −54.0 | −41.3 | −20.8 | −10.1 | −5.0 | −3.4 | −9.1 | −31.2 | −33.3 | −55.5 | −59.5 |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 83.8 (3.30) |
70.9 (2.79) |
73.6 (2.90) |
71.1 (2.80) |
57.0 (2.24) |
83.4 (3.28) |
98.6 (3.88) |
71.5 (2.81) |
81.9 (3.22) |
74.2 (2.92) |
77.6 (3.06) |
81.9 (3.22) |
919.5 (36.20) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 3.1 (0.12) |
5.1 (0.20) |
5.5 (0.22) |
14.1 (0.56) |
30.2 (1.19) |
70.1 (2.76) |
98.6 (3.88) |
71.5 (2.81) |
79.9 (3.15) |
49.7 (1.96) |
14.1 (0.56) |
8.4 (0.33) |
450.3 (17.74) |
| Average snowfall cm (inches) | 80.9 (31.9) |
65.9 (25.9) |
68.2 (26.9) |
56.9 (22.4) |
26.7 (10.5) |
13.3 (5.2) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
2.0 (0.8) |
24.5 (9.6) |
63.5 (25.0) |
73.4 (28.9) |
475.3 (187.1) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.2 mm) | 14.1 | 12.0 | 13.1 | 13.7 | 13.0 | 15.0 | 16.0 | 15.4 | 15.3 | 14.6 | 13.8 | 14.1 | 170.1 |
| Average rainy days (≥ 0.2 mm) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.6 | 3.4 | 8.3 | 14.2 | 16.2 | 15.4 | 15.2 | 10.1 | 3.1 | 1.8 | 91.3 |
| Average snowy days (≥ 0.2 cm) | 13.9 | 11.7 | 12.8 | 12.2 | 7.7 | 2.9 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.8 | 7.4 | 12.6 | 13.3 | 95.3 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 54.4 | 56.7 | 64.3 | 74.4 | 75.1 | 77.7 | 76.5 | 71.2 | 65.3 | 60.9 | 55.5 | 55.1 | 65.6 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 99.3 | 131.3 | 167.1 | 189.8 | 229.8 | 254.2 | 279.0 | 249.3 | 177.6 | 139.4 | 84.3 | 82.6 | 2,083.7 |
| Percent possible sunshine | 35.0 | 44.9 | 45.3 | 46.9 | 49.9 | 54.3 | 58.9 | 57.1 | 47.1 | 41.0 | 29.4 | 30.3 | 45.0 |
| Source: Département national rhodève de la météorologie | |||||||||||||
Demographics
| Historic Population | ||
|---|---|---|
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 1880 | 421 | — |
| 1890 | 503 | +19.5% |
| 1900 | 623 | +23.9% |
| 1910 | 850 | +36.4% |
| 1920 | 1,271 | +49.5% |
| 1925 | 2,076 | +63.3% |
| 1930 | 1,854 | −10.7% |
| 1935 | 1,543 | −16.8% |
| 1940 | 1,186 | −23.1% |
| 1945 | 1,153 | −2.8% |
| 1950 | 1,103 | −4.3% |
| 1955 | 1,082 | −1.9% |
| 1960 | 1,074 | −0.7% |
| 1965 | 1,042 | −3.0% |
| 1970 | 1,003 | −3.7% |
| 1975 | 994 | −0.9% |
| 1980 | 974 | −2.0% |
| 1985 | 901 | −7.5% |
| 1990 | 900 | −0.1% |
| 1995 | 903 | +0.3% |
| 2000 | 854 | −5.4% |
| 2005 | 819 | −4.1% |
| 2010 | 753 | −8.1% |
| 2010 | 692 | −8.1% |
| 2015 | 639 | −7.7% |
Religion in Port-aux-Perdrix (2015)
In 2015, the population of Port-aux-Perdrix was 639, with a population density of 78/km2 through the village's 8.2 square kilometres. Port-aux-Perdrix is the 28th largest community in Hauteterre County and the 1077th largest community in Iylan Province. The median age of Port-aux-Perdrix's population is 61.8, well above the provincial and national averages. People aged 15 and under make up 13% of the population, while people aged 65 and over make up 23%.
Approximately 78% of residents in Port-aux-Perdrix identified as Catholic in 2010, with a further 11% identifying with another form of Christianity and 1% of residents affiliated with Islam. Just over 9% of residents identified with no religion or as irreligious. Religion in Port-aux-Perdrix strongly correlates with ethnic background. 98% of residents identified as Rhodeve, while 2% were of a minority ethnicity, mostly of Ghong native ancestry. 97% of residents chose French as their mother tongue, 2% Ghong and 1% English.