Traditional socialism

Traditional socialism is a Neo-Marxist and New Confucian ideology xeveloped by Chinese statesman Lüqiu Xiaotong which argues that capitalist cultural hegemony existentially threatens traditional societies, and such traditional societies are inherently compatible with socialism; traditional socialists therefore advocate for an alliance between social conservatives and socialists. Traditional socialist policies and parxis are primarily influenced by Shachtmanite trotskyism, Austromarxism, world-systems theory, and Neo-Marxian economics, particularly the ideas of Michał Kalecki. A synthesis of Western and Eastern thought, traditional socialist philosophy is primarily influenced by Confucianism, Mohism, Taoism, Marxism, Buddhism, the Three Principles of the People, and Neoconservatism, particularly the work of Leo Strauss.

In the early-to-mid 1960s, traditional socialism was originally a chiefly intellectual movement whose political ideas were primarily defined by Xiaotong himself. As a means to achieve unity, during this period traditional socialists also supported the establishment of a constitutional monarchy presumably under the Duke Yansheng, a reflection of the popularity of monarchism in the Righteous League. Following the election of Xiaotong as Chinese Premier in 1968, traditional socialists supported the Red Deal, particularly its nationalisation of Chinese mining and banking and its creation of the State Investment Fund, a sovereign wealth fund. After Xiaotong's deposition in 1970 following moderate splits from the Patriotic Labour Party (which Xiaotong led at the time), traditional socialism transformed from being "little more than a collection of Xiaotong's writings and sayings" to being "a complex philosophy able to inspire a mass movement" by Xiaotong's election as President in 1982. Abandoning monarchism and adopting world-systems theory as their guiding doctrine in foreign policy, traditional socialists determined the Chinese foreign policy of the Lüqiu Xiaotong and Cao Fen Presidencies, favouring a programme of multilateral interventionism and supported for national liberation. By 1990, traditional socialism was exported to Africa and Arabia as part of the Chinese promotion of left-wing nationalist ideologies throughout the world.

Etymology

The term traditional socialism was coined by Lüqiu Xiaotong in his 1965 work From Zongzu to Minsheng: On Tradition and Socialism, considered the political manifesto of traditional socialism.

History

Ideological Origins

During the 1950s and 1960s, Sun Yat-sen's Three Principles of the People were claimed as the basis of nearly all Chinese political movements, including the traditional socialist movement.

Since the victory of the Northern Expedition, the Three Principles of the People - typically considered socialist, populist, and nationalist during the 1930s and 1940s - has nominally served as the guiding ideology of the Chinese state, and its principles were nominally adopted by all political parties during the 1940s and 1950s. Moreover, continued crisis - taking the form of economic crisis in the early 1950s and political instability in the mid-1950s -inspired the growth of radical interpretations of the Three Principles of the People, including the growth of revolutionary socialist and ultranationalist thought.

Under the leadership of Wang Jingwei, the far-right Blueshirt Society - which synthesized fascism and Han supremacism with anti-colonialism and neosocialism - grew in popularity during the late 1940s and early 1950s, before being outlawed by the Political Organizations Act. After its prohibition, the monarchist Righteous League managed to absorb a similar far-right base, emphasizing anti-Western sentiment, social conservatism, and constitutional monarchism. In contrast to both the Blueshirts and the Kuomintang, both of which were modernist and revolutionary, the Righteous League proved avowedly reactionary, valorizing traditional Chinese agrarian society and seeking to restore the Chinese monarchy and expunge all Western influence from China.

Likewise, the far-left Communist Party of China grew in the early 1950s, before merging with the democratic socialist faction of the largely centre-left Minmeng into the swiftly-banned Workers' Party in 1953. In 1956, however, a spiritual, if not legal, successor to the Workers' Party was found in the far-left Solidarity Party, attaining record electoral results for the far-left in 1956 and 1960 and joining a leftist coalition government led by Sima Jia from 1957-1964, which proceeded to enact the redistributive Grand Program, which included radical land reform, a wealth cap at 300 times the average family income, codetermination, the promotion of {{wp|worker cooperatives}], universal healthcare, and education reform.

Left-wing nationalist General, President, and Premier Sima Jia's eponymous Sima Jia Thought and pragmatic support for Principled Communism proved major inspirations for the traditional socialist movement.

Furthermore, both socialist and nationalist ideas grew amongst the centre-left during the 1940s and 1950s. In 1948, provoked by an abortive coalition government between the KMT and the Blueshirts, approximately half of all Left KMT members - still supportive of moderate socialism and left-wing nationalism, as they were in the 1920s - left the KMT to form a coalition government with the Minmeng under the banner National Revolutionary League, whilst the remaining Left KMT would come to dominate the Kuomintang during the mid-1950s under the leadership of Lin Hansing. Left-wing nationalists would likewise to dominate the hitherto-liberal and social-democratic Minmeng. In 1953, the charismatic President Sima Jia, hitherto a member of the right-wing Young Chinese Minmeng faction, developed his eponymous Sima Jia Thought, combining nationalism and anti-communism with socialism and left-wing populism, which came to dominate the Young Chinese faction and the Minmeng itself; Sima Jia Thought thought would likewise as the primary inspiration for the Grand Program, strongly supported by the Minmeng, Solidarity Party, and National Revolutionary League alike.

Moreover, in order to ideologically combat then-Marxist-Leninist France and Germany, left-wing nationalist Chinese President Mo Yating lead the Chinese government in promoting Prinicipled Communism, combining communist economic policies and Marxist theory with parliamentarism and socialist patriotism. Although Principled Communism was aimed at a foreign audience, and was not followed by Mo Yating himself, it was adopted by numerous Solidarity Party members, as it suited Solidarity's ideological direction of promoting aspects of the communist ideology, embracing parliamentary action, and staunchly opposing Marxism-Leninism.

The 1950s was also a period of tremendous cultural and economic transformation for China. Under the centrist Premier Lin Hansing, the government implemented policies of export-oriented industrialisation in the form of the Free Trade Zones of Guangdong, Macau, Zhejiang, and Zhuhai; a free-market capitalist system of minimal regulations, intervention, taxes, or tariffs became the norm in such Zones, although the state-dominated economy remained in other regions. Whilst the FTZs proved enormously successful in industrialising their respective areas and creating nationwide economic prosperity, they also led to outbreaks in crime and social strife, particularly in Macau, which became dominated by the far-left under João Wong. Such an intersection of social strife with economic liberalisation, and the nationalist and socialist ideological developments of the 1950s, would prove the foundation for further traditional socialist philosophy and thought.