View source for Haller Base

{{Region icon Aurorum}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Haller Base
| official_name = Haller Base–Lunar Research Station
| native_name = ''Haller-Basis''
| settlement_type = {{wp|Moon|Lunar}} {{wp|Exploration of the Moon|research station}}
| image_skyline = Haller Base facilities on the surface.png
| imagesize = 290
| image_caption = Haller Base facilities on the surface in 2008
| image_flag = 
| flag_size = 
| flag_alt = 
| image_shield = Haller Base program emblem.png
| shield_size = 140
| motto = 
| anthem = 
| image_map = {{Location map|Aurorum Luna
|alt     = Location of Haller Base on Luna
|lat_deg = 30.5
|lon_deg = 13.7
|label = Haller Base
|caption = 
|width = 290
}}
| alt_map =
| map_caption = 
| subdivision_type = {{wp|Sovereign state}}
| subdivision_name = {{flag|Mascylla}}
| subdivision_type1 = Location on Luna
| subdivision_name1 = {{wp|Polybius (crater)|Jenssen E crater}}, Soguichi Plateau
| subdivision_type2 = Administered by
| subdivision_name2 = Lunar Exploration Initiative of the [[File:Emblem of the MAOA.png|25px]] [[MAOA]] and [[Mascyllary Air Force|Air Force]]
| established_title = Established
| established_date = 9 November 1987
| established_title1 = Retired
| established_date1 = 15 February 2009
| established_title2 = {{wp|Namesake|Named for}}
| established_date2 = Emil G. Haller
| seat_type = 
| seat = 
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| leader_title1               = 
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| area_total_km2 = 
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| population_total = 3 / 6
| population_as_of = 1987 / 2008
| population_footnotes = 
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| demographics_type1      = Type of operation
| demographics1_title1   = Crew
| demographics_type2      = Operation
| demographics2_title1   = Status
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| blank1_name_sec1 = Facilities
| blank1_info_sec1 = 9 buildings and facilities<br>{{collapsible list|
* Sahalinov Landing Site
* Accommodation and crew quarters
* ''Falkenhall'' Main Service Block
* Base Node Module Adapter 1, 2, and 3
* ''Aufgang'' H-2B Crew Compartment and Science Module
* H-3 Science Module
* H-4 Utility Node Module
* H-5E Unpressurized Multipurpose Module
* Main Airlock Module
* Biomedical and astrophysical research facilities
* Communications and computer systems}}
| blank_name_sec1 = Dimensions
| blank_info_sec1 = * Length: 74 m (242.8 ft)<br>
* Width: 30 m (98.4 ft)
* Height: 17 m (55.8 ft)
<!-- blank fields (section 2) -->
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| demographics1_info1    = All year-round
| demographics1_title2   = 
| demographics1_info2    = 
| demographics2_info1    = Inoperational
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}}

'''Haller Base''', officially the '''Haller Base–Lunar Research Station''' ({{wp|German language|Hesurian}}: ''Haller-Basis Lunare Forschungsstation''), is a [[Mascylla|Mascyllary]] {{wp|Exploration of the Moon|research station}} on the sloped rim of the {{wp|Polybius (crater)|Jenssen E crater}} in the Soguichi Plateau, on the surface of Luna, the second planet of the world's {{wp|binary planet|binary planet system}}. It was operated under the joint Lunar Exploration Initiative (MLEI) of the [[MAOA]] and [[Mascyllary Air Force|Air Force]] from 1987 to 2009 and is considered to be the furthermost point of Mascyllary {{wp|jurisdiction}} and only one on Luna. The base is named in honour of rocketry pioneer and polar explorer Emil Haller who was a significant contributor to the foundation of the MAOA and its early {{wp|human spaceflight}} projects.

Haller Base is the first modular planetary station and first large man-made structure on Luna, and was assembled over the span of multiple subsequent manned missions from 1987 to 1999. The original base, less than a fifth of the completed station's volume and named ''Falkenhall'', landed as part of the Sigma-Haller Expedition on 9 November 1987 by the space agencies of Mascylla and Dulebia at the end of the [[Sigma program]]. With the Haller 87 and Haller 88 missions, the base became the first continuously inhabited research station on Luna and still maintains the longest duration of continuous human presence in space at 4,018 days. Since, the station has hosted up to 82 {{wp|astronaut|astronauts}}, the largest number for any Lunar research station, and has repeatedly been partially rebuilt and expanded upon. By 2008, Haller Base encompassed five pressurized {{wp|space station|modules}}, and two unpressurized components, the H-5E Unpressurized Multipurpose Module and the power-supplying {{wp|photovoltaic system|photovoltaic array}} on the surface.

The station was purposefully constructed and ultimately served as a {{wp|research}} {{wp|laboratory}} which enabled crews to conduct scientific experiments on {{wp|human biology}}, {{wp|microgravity}} and {{wp|radiation}} physics, {{wp|observational astronomy|astronomy}}, {{wp|meteorology}} and {{wp|space physics}}, as well as study the {{wp|effects of spaceflight on the human body|effects of long-term stay in space on humans}}. While the base operations and crew were militaristic in nature, it allowed scientific endeavours such as international collaborations with other countries to access the station. Haller 87 sustained three crew members, but the station's population continued to grow through its operation, with a peak six crew members of Haller 2000 and later 04 simultaneously on the station. In service from 1987 to 2009, Haller Base continued human presence on Luna, before it was agreed upon by the MLEI to retire the station in February 2009 mainly due to its aging {{wp|hardware}}, damages sustained by meteorological phenomena and {{wp|regolith}} exposure. The station has since been unoccupied and plans to either repurpose it for another settlement or preserve it as a protected area have been put forward.

==Structural history==
===Original base (1987–1989)===
====Inception and location====
Concepts and proposals of a {{wp|moonbase|lunar base}} for {{wp|lunar habitation|human habitation}} have been brought forward by MAOA since its inception in the 1970s, due to technical and budgetory constraints. In 1981, during the Sigma program, the MLEI of MAOA and the Mascyllary Air Force conducted a feasibility study of a possible base; the results of the study reccommended a research station of {{wp|modular design}}, and a gradual development build-up over the span of approximately 10 years, or more. Consequently, the lunar base concept could only be realized once the Sigma program had been concluded and the MAOA budget could be diverted into the new project, then named Project Antares (''Projekt Antares'').

[[File:Surveyor 3-Apollo 12.jpg|230px|thumb|Commander Thomas Knopp investigates the ''Juser'' 2 lander during the Haller 87 Expedition, with LM-15 ''Hährnig'' visible in the background, 19 December 1987|right]]
By 1983, five possible locations of the future base had been mapped and investigated by the Lunar General Surveyor Orbiter (LGSO; ''Lunarer Allgemeiner Begutachtungsorbiter'') {{wp|robotic spacecraft}} in {{wp|polar orbit}}, launched in 1977. These included, among others, {{wp|Tycho (crater)|X crater}}, {{wp|Plinius (crater)|X crater}} in {{wp|Mare Tranquilitatis|Mare Ingensis}}, {{wp|Palus Epidemiarum}}, the {{wp|Fra Mauro formation|X Highlands}}, and {{wp|Polybius (crater)|Jenssen crater}}. A year later, MAOA ultimately chose the Jenssen E crater in visual sight of the {{wp|Rupes Altai|Rupes Ejeva}} {{wp|escarpment|scarp}} mountain range due to its geology of scientific interest and well-fitted flat terrain for construction and operation, and therefore it was excluded as a potential landing site for the remaining Sigma missions until 1986. In 1984, the ''Juser'' 2 {{wp|lander}} arrived at the future base site to confirm its potential, photograph its surroundings, and conduct tests on the lunar soil; its scientific data affirmed the stance that Jenssen E was the most promising candidate.

====Construction and Sigma-Haller Expedition====
The initial first component of the station, the pressurized ''Falkenhall'' Main Service Block (''Hauptbetriebsblock''; MSB) module and its adjacent {{wp|solar cell|solar arrays}} measuring 4,000 m<sup>2</sup> of operable area, were manufactured at the Gräbler Spaceflight Center near Rothenau, Aldia, beginning in 1982. The name ''Falkenhall'' was ultimately chosen by MAOA in reference to the oldest continuously inhabited urban settlement in modern-day Mascylla, having been founded by 600 BC. The modules were delivered on ship to the Spacecraft Processing Facility and Main Flight Operations Building at Cape Weimud Space Center in [[Akawhk]] in August of 1987 for final inspections, processing and preparation for launch. The module was designed with three {{wp|docking and berthing of spacecraft|docking ports}} suitable for {{wp|Common Berthing Mechanism|berthing}} operations, three autonomous arrays of solar cells measuring 4.5 by 1.3 meters (14.7 by 4.3 feet) mounted on its roof, six {{wp|nickel-cadmium battery|nickel-cadmium batteries}} with a capacity of 4 kilowatts of power, ten externally mounted fuel tanks holding 8.8 tonnes of propellant, and is outfitted with early communications and control equipment. ''Falkenhall'' has a dry mass of 21,492 kilograms (47,382 lb), is 8.2 meters (26.9 ft) long and 4.1 (13.5 ft) meters wide.

[[File:Skylab launch on Saturn V.jpg|190px|thumb|left|Launch of the modified Atlant-3L carrying the Sigma-Haller Expedition from Akawhk, 6 November 1987]]
[[File:Haller Base module Falkenhall in 1989.jpg|270px|thumb|right|The module ''Falkenhall'' during the Haller 88 Expedition in August of 1988, photographed by Bartosz Maininger; note LM-16 ''Unternehmen'' in the distance and the deployed solar arrays and {{wp|parabolic antenna}} on the module's roof.]]
''Falkenhall'' was launched on 6 November 1987 on a purpose-built and modified version of the {{wp|Saturn V|Atlant-3 rocket}} from Cape Weimud in Akawhk; the mission was incorporated into the Sigma program as the Sigma-Haller Expedition, crewed by a joint Dulebian-Mascyllary crew of Mission Commander Janus Heine. After the initial launch and the first two {{wp|multistage rocket|stage separations}}, the payload ascended to a 500 km (311 mi) high {{wp|parking orbit}}. Eight hours later, the crew of the Sigma-Haller Expedition was launched to the cargo stage waiting in orbit on an {{wp|Saturn IB|Atlant-4G}}, and performed a subsequent {{wp|space rendezvous}}. The spacecraft complex was manned for re-configuration and trans-lunar flight preparations before firing the CSM third upper stage for {{wp|trans-lunar injection}} on 7 November.

On 9 November, the two-stage ''Falkenhall'' module and its cargo load, referred to as LM-13 ''Dnepr'', separated from the {{wp|Apollo Command Module|Sigma Command and Service Module}} (''Kommando- und Betriebsmodul''; CSM) ''Antares'', having ferried it to lunar orbit, and descended to Luna's surface; ''Dnepr'' touched down at the ridges of Jenssen E crater of the Soguichi Plateau at 05:22 UTC. The three astronauts of the resident crew stayed on the newly established lunar base before returning to the CSM in low orbit; the base module served as the launch pad for the ascent stage, similar in operation to the {{wp|Apollo Lunar Module|Sigma Lunar Module}} (''Lunarmodul''; LM), which then {{wp|lunar orbit rendezvous|docked with CSM-98}} ''Antares'' again and was subsequently discarded. After 6 days of stay and the 4 days of travel following the {{wp|trans-earth injection|trans-Aurorum injection}}, the crew of the Sigma-Haller Expedition returned to Aurorum on 18 November.

====Complications and modification====
The ascent stage of ''Dnepr'' inadvertently polluted the photovoltaic arrays with whirled up {{wp|lunar regolith}}, which caused ''Falkenhall'' to suffer a {{wp|blackout}} one day after Sigma-Haller's departure. Contact to the automatic systems of the station remained severed until the Haller 87 Expedition was able to clean and re-orientate the solar arrays while moving them 700 meters (2,297 feet) away from the designated but improvised landing and take-off site, two weeks later in December of 1987.

During the Haller 88 Expedition in July of 1988, a repurposed {{wp|descent propulsion system}} (DPS) similarly used in the LM descent stage was utilized to blow away possibly hazardous or inhibiting regolith from the designated site and heat the material to fuse it into a durable and hardened platform. After installing {{wp|runway edge lighting|edge}} and {{wp|runway status lights|status lighting}}, LM-17 ''Heiserer'' of the Haller 89 Expedition was the first to land on the Sahalinov Landing Site (''Sahalinow-Landungsplatz''; SLS); in 1994, a second SLS including seven additional external fuel storage tanks were constructed 30 meters (98.4 ft) away from the first SLS.

===Added modules (1989–1999)===
====Assembly====
[[File:The heavy LM during the Haller 98 Expeditio.png|220px|thumb|right|The LSAM was crucial for the assembly and construction of Haller Base due to its heavy-payload and large crew capacity (LM-20 ''Hoffnung'' during the Haller 92 Expedition, with astronaut Simon Müller next to it for size comparison, 30 May 1992]]
The construction of Haller Base was a major and ultimately multi-national undertaking in {{wp|space architecture|space and lunar architecture}}. The initial assembly began in November 1988 during the Haller 89 Expedition when two {{wp|Pressurized Mating Adapter|Base Node Module Adapters}} (''Basisknotenmoduladapter''; BNMAs) were attached to the passive ''Falkenhall'' module by two astronauts performing {{wp|extra-vehicular activities}}, serving as nodes for future additions. Over the course of Haller Base's assembly, astronauts used some 1,100 hours of EVA operations as well as the {{wp|Mobile Servicing System|Mobile Servicing Robotic Unit}} (''Mobiles Betriebsrobotikeinheit''; MSRU) as the base expanded in size and complexity. Similarly, since the Haller 92 Expedition, Haller Base was serviced and supplied by an evolved and heavy-payload five-astronaut version of the 1980s Sigma LM, the Lunar Surface Access Module (''Lunares Modul für Oberflächenerkundung''; LSAM); because the first active LSAM was LM-19 ''Fischadler'', it is sometimes referred to as ''Fischadler'' (meaning "{{wp|Osprey}}") by itself.

====Elements====
{{multiple image
|align=left|direction=vertical|width=250
| image2 = Haller Base control room aft.png
| caption2 = {{wp|Aft}} view of the control and operations room
| image1 = Haller Base control room front.png
| caption1 = {{wp|Fore}} view of the 1999 control and operations room of the ''Aufgang'' CCSM module
}}
On 30 July 1989, the H-2B Crew Compartment and Science Module (''Truppenabteil und Wissenschaftsmodul''; CCSM) was launched into orbit and then delivered to Luna via the Haller 90 Expedition. The H-2B–''Sagittarius'' vehicle performed the descent and docking to the ''Falkenhall''-BNMA complex part-automatically and part-manually. Serving as the new operational centre of Haller Base, the H-2B module's computer system autonomously assumed control over the base from ''Falkenhall'''s systems, and was equipped with designated crew and sleeping quarters, a kitchen, multiple toilets and sanitary systems, and exercise equipment. Additionally, the scientific compartment of the large cylindric module, measuring 13.3 meters (43.6 ft) in diameter, supplemented the ''Falkenhall'' {{wp|life-support system|life-support systems}} with {{wp|carbon dioxide scrubber|CO<sub>2</sub> scrubbers}}, {{wp|dehumidifier|dehumidifiers}}, {{wp|wastewater treatment}} systems, and {{wp|oxygen generating system|oxygen generators}}. It also comprises the central command and operations room of the base. Mission Commander Felix Ahrndt later recalled the happiness and gratitude of subsequent Haller Expedition astronauts who stayed in the base before the expansions in 2011, commenting: "By this point ''Falkenhall'' was, well, "overcrowded" would be an understatement. It was like a tan of sardines, speaking from experience and talking to other Haller astronauts, and everyone talked about how happy they were that they now could take more than eight steps in any direction. H-2B was like a cathedral in comparison to the old ''Falkenhall'' lady." In 1991, H-2B was officially renamed to ''Aufgang'' (meaning "Dawn").

Over the next four years, Haller Base continued to expand. During the 1991 Haller 92 Expedition, the H-3 Science Module (''Wissenschaftsmodul'') was delivered to Luna as the primary new facility for research payloads, scientific experiments and medical life-support operations. The 23.1-tonne (50,927 lb) heavy research and experimental laboratory is identical in layout and design to the H-2B ''Aufgang'' module and was permanently berthed to it on 29 January 1992, and has since been the location of active research on Haller Base, encompassing studies and experiments relating to {{wp|medicine}}, {{wp|biotechnology}}, {{wp|materials science}}, and other fields of {{wp|physics}}. ''Aufgang'' was used frequently by international teams of scientists and for scientific research contributions of participating states, most notably [[Lavaria]] and [[Dulebia]], in the form of experiments and delivered technology.

In 1994, the Haller 94 Expedition contributed the Main Airlock Module (''Hauptluftschleusenmodul''; MAM) to the base, intended to relieve ''Falkenhall'''s forward {{wp|airlock}} system of potentially damaging over-use; before the addition of the MAM, EVAs could only be performed through the forward door of the first module, and an almost fatal accident during the Haller 93 Expedition on 2 September 1993 involving astronaut Lukas Krausmann highlighted the frequently used airlock's strain. It provided the base's capability of EVA operations on the lunar surface and was attached to Haller Base inbetween the ''Aufgang'' and H-3 modules. In order to alleviate the issue of the rapidly deteriorating performance of airlocks due to regolith exposure, the airlock, being 4.2 meters (13.7 ft) in diameter and 7.9 meters (25.9 ft) long, comprises two separate passageways, one from which astronauts can exit the base, and a smaller hatch for equipment storage and to clean used EVA suits of regolith, as well as {{wp|nitrogen}} to mitigate post-{{wp|spacewalk}} {{wp|decompression sickness}}.

Two additional BNMAs and a more compact version of the H-2B and H-3 modules serving as a central node for the newer Haller Base complex, the H-4 Utility Node Module (''Nutzknotenmodul''; UNM), were delivered on the Haller 96, 97 and 98 Expeditions. The UNM accommodates additional sleeping quarters and sanitary systems for astronauts, and more importantly, houses vital electrical power storage units, areas for cargo holds, and controls for the base's electronic system; the addition of the UNM was in response to the base's rapidly increasing power consumption and ineffective control of power-generating capabilities from ''Aufgang'', as was the installation of another 980 m<sup>2</sup> (10,549 sq ft) of photovoltaic arrays outside Haller Base in 1997. During the Haller 98 Expedition in 1998, Haller Base was outfitted with 197 plates of a composite secondary hull consisting of {{wp|stainless steel}}, {{wp|kevlar}} and {{wp|aluminium}} {{wp|alloy}} to protect it from {{wp|micrometeoroid|micrometeoroids}}.

[[File:Haller Base with modules in 2001.png|270px|thumb|right|Haller Base in 2001, with the vast majority of its modules visible: the H-3 Science Module (far left), BNMA 3 (left), MAM and H-4 UNM (centre), H-5E UMPM (above H-4), ''Aufgang'' H-2B CCSM (right), and ''Falkenhall'' MSB (far right).]]
The final expansion of the base to this date, the H-5E Unpressurized Multipurpose Module (''Druckloses Mehrzweckmodul''; UMPM), was brought to Luna in March of 1999 by the Haller 2000 Expedition. The UMPM was vertically mounted on top of the {{wp|zenith}} docking port of the H-4 UNM, requiring 18 separate EVAs over the span of 48 hours and two specialized {{wp|aerial work platform|aerial work platforms}}. Once completed, the UMPM raised the total height of Haller Base to 17 meters (55.8 ft), and was added with the scientific experiments and devices intended for the module in the Haller 2000 and 01 Expeditions: the Wilhelm G. Neumayer Astronomical Observatory (''Astronomisches Observatorium Wilhelm G. Neumayer''; WiGNAO), Atmospheric and Lunaological Research Observatory (''Atmosphärisches und Lunaologisches Forschungsobservatorium''; ALRO), Angular Cosmic Interferometer (''Kosmisches Winkelinterferometer''; ACI), Lunar Muon and Neutrino Detector Array (''Lunares Myon- und Neutrinodetektorfeld''; LUMONDA), and Lunar Magnetic Spectrometer (''Lunares Magnetospektrometer''; LMS).

WiGNAO is an astrophysical {{wp|observatory}} equiped with an {{wp|solar telescope|iliosar telescope}}, {{wp|x-ray}}, {{wp|extreme ultraviolet}} and {{wp|H-alpha|Hα}} {{wp|spectroheliograph|spectroheliographs}}, and a {{wp|coronagraph}} intended for {{wp|space weather}} prediction and {{wp|x-ray astronomy}}; ALRO, also being an observatory, was used for {{wp|observational astronomy}}, as well as {{wp|imaging spectroscopy}}, {{wp|energetic neutral atom}} imagery and {{wp|mass spectrometry}} of Luna's surface and faint atmosphere. ACI observed the power spectrum, polarization and temperature {{wp|anisotropy|anisotropies}} of the {{wp|cosmic microwave background}} (CMB) to survey {{wp|galaxy cluster|galaxy clusters}}, whereas LUMONDA was a high-energy {{wp|neutrino observatory}} and the LMS {{wp|magnetic spectrometer}} investigated {{wp|antimatter}} amounts in {{wp|cosmic rays}}.

===Completed state (1999–present)===
[[File:Haller Base in 2000.jpg|270px|thumb|right|Haller Base (center) at the slope edges of the Jenssen E crater in 2004, with the Sahalinov Landing Site (upper right corner)]]
By February of 2009, Haller Base consisted of five pressurized and two unpressurized modules. Following the announcement of the program's retirement, the last resident crew onboard the base, the Haller 09 Expedition, celebrated its continuous operation and deactivated its life-support system upon the crew's departure on 15 February. The numerous scientific experiments in the UMPM continued to be used by scientists on Aurorum and relay research data for another four years, until the base's central computer was commanded to go on stand-by in 2013. While Haller Base has not been in activation ever since, as of 2022, the photovoltaic arrays and electronic systems are still considered to be fully operational if activity were to be resumed. However, in 2019, multiple micrometeoroids damaged the parabolic communications antennae on ''Aufgang'''s outer hull, thus impairing direct communication to and from Aurorum.

==International cooperation==
[[File:Commemorative plaque of the LBJUIA, signed on October 22 1988.png|210px|thumb|right|Commemorative plaque of the LBJUIA, signed on October 22 1988]]
[[File:Participating states of Haller Base.png|270px|thumb|right|Participating states of the programme:
{{legend|#131F67|Head state (Mascylla)}}
{{legend|#3D4EAF|Signatories of the LBJUIA (including the Republic of Dulebia)}}
{{legend|#44E500|Participating states which contributed at least one astronaut}}]]
The Mascyllary Lunar Exploration Initiative included a formal provision, the Lunar Base Joint Use Intergovernmental Agreement (LBJUIA), which allowed members and citizens from interested countries (eight in total) to participate in crewed spaceflights to Haller Base and contribute scientific experiments or other payloads to regular Expeditions. However, the LBJUIA does not govern nor specify the legal foundations of the programme and the base itself, and because no other to-date convention of {{wp|international law}} governing formal jurisdiction on Luna is in effect, Haller Base is ''de facto'' a {{wp|stateless nation|stateless}} property on territory akin to {{wp|international waters}}; simultaneously, it is generally accepted to be subject to Mascyllary legal jurisdiction (the only country to ''de jure'' govern territory outside Aurorum, but not exercise {{wp|sovereignty}}), despite the lack of any formal convention or agreement.

===Participating countries===
* {{flagicon image|FlagCommieDulebia.png}} [[People's Republic of Dulebia]] (1987–1990)
* {{flag|Dulebia}}
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Falland.png}} [[Falland]]
* {{flag|Lavaria}}
* {{flag|Sarrac}}
* {{flagicon image|Erdaran_Union_Flag.png}} [[Telmerian Union]]
** {{flag|Lilienburg}}
** {{flag|Temaria}}
** {{flag|Valtriva}}
** {{flag|Valimia}}

===Astronauts===
Various Berean and Pamiran astronauts visited Haller Base over the course of the LBJUIA's existence and its operation, in order:
* Wladimir Selyov – during the 1987 ''Sigma-Haller Expedition'' {{flagicon image|FlagCommieDulebia.png}} [[People's Republic of Dulebia]]
* Balduíno Miranda – during the 1992 ''Haller 92 Expedition'' {{flag|Lavaria}}
* Corin Côté – during the 1996 ''Haller 96 Expedition'' {{flag|Sarrac}}
* Kirill Antonov – during the 1997 ''Haller 97 Expedition'' {{flag|Dulebia}}
* Tuomo Mäkinen – during the 1998 ''Haller 98 Expedition'' {{flag|Valimia}}
* Estevão de Mascarenhas – during the 1999 ''Haller 99 Expedition'' {{flag|Lavaria}}
* Radomil Borisov – during the 2000 ''Haller 2000 Expedition'' {{flag|Dulebia}}
* Valquíria Costa – during the 2001 ''Haller 01 Expedition'' {{flag|Lavaria}}
* Felix Kirchhöfer – during the 2002 ''Haller 02 Expedition'' {{flag|Temaria}}
* Lidiya Vinogradova – during the 2004 ''Haller 04 Expedition'' {{flag|Dulebia}}
* Claudette Tremblay – during the 2005 ''Haller 05 Expedition'' {{flag|Sarrac}}
* Deodato Araújo – during the 2008 ''Haller 08 Expedition'' {{flag|Lavaria}}

==Operation==
Expeditions typically stay for multiple months and in some cases for almost the duration of a full year in the base, thus isolating them for extended periods of time. This has presented researched and reported dangers to crew health and inter-personal relations, among other {{wp|stress|stresses}} of physical and psychological nature. During the Expeditions, Haller Base is completely self-sufficient through extensive storage of food, water, and the autonomous solar power supply; during lunar nights, a system of batteries supports power consumption while a 2002-installed small-scale {{wp|radioisotope thermoelectric generator}} is intended for emergency use in the case of a blackout. When crews are not present, ground control as well as automated central computer systems located in the H-2B CCSM oversee basic utilities and operations in the base.

===Crew stay===
[[File:ISSSpaceFoodOnATray.jpg|240px|thumb|right|A package of food served on a tray, during the Haller 97 Expedition]]
[[File:Wide view of the H-2B CCSM interior.png|310px|thumb|right|Wide view of the ''Falkenhall'' MSB interior in 2003, with the galley (left) and three of the crew quarters' booths (right)]]
The station was originally supposed to remain in operation for a total of ten years, but instead operated for almost twice the intended span. As a result, the older components of Haller Base, most notably the ''Falkenhall'' module, were often compared to a cramped and visibly used-looking "{{wp|labyrinth}}" with exposed technical equipment and hoses, as well as crowded with cargo; the modules added in the later development of the base were considerably more modern and new, as had been pointed out by crew members.

The operation of Haller Base was subject to a stringent timetable and schedule as provided by the ground operators. The time zone used in Haller Base was Eastern Berean Time (EBT; {{wp|UTC+03:00}}). Due to the 3.5-day long {{wp|lunar day|lunar days}} and equally long {{wp|lunar night|lunar nights}} on the surface, certain measures were taken to re-create the temporal cycle as perceived on Aurorum, mainly for crew comfort and convenience, like covering windows during "night hours", dimming internal lighting, or adjusting light {{wp|colour temperature}}. While the morning and mid-day were reserved for work, exercise to combat {{wp|muscle atrophy}} and {{wp|spaceflight osteopenia}}, and {{wp|space food}} breaks, the evening could be used by crew members for recreational or other activities. Haller Base was supplied with a number of items to provide entertainment for astronauts in their spare time: books, films, a collection of pre-recorded music, and a guitar. Additionally, astronauts brought along their own personal belongings in a designated bag, which they stored in their crew quarters.

Astronauts stayed and {{wp|sleep in space|slept}} in phonebox-sized soundproof booths, similar in appearance and style to {{wp|bunk bed|bunk beds}} on board naval vessels. The crew quarters were equipped with secured trunks for personal belongings, shelves, reading lamps, laptops, and a small window; the actual bed could remain un-tethered and horizontal due to Luna's noteworthy gravity. Two designated galley areas are located next to the quarters, which are mostly located in the H-3 SM, as is the area for sanitary and hygienic utilities, including three {{wp|space toilet|space toilets}} and a shower. The galleys feature three food warmers similar to a {{wp|microwave}}, two {{wp|refrigerator|refrigerators}}, a locked safe for alcoholic beverages (such as {{wp|cognac}}, {{wp|vodka}}, and {{wp|schnapps}}) only accessible to the Expedition Commander, and a water dispenser. Despite the fact that crumbly food can be safely eaten due to the lack of weightlessness, most foods eaten in the base do not create crumbs, as vacuum sealed, frozen, and freeze-dried packaged food could be stored for longer for the long durations of Expeditions. Nevertheless, it is custom for arriving astronauts to re-stock the base with fresh vegetables and fruits, as well as sweets.

===Transportation and communication===
[[File:Lunarrover crop.jpg|240px|thumb|left|The Lunar Roving Vehicle (LRV) was vital for EVA surface activities (Commander Ursula Witt on an excursion during the Haller 92 Expedition, 12 November 1991).]]
[[File:SLS 1 in 1993.jpg|270px|thumb|right|LSAM-22 ''Spinne'' of the Haller 94 Expedition having landed at SLS 2, photographed from the departing Haller 93 Expedition (17 September 1993)]]
The base has two {{wp|landing}} areas for spacecraft, the Sahalinov Landing Sites (SLS; {{wp|ICAO airport code|ICAO}}: ''ASLP''), each 29.6 meters (97.1 feet) in diameter. Usually, these are reserved for the Expeditions' descent configurations of the LM from 1987 to 1992 and the heavy-version LSAM since 1992. In rare circumstances, parked vehicles might need to be removed or relocated to allow for resupply missions, automated cargo LSAMs, to land at Haller Base. Flights to and from the SLSs depend on the arrival and departures of the respective crews, but LSAMs have also been used to scout and explore nearby areas of interest surrounding the base, such was the case during the Haller 93, 96, 2000, and 05 Expeditions.

The SLS landing pads are connected to the base through multiple improvised 900-meter (2953-feet) long routes used as regolith roads, termed the Thomas L. Knopp Lunar Highway (TKLH; ''Lunare Autobahn–Thomas L. Knopp''). Ground transportation of crew and cargo is made possible by the {{wp|Lunar Roving Vehicle}} (LRV; ''Lunares Lauffahrzeug''), in use since the original [[Sigma program]]. Concepts of replacing the LRV with a pressurized modular {{wp|cabin}} vehicle for long-term stay were discarded due to budgetory and practical restraints.

Communication of Haller Base is provided by the MAOA's {{wp|tracking and data relay satellite|VDÜS}}-2 and 4 satellites, and the {{wp|military communications satellite|VSKS-11}} satellite of the [[Government of Mascylla|Ministry of Defence of the Realm]]; these allow a {{wp|date-transfer rate}} of some 60 Mbit per second, as well as {{wp|broadband}} {{wp|internet access|internet}} and {{wp|satellite phone}} {{wp|telecommunications}} access. Moreover, they provide the data uplink for the scientific data, status requests, and ground-based computer commands. Communication of non-military or non-scientific nature, and on the lunar surface for EVA activities, has been provided by amateur {{wp|ham radio}} in the H-2B CCSM's command room.

===Expeditions===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Designation !! Patch !! Crew<br><small>(''Expedition Commander'')</small> !! Launch date !! Landing date !! Return date !! Duration <small>(days)</small> !! CSM !! LM !! Summary
|-
| width=190px|'''Sigma-Haller Expedition''' || [[File:Sigma-Haller Expedition Patch.png|90px]] ||width=190px| {{flagicon|Mascylla}} ''Janus Heine''<br>{{flagicon|Mascylla}} Peter-Hannes Wolf<br>{{flagicon image|FlagCommieDulebia.png}} Wladimir Selyov||width=160px| 6 November 1987 ||width=160px| 9 November 1987 ||width=160px| 18 November 1987 || 6 ||width=150px| CSM-98 ''Antares'' ||width=150px| LM-13 ''Dnepr'' || First over-all and crewed expedition, successful landing of the original Haller base compartment at Polybius E crater. Establishment of photovoltaic energy supply and preparation for ''Haller 87''.
|-
| '''Haller 87 Expedition''' || [[File:Haller 87 Expedition Patch.png|90px]] || {{flagicon|Mascylla}} ''Thomas Knopp''<br>{{flagicon|Mascylla}} Alexander Persching<br>{{flagicon|Mascylla}} Karl Weisze || 14 December 1987 || 17 December 1987 || 2 June 1988 || 168 || CSM-99 ''Von Bauer'' || LM-15 ''Hährnig''|| Second expedition, first officially scientific expedition plan.
|-
| '''Haller 88 Expedition''' || [[File:Haller 88 Expedition Patch.png|90px]] || {{flagicon|Mascylla}} ''Bartosz Maininger''<br>{{flagicon|Mascylla}} Daniel Bursch<br>{{flagicon|Mascylla}} Reinhard Voß || 9 July 1988 || 13 July 1988 || 23 November 1988 || 130 || CSM-100 ''Borealis'' || LM-16 ''Unternehmen'' || Third expedition, established the first Sahalinov Landing Site.
|-
| '''Haller 89 Expedition''' || [[File:Haller 89 Expedition Patch.png|90px]] || {{flagicon|Mascylla}} ''Walther Siewert''<br>{{flagicon|Mascylla}} Ursula Witt<br>{{flagicon|Mascylla}} Josef Ohlsig || 22 November 1988 || 25 November 1988 || 4 July 1989 || 221 || CSM-101 ''Nordstern'' || LM-17 ''Heiserer'' || Fourth expedition, added two node modules for future expansion, Ursula Witt as the first female astronaut on Luna.
|-
| '''Haller 90 Expedition''' || [[File:Haller 90 Expedition Patch.png|90px]] || {{flagicon|Mascylla}} ''Felix Ahrndt''<br>{{flagicon|Mascylla}} Hanno Foch<br>{{flagicon|Mascylla}} Andreas Gerste || 30 July 1989 || 2 August 1989 || 17 March 1990 || 230 || CSM-103 ''Görche'' || LM-18 ''Sagittarius'' || Fifth expedition, docked H-2B crew compartment and science module to B node module.
|-
| '''Haller 91 Expedition''' || [[File:Haller 91 Expedition Patch.png|90px]] || {{flagicon|Mascylla}} ''Harald Lesch''<br>{{flagicon|Mascylla}} Leopold Richter<br>{{flagicon|Mascylla}} Hannah Gutenfeld<br>{{flagicon|Mascylla}} Gregor Ellen<br>{{flagicon|Mascylla}} Steffen Heese || 28 May 1990 || 1 June 1990 || 7 March 1991 || 279 || CSM-104 ''Erkunder'' || LM-19 ''Fischadler'' || Sixth expedition, first five-member expedition.
|-
| '''Haller 92 Expedition''' || [[File:Haller 92 Expedition Patch.png|90px]] || {{flagicon|Mascylla}} ''Ursula Witt''<br>{{flagicon|Mascylla}} Simon Müller<br>{{flagicon|Mascylla}} Christoph Osbeck<br>{{flagicon|Lavaria}} Balduíno Miranda<br>{{flagicon|Mascylla}} Moritz Peskycz || 30 September 1991 || 5 October 1991 || 11 July 1992 || 280 || CSM-105 ''Sextant'' || LSAM-20 ''Hoffnung'' || Seventh expedition, first expedition commanded by a woman and first international one with Balduíno Miranda, also the first Lavish citizen on Luna. Added the H-3 Science Module.
|-
| '''Haller 93 Expedition''' || [[File:Haller 93 Expedition Patch.png|90px]] || {{flagicon|Mascylla}} ''Leopold Richter''<br>{{flagicon|Mascylla}} Claudia Würsinger<br>{{flagicon|Mascylla}} Lukas Krausmann<br>{{flagicon|Mascylla}} Charlotte Reichenbach || 1 December 1992 || 7 December 1992 || 17 September 1993 || 284 || CSM-107 ''Aldebaran'' || LSAM-21 ''Brieselang'' || Eighth expedition, witnessed the Lukas Krausmann ''Falkenhall'' airlock incident.
|-
| '''Haller 94 Expedition''' || [[File:Haller 94 Expedition.png|90px]] || {{flagicon|Mascylla}} ''Hanno Foch''<br>{{flagicon|Mascylla}} Gregor Ellen<br>{{flagicon|Mascylla}} Achim Hagedorn || 12 September 1993 || 17 September 1993 || 30 July 1994 || 286 || CSM-108 ''Föhn'' || LSAM-22 ''Spinne'' || Ninth expedition, established the second Sahalinov Landing Site and added the Main Airlock Module.
|-
| '''Haller 95 Expedition''' || [[File:Haller 95 Expedition Patch.png|90px]] || {{flagicon|Mascylla}} ''Charlotte Reichenbach''<br>{{flagicon|Mascylla}} Steffen Heese<br>{{flagicon|Mascylla}} Josef Ohlsig|| 12 August 1994 || 18 August 1994 || 4 July 1995 || 320 || CSM-109 ''Antares II'' || LSAM-23 ''Dnepr II'' || Tenth expedition.
|-
| '''Haller 96 Expedition''' || [[File:Haller 96 Expedition Patch.png|90px]] || {{flagicon|Mascylla}} ''Sylvia Trauth''<br>{{flagicon|Mascylla}} Lukas Krausmann<br>{{flagicon|Mascylla}} Dirk-Philip Scheffel<br>{{flagicon|Sarrac}} Corin Côté || 29 June 1995 || 4 July 1995 || 20 March 1996 || 260 || CSM-111 ''Rohrn'' || LSAM-24 ''Ambition'' || Eleventh expedition, added the BNMA 2. First Sarracese citizen on Luna with Corin Côté.
|-
| '''Haller 97 Expedition''' || [[File:Haller 97 Expedition Patch.png|90px]] || {{flagicon|Mascylla}} ''Robert Behr''<br>{{flagicon|Mascylla}} Florentin Lehmann<br>{{flagicon|Mascylla}} Hannah Gutenfeld<br>{{flagicon|Mascylla}} Christoph Osbeck<br>{{flagicon|Dulebia}} Kirill Antonov || 1 April 1996 || 8 April 1996 || 11 January 1997 || 278 || CSM-112 ''Werner'' || LSAM-26 ''Astrolabium'' || Twelth expedition, added the BNMA 3 and additional photovoltaic arrays on the lunar surface.
|-
| '''Haller 98 Expedition''' || [[File:Haller 98 Expedition Patch.png|90px]] || {{flagicon|Mascylla}} ''Simon Müller''<br>{{flagicon|Mascylla}} Achim Hagedorn<br>{{flagicon|Mascylla}} Oliver Werfel<br>{{flagicon|Valimia}} Tuomo Mäkinen || 3 November 1997 || 7 November 1997 || 17 August 1998 || 283 || CSM-113 ''Sigurd'' || LSAM-27 ''Erkunder II'' || Thirteenth expedition, added the H-4 Utility Node Module. First Valimian citizen in space and on Luna with Tuomo Mäkinen.
|-
| '''Haller 99 Expedition''' || [[File:Haller 99 Expedition Patch.png|90px]] || {{flagicon|Mascylla}} ''Dirk-Philip Scheffel''<br>{{flagicon|Mascylla}} Hannah Gutenfeld<br>{{flagicon|Lavaria}} Estevão de Mascarenhas || 6 October 1998 || 10 October 1998 || 21 September 1999 || 346 || CSM-114 ''Sirius'' || LSAM-28 ''Esforço'' || Fourteenth expedition.
|-
| '''Haller 2000 Expedition''' || [[File:Haller 2000 Expedition Patch.png|90px]] || {{flagicon|Mascylla}} ''Janik Lischke''<br>{{flagicon|Mascylla}} Manuela Letzel<br>{{flagicon|Mascylla}} Daniel Bursch<br>{{flagicon|Mascylla}} Fabian Hopfer<br>{{flagicon|Dulebia}} Radomil Borisov<br>{{flagicon|Mascylla}} Konrad Goedde || 20 December 1999 || 23 December 1999 || 7 May 2000 || 136 || CSM-115 ''Lena'' || LSAM-29 ''Union'' || Fifteenth expedition, added the H-5E Unpressurized Multipurpose Module, Wilhelm G. Neumayer Astronomical Observatory, and Atmospheric and Lunaological Research Observatory.
|-
| '''Haller 01 Expedition''' || [[File:Haller 01 Expedition Patch.png|90px]] || {{flagicon|Mascylla}} ''Florentin Lehmann''<br>{{flagicon|Mascylla}} Robert Behr<br>{{flagicon|Lavaria}} Valquíria Costa<br>{{flagicon|Mascylla}} Gregor Ellen || 8 July 2000 || 12 July 2000 || 17 February 2001 || 220 || CSM-116 ''Beteigeuze'' || LSAM-30 ''Fortuna'' || Sixteenth expedition, added the Angular Cosmic Interferometer, Lunar Muon and Neutrino Detector Array, and Lunar Magnetic Spectrometer.
|-
| '''Haller 02 Expedition''' || [[File:Haller 02 Expedition Patch.png|90px]] || {{flagicon|Mascylla}} ''Manuela Letzel''<br>{{flagicon|Mascylla}} Oliver Werfel<br>{{flagicon|Temaria}} Felix Kirchhöfer || 21 June 2001 || 25 June 2001 || 23 April 2002 || 302 || CSM-120 ''Ergreifer'' || LSAM-31 ''Erkunder III'' || Seventeenth expedition, first Temarian citizen in space and on Luna with Felix Kirchhöfer. Last successful expedition before 03.
|-
| '''Haller 03 Expedition''' ||  [[File:Haller 03 Expedition.png|90px]] || {{flagicon|Mascylla}} ''Laurenz Kiesling''<br>{{flagicon|Mascylla}} Daniel Bursch<br>{{flagicon|Mascylla}} Konrad Goedde<br>{{flagicon|Mascylla}} Claudia Würsinger || 29 September 2002 || 2 October 2002 || 9 April 2003 <small>(time of disaster)</small><br>14 April 2003 <small>(scheduled)</small> || 189 || CSM-121 ''Liga'' || LSAM-32 ''Entdecker'' || Eighteenth expedition, LSAM engine destroyed ascent stage, killing all crew members.
|-
| '''Haller 04 Expedition''' || [[File:Haller 04 Expedition Patch.png|90px]] || {{flagicon|Mascylla}} ''Fabian Hopfer''<br>{{flagicon|Mascylla}} Sylvia Trauth<br>{{flagicon|Mascylla}} Robert Behr<br>{{flagicon|Mascylla}} Achim Hagedorn<br>{{flagicon|Mascylla}} Carsten Wallner<br>{{flagicon|Dulebia}} Lidiya Vinogradova || 20 September 2004 || 24 September 2004 || 30 January 2005 || 122 || CSM-122 ''Agretta'' || LSAM-33 ''Halie'' || Nineteenth expedition, first Dulebian woman on Luna with Lidiya Vinogradova. First post-03 mission.
|-
| '''Haller 05 Expedition''' || [[File:Haller 05 Expedition Patch.png|90px]] || {{flagicon|Mascylla}} ''Konrad Goedde''<br>{{flagicon|Mascylla}} Oliver Werfel<br>{{flagicon|Mascylla}} Katharina Heep<br>{{flagicon|Sarrac}} Claudette Tremblay<br>{{flagicon|Mascylla}} Gregor Ellen || 24 January 2005 || 27 January 2005 || 29 December 2005 || 336 || CSM-123 ''Leopold Brasich'' || LSAM-34 ''Augúste Marchial'' || Twentieth expedition, first Sarracese woman in space and on Luna with Claudette Tremblay.
|-
| '''Haller 06 Expedition''' || [[File:Haller 06 Expedition Patch.png|90px]] || {{flagicon|Mascylla}} ''Laurenz Kiesling''<br>{{flagicon|Mascylla}} Matthias Nothnagel<br>{{flagicon|Mascylla}} Heinz-Dieter Würsinger || 21 March 2006 || 25 March 2006 || 18 November 2006 || 238 || CSM-124 ''Nordstern II'' || LSAM-35 ''Fortuna II'' || Twenty-first expedition.
|-
| '''Haller 07 Expedition''' || [[File:Haller 07 Expedition Patch.png|90px]] || {{flagicon|Mascylla}} ''Gregor Ellen''<br>{{flagicon|Mascylla}} Manuela Letzel<br>{{flagicon|Mascylla}} Casper Haushofer || 13 February 2007 || 16 February 2007 || 6 September 2007 || 202 || CSM-125 ''Nachtigall'' || LSAM-36 ''Von Grübbe'' || Twenty-second expedition.
|-
| '''Haller 08 Expedition''' || [[File:Haller 08 Expedition.png|90px]] || {{flagicon|Mascylla}} ''Matthias Nothnagel''<br>{{flagicon|Mascylla}} Hannah Gutenfeld<br>{{flagicon|Mascylla}} Josef Ohlsig<br>{{flagicon|Lavaria}} Deodato Araújo || 1 September 2007 || 4 September 2007 || 10 March 2008 || 178 || CSM-126 ''Baranson'' || LSAM-37 ''Weißhaupt'' || Twenty-third expedition.
|-
| '''Haller 09 Expedition''' || [[File:Haller 09 Expedition Patch.png|90px]] || {{flagicon|Mascylla}} ''Casper Haushofer''<br>{{flagicon|Mascylla}} Carsten Wallner<br>{{flagicon|Mascylla}} Steffen Heese<br>{{flagicon|Mascylla}} Charlotte Reichenbach<br>{{flagicon|Mascylla}} Sylvia Trauth || 27 February 2008 || 2 March 2008 || 6 March 2009 || 369 || CSM-127 ''Alpha'' || LSAM-38 ''Omega'' || Twenty-fourth and last expedition to-date (as of 2022). Longest mission to-date and only one to take place over more than a full year.
|-
|}

===Accidents===
The program witnessed multiple incidents and accidents of varying severity and degree. The most significant of which was the destruction of the ascent stage of LSAM-32 ''Entdecker'' and the loss of the Haller 03 Expedition crew, 21 seconds after departure {{wp|lift-off}}, on April 9, 2003; other major accidents include the sudden {{wp|depressurization}} of the ''Falkenhall'' module airlock and the near killing of Lukas Krausmann during the Haller 93 Expedition on 8 April, 1993; an {{wp|abort-to-orbit}} of CSM-101 ''Nordstern'' while performing a {{wp|lunar orbit}} insertion maneuver during the Haller 89 Expedition on November 25, 1988; as well as the {{wp|redundant set launch sequencer abort|RSLS}} {{wp|abort}} of the Atlant-3 vehicle carrying the crew of the Haller 98 Expedition on the CWSC {{wp|launch pad}} before lift-off on November 2, 1997.

====Haller 03 Expedition====
[[File:STS-51L riadiace stredisko.jpg|240px|thumb|right|Ascent {{wp|Flight controller|Flight Director}} at MCC and former astronaut Reinhard Voß immediately after the disintegration of ''Erkunder'']]
The ascent stage of LSAM-32 ''Entdecker'' carrying the crew of the Haller 03 Expedition, after their 250-day long stay in Haller Base, exploded approximately 21 seconds after its departure take-off from the lunar surface at 11:46 {{wp|Coordinated Universal Time|UTC}} on April 9, 2003, at an altitude of 4 km (13,000 ft). It was the first fatal accident involving Mascyllary astronauts in the history of MAOA. The examination of the televised video footage of the launch revealed that the hot combustion products of the {{wp|ascent propulsion system}} (APS), using {{wp|hypergolic propellant}}, travelled back inwards into the {{wp|rocket engine}} and triggered the contained high-pressure combustion of the entire fuel, thus causing the capsule's disintegration. Once the control valves of the {{wp|Aerozine 50}} {{wp|fuel}} and {{wp|dinitrogen tetroxide}} {{wp|oxidizer}} tanks were opened, the malfunctioning system of pressurized {{wp|helium}}, which was tasked to force the propellants into the combustion chamber, damaged the surrounding engine through inadvertently super-cold {{wp|adiabatic expansion}} and allowed the fuel and oxidizer to react uncontrolled on contact outside of the chamber.

The accident resulted in the death of all four astronauts on board the capsule. After the loss of the Haller 03 Expedition, MAOA halted all planned Haller Base missions and grounded the Haller Base program for one-and-a-half years. [[Prime Minister of Mascylla|Prime Minister]] [[Prime Minister of Mascylla#List|Konrad Folln]] and the [[Reichsrat (Mascylla)|Reichsrat]] subsequently established the Herzberg ''Entdecker'' Commission to investigate the disaster, and its concluding report prompted MAOA to introduce numerous safety changes and redesigns of the technology in question, particularly the modification of the control valves and the heating of the pressurization gas through a {{wp|heat exchanger}} with the chamber's ambient temperature. The report also criticized MAOA for its organizational and work-place culture, citing it as the {{wp|proximate cause}} of the malfunction. In actuality, MAOA was well aware of the potential of a {{wp|pressure-fed engine}} failing catastrophically by as early as 1986; more importantly, engineers who had discovered apparent damage to the cooling system of the helium gas as the Atlant-3 was assembled on September 24, 2002, five days before launch, were disregarded and their concerns ignored by MAOA managers. As a result, MAOA Chief Director Clemens Weinstock was forced to resign after the report's release on August 13, 2003. In late 2004, the Haller Base program continued with the launch of CSM-122 ''Agretta'' and LSAM-33 ''Halie'' of the Haller 04 Expedition.

==Preservation and successors==
==Criticism==

==See also==
* [[Sigma program]]

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