View source for Zdrole Morphology

{{Region icon Krystar}}{{WIP}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Zdrole
| nativename = ''Zdrêoll''
| pronunciation = {{IPA-all|zd̠ɹ̠ɤ̂.ləl}}
| states = [[Fortizendria]]
| script = Mezéz
| familycolor = Occe-Fortizian
| region = Central [[Occeia (Continent)|Occeia]] in [[Krystar]]
| speakers = Unknown
| fam1 = Occe-Fortizian
| nation = [[Fortizendria]]
| iso3 = ZDR
}}

'''Zdrole''' (native: ''Zdrêola,'' pronounced: [zd̠ɹ̠ɤ̂.la], formally ''Êzdreola'', lit. "around the tongue") is the official and most widely spoken language of [[Fortizendria]], a nation in the region of [https://www.nationstates.net/region=krystar Krystar]. Zdrole is regularly used by about 80% of Fortizendrians and is the first language of about 65%, although about 45% have notable dialectal differences, many of which differ substantially, in some cases being considered "unrecognized partially intelligible languages". It is by far the most widely spoken language, with the only officially recognized and local-official language of [[Fvonil]] and its dialects being close, being known by about 40% of the population and 20% learning it as a first language. Non-recognized varieties of [[Ovalul]], [[Cziliel]], and neighboring countries' languages being the first language of the remaining 15% and being understood by roughly 30% of the population. It is not especially well documented.

Zdrole is not very centralized as a single language, with several dialects exhibiting mergers or splits in certain sounds, different cases being used for specific circumstances, differences in honorifics, and even a change in lexicon due to borrowing from other languages and coining new terms. This article mainly covers a specific dialect of Zdrole, the ''Fortizendriana'' or ''Capital'' Dialect, which is most widely understood due to use in federal government. However, it should be noted that many provincial governments, as well as local governments, often different dialects, if not Fvonil (or in locales other minor languages). International diplomacy must be conducted in Zdrole, but dialects may vary wildly. Legal language and technical jargon is written or spoken with many technical loan words taken from more advanced economic neighbors, while the constitution was written in a now "archaic" version of a dialect that was not even the Capital dialect.

This page is reserved for Zdrole morphology, lexicon and inflection. This section ONLY covers words and their basic meaning, as well as their various forms (if applicable), and does not describe what each form is or means in much detail. For grammar, phonology, and other aspects of the Zdrole language, see the [[Zdrole Language]].

== Grammatical Case Inflection ==
[[wikipedia:Grammatical_case|Grammatical case]] in Zdrole is rather complicated, having anywhere from 7 to 30 total cases, although many of these cases may be analyzed as a combination of case [[wikipedia:Inflection|inflection]] and [[wikipedia:Morphological_derivation|derivational morphology]]. It is often not entirely clear what counts as a distinct case vs. a derivation in Zdrole, as some modifiers have the functions of both. Grammatical case is unique in that it agrees in both [[wikipedia:Noun_class|noun class]] and verbal "gender"/ending paradigm. Below is a table showing all of the various forms for each widely accepted case marking, as well as archaic and less-agreed-upon compound cases.



Legend: [C] = Consonant, [vC] = voiced consonant, [xC] = voiceless consonant, [N] = nasal;

(#)[V] = Vowel, [f = front, [b = back, [c = close, [o = open, [r = rounded, [u = unrounded, s = same vowel, a = any vowel;

ɵ = mid vowel with the same backness / roundness; ʉ = close vowel with the same backness/roundess;

- = last letter, -- / -[#] - = last vowel / consonant, - -# = second - is part of the orthography; {#} = individual letters; #-> = segment is removed and replaced by inflection;

[irreg] = Irregular words only; [dia] = Dialectal, or common different variants across various dialects, or otherwise varies between speakers among dialects.

"Alternate case endings" are endings that specifically appear after short words, primarily after most CV and many VC monosyllabic unpitched non-loanwords, along with several exceptions including compounds.

Note: Polysyllabic words also receive a pitch accent 
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+Case Ending Inflections for Basic
! colspan="7" |Ergative Case
|-
!Gender
!Open
!Nasal
!Dental
!Alveolar
!Post-Alevolar
!Peripheral
|-
!Broad
| -ni
|[C] -uin
[V] -n
| -nid
| -niz
| -nij
| -nik
|-
!Narrow
| -na
{d}-> -nda
| -nan(g) [dia]
{d}-> -ndan(g) [dia] 
| -nad
{d}-> -nta
| -nacz
{d}->-ndac
| -nacj
{d}->-ndacx
| -nav
{d}-> -ndav/ndao [dia]
|-
!Plural
| [C] -oe
[V] -ze 
| [C] -ôe
[V] -zê
| [C] -oet
[V] -zet
| [C] -oec
[V] -zec
| [C] -oecx
[V] -zecx
| [C] -oek
[V] -zek
|-
!Spindly
| -nʉ
| -nʉng
|[rV] --noet 
[uV] --net
|[rV] --noecz 
[uV] --necz
|[rV] --noecj 
[uV] --necj
|[rV] --nao(v) [dia]
[uV] --nav
|-
! colspan="7" |Absolutive Case
|-
!Gender
!Open
!Nasal
!Dental
!Alveolar
!Post-Alevolar
!Peripheral
|-
!Broad
| -∅
|[C] -ɵng
[V] -ng

[N] -∅

[N][V] -> [N]
|[C] -ɵt
[V] -t

{t} -∅
|[C] -ɵs
[V] -s
|[C] -ɵx
[V] -x
|[C] -ɵf, -k (if permitted)
[V] -ɵf
|-
!Narrow
| -∅
|[C] -ɵng
[V] -ng

[N] -∅

[N][V] -> [N]
|[C] -ad
[V] -d

{d/t} -∅
| -az
{a} -z

{z/s} -c
|[C] -aj
[V] -j

{j} -c, {x} -> cc
|[C] -ag
[V] -g
|-
!Plural
| -∅
|[C] ∅
[V] -n
| -t
| -c
| -cx
|[C] -gk
[V] -f
|-
!Spindly
| -∅
|[rV]-[C] -ong
[uV]-[C] -eong

[V] -ng

[N] -∅

[N][V] -> [N]
|[rV]-[C] -ɵt
[uV]-[C] -ɵt

[V] -t
|[V]/liquid -c
{c/cx/cz/cj} -∅

[C]* -ec [irreg]
|[V]/liquid -cx
{c/cx/cz/cj} -∅

[C]* -ec [irreg]
| -k,
-∅ [irreg]
|-
! colspan="7" |Alternate Absolutive Case
|-
!Gender
!Open
!Nasal
!Dental
!Alveolar
!Post-Alevolar
!Peripheral
|-
!Broad
| -fui
| -fuin
| -fuis
| -fuiz
| -fuij, -fuix [dia]
| -fui(v) [dia]
|-
!Narrow
|[C] -ui
[V] - bui
|[C] -uin
[V] -buin, -buim [dia]
|[C] -uit
[V] - buis
|[C] -uiz(e) [dia]
[V] -buiz(e) [dia]
|[C] -uij
[V] - buix, -buij [dia]
|[C] -ui, -uiv, -uif [dia]
[V] -bui, -buiv, -buif [dia]
|-
!Plural
| -∅
|[C] -∅
[V] -n
| -t
| -c
| -cx
|[C] -gk
[V] -f
|-
!Spindly
| -fuizè
| -fuiziun
| -fuizet
| -fuizíc
| -fuizí(c)x [dia]
| -fuizík
|-
! colspan="7" |Dative Case
|-
!Gender
!Open
!Nasal
!Dental
!Alveolar
!Post-Alevolar
!Peripheral
|-
!Broad
| rowspan="4" |[C] -ɵfqp
[V] -qɵ, -qɵfqp [dia]
| rowspan="4" |[C] -ɵqiun
[V] -qiun
| rowspan="4" |[C] -ɵsqt
[V] -qɵsqt
| rowspan="4" |[C] -ɵsqc
[V] -qɵsqc
| rowspan="4" |[C] -ɵxqc
[V] -qɵxqc
| rowspan="4" |[C] -ɵhqk
[V] -qɵhqk
|-
!Narrow
|-
!Plural
|-
!Spindly
|-
! colspan="7" |Alternate Dative Case
|-
!Gender
!Open
!Nasal
!Dental
!Alveolar
!Post-Alevolar
!Peripheral
|-
!Broad
| -fɵ
| -fɵm
| -fɵt
| -fɵs
| -fɵx
| -fɵf
|-
!Narrow
| -mɵ
|[fV] --moem
[bV] --mom
| -mɵt
| -mɵs
| -mɵx
|[fV] --moe(v) [dia]
[bV] --mo(v) [dia]
|-
!Plural
|[C] -ɵfqp
[V] -qɵ, -qɵfqp [dia]
|[C] -ɵqiun
[V] -qiun
|[C] -ɵsqt
[V] -qɵsqt
|[C] -ɵsqc
[V] -qɵsqc
|[C] -ɵxqc
[V] -qɵxqc
|[C] -ɵhqk
[V] -qɵhqk
|-
!Spindly
|[rV] --foexoe
[uV] --fexe
|[rV] --foexoen
[uV] --fexen
|[rV] --foexoet
[uV] --fexet
|[rV] --foexuiz
[uV] --fexis
|[rV] --foexuij
[uV] --fexix
|[rV] --foexoe(v) [dia]
[uV] --fexif
|-
! colspan="7" |Causative Case
|-
!Gender
!Open
!Nasal
!Dental
!Alveolar
!Post-Alevolar
!Peripheral
|-
!Broad
|[fV]-[C] -ùina
[bV]-C -ùnao

[fV] -qùina

[bV] -qùnao

[fV̀] --ûina

[bV̀] --ûnao
|[fV]-[C] -ùin
[bV]-C -ùn, ùm [dia]

[fV] -qùin

[bV] -qùn, -qùm [dia]

[fV̀] --ûin

[bV̀] --ûn, --ûm [dia]
|[fV]-[C] -ùit
[bV]-C -ùt

[fV] -qùit

[bV] -qùt

[fV̀] --ûit

[bV̀] --ût
|[fV]-[C] -ùis
[bV]-C -ùs

[fV] -qùis

[bV] -qùs

[fV̀] --ûis

[bV̀] --ûs
|[fV]-[C] -ùix
[bV]-C -ùx

[fV] -qùix

[bV] -qùx

[fV̀] --ûix

[bV̀] --ûx
|[fV]-[C] -ùi(v) [dia]
[bV]-C -ù(v) [dia]

[fV] -qùi(v) [dia]

[bV] -qù(v) [dia]

[fV̀] --ûi(v) [dia]

[bV̀] --û(v) [dia]
|-
!Narrow
|[fV] --vâ, 
[bV] --(v)âo [dia]

[fV̂] --va, --ua [dia]

[bV̂] --(v)ao [dia]
|[fV] --vâng
[bV] --(v)âong [dia]

[fV̂] --viun, --uin [dia]

[bV̂] --(v)aong, --um [dia]
|[fV] --vât
[bV] --(v)âot [dia]

[fV̂] --vat, --uat [dia]

[bV̂] --(v)aot [dia]
|[fV] --vâz
[bV] --(v)âoz [dia]

[fV̂] --vaz, --uaz [dia]

[bV̂] --(v)aoz [dia]
|[fV] --vâj
[bV] --(v)âoj [dia]

[fV̂] --vaj, --uaj [dia]

[bV̂] --(v)aoj [dia]
|[fV] --vâv
[bV] --(v)âo(v) [dia]

[fV̂] --vav, -uv [dia]

[bV̂] --(v)ao(v) [dia]
|-
!Plural
|[fV]-[C] -ùi
[bV]-C -ù

[fV] -qùi

[bV] -qù
|[fV]-[C] -ùin
[bV]-C -ùn, ùm [dia]

[fV] -qùin

[bV] -qùn, -qùm [dia]
|[C] -d
[V] -d(a) [dia]
|[fV]-[C] -ùiz
[bV]-C -ùz

[fV] -qùiz

[bV] -qùz
|[fV]-[C] -ùij
[bV]-C -ùj

[fV] -qùij

[bV] -qùj
|[fV]-[C] -ùik
[bV]-C -ùk

[fV] -qùik

[bV] -qùk
|-
!Spindly
|[fV]-[C] -ùix
[bV]-C -ùx

[fV] -qùix

[bV] -qùx
|[fV]-[C] -ùixoen
[bV]-C -ùxon

[fV] -qùixoen

[bV] -qùxon
|[fV]-[C] -ùixoen
[bV]-C -ùxon

[fV] -qùixoen

[bV] -qùxon
|[fV]-[C] -ùixoes
[bV]-C -ùxos

[fV] -qùixoes

[bV] -qùxos
|[fV]-[C] -ùixoex
[bV]-C -ùxox

[fV] -qùixoex

[bV] -qùxox
|[fV]-[C] -ùixoek
[bV]-C -ùxof

[fV] -qùixoek

[bV] -qùxof
|-
! colspan="7" |Locative Case
|-
!Gender
!Open
!Nasal
!Dental
!Alveolar
!Post-Alevolar
!Peripheral
|-
!Broad
|[fV] --stra
[bV] --stro
|[fV] --stran(a) [dia]
[bV] --stron(o) [dia]
|[fV] --strad
[bV] --strod
|[fV] --streses
[bV] --strosos
|[fV] --stracj
[bV] --strocj
|[fV] --straf
[bV] --strof
|-
!Narrow
|[fV]-[vC] -zdrieo
[bV]-[vC] -zdreo

[fV]-{n/z} -drieo

[bV]-{n/z} -dreo

[fV]-{d/cz} - -rieon [d̪ɾiɤn]

[bV]-{d/cz} - -reon [d̪ɾɤn]

[fV]-{j} -> -zdrieo

[bV]-{j} -> zdreo

[fV]-{cj} -> drieo

[bV]-{d/cj} -> dreo
|[fV] --zdrieon
[bV] --zdreon

[fV]-{n/z} -drieon [d͡ʒɹiɤn]

[bV]-{n/z} -dreon [d͡ʒɹɤn]

[fV]-{d/cz} - -rieon [d̪ɾiɤn]

[bV]-{d/cz} - -reon [d̪ɾɤn]

[fV]-{j} -> zdrieon

[bV]-{j} -> zdreon

[fV]-{cj} -> drieon [d͡ʒɹiɤ]

[bV]-{cj} -> dreon [d͡ʒɹɤ]
|[fV] --zdrieod
[bV] --zdreod

[fV]-{n/z} -drieod

[bV]-{n/z} -dreod

[fV]-{d/cz} - -rieod

[bV]-{d/cz} - -reod

[fV]-{j} -> zdrieod

[bV]-{j} -> zdreod

[fV]-{cj} -> drieod

[bV]-{cj} -> dreod
|[fV] --zdrieoz
[bV] --zdreoz

[fV]-{n/z} -drieoz

[bV]-{n/z} -dreoz

[fV]-{d/cz} - -rieoz

[bV]-{d/cz} - -reoz

[fV]-{j} -> zdrieoz

[bV]-{j} -> zdreoz

[fV]-{cj} -> drieoz

[bV]-{cj} -> dreoz
|[fV] --zdrieoj
[bV] --zdreoj

[fV]-{n/z} -drieoj

[bV]-{n/z} -dreoj

[fV]-{d/cz} - -rieoj

[bV]-{d/cz} - -reoj

[fV]-{j} -> zdrieoj

[bV]-{j} -> zdreoj

[fV]-{cj} -> drieoj

[bV]-{cj} -> dreoj
|[fV] --zdrieovêov
[bV] --zdreovêov

[fV]-{n/z} -drieovêov

[bV]-{n/z} -dreovêov

[fV]-{d/cz} - -rieovêov

[bV]-{d/cz} - -reovêov

[fV]-{j} -> zdrieovêov

[bV]-{j} -> zdreovêov

[fV]-{cj} -> drieovêov

[bV]-{cj} -> dreovêov
|-
!Plural
|[fV] --stroe
[bV] --stro
|[fV] --stroem
[bV] --strom
|[fV] --stroet
[bV] --strot
|[fV] --stroes
[bV] --stros
|[fV] --stroexuix
[bV] --stroxux
|[fV] --stroef
[bV] --strof
|-
!Spindly
| [C] -cxe
[V] -cce

{c} -> c-cxe

{cx} -cxe, -e, -> cce [dia]
| [C] -cxenan, -cxenin [dia]
[V] -ccenan, -ccexin [dia]

{c} -> c-cxe(nan/xin) [dia]

{cx} -cxenan, -en, -> ccexin [dia]
| [C] -cxet
[V] -ccet

{c} -> c-cxet

{cx} -cxet, -et, -> ccet [dia]
| [C] -cxes
[V] -cces

{c} -> c-cxes

{cx} -cxes, -es, -> cces [dia]
| [C] -icx
[V] -cc
| [C] -cxek
[V] -ccek

{c} -> c-cxek

{cx} -cxek, -ek, -> ccek [dia]
|-
! colspan="7" |Semblative Case
|-
!Gender
!Open
!Nasal
!Dental
!Alveolar
!Post-Alevolar
!Peripheral
|-
!Broad
| -li
| -liun
| -lit
| -lis
| -lix
| -lik
|-
!Narrow
|[rV] --ro
[uV] --reo
|[rV] --ron
[uV] --reon
|[rV] --rot
[uV] --reot
|[rV] --roz
[uV] --reoz
|[rV] --rox
[uV] --reox
|[rV] --rok
[uV] --reok
|-
!Plural
| rowspan="2" | -lia, -ya [dia]
| rowspan="2" | -lian, -yan [dia]
| rowspan="2" | -liat, -yat [dia]
| rowspan="2" | -liaz, -yaz [dia]
| rowspan="2" | -liaj, -yaj [dia]
| rowspan="2" | -liak, -yak [dia]
|-
!Spindly
|-
! colspan="7" |Equative Case
|-
!Gender
!Open
!Nasal
!Dental
!Alveolar
!Post-Alevolar
!Peripheral
|-
!Broad
| -iciu
{c(x)} -iu
| -iciun
{c(x)} -iun
| -iciut
{c(x)} -iut
| -isqc
| -ixqc
| -if
|-
!Narrow
|[rV]-[C] -oexuix
[uV]-[C] -exix

[rV] -xuix

[uV] -xix
|[rV]-[C] -oexuin
[uV]-[C] -exin

[rV] -xuin

[uV] -xin
|[rV]-[C] -oexoet
[uV]-[C] -exet

[rV] -xuixoet

[uV] -xixet
|[rV]-[C] -oexuis
[uV]-[C] -exis

[rV] -xuixoes

[uV] -xixes
|[rV]-[C] -oexuix
[uV]-[C] -exix

[rV] -xuixoex

[uV] -xixex
|[rV]-[C] -oexoek
[uV]-[C] -exek

[rV] -xuixek

[uV] -xixek
|-
!Plural
|[rV] --uizoe
[uV] --ize
|[rV] --uizoen
[uV] --izen
| -d, -da, -ad
[dia, sometimes C/V]
|[rV] --uizoec
[uV] --izec
|[rV] --uij(oe) [dia]
[uV] --ij(e) [dia]
|[rV] --uizk
[uV] --izk
|-
!Spindly
|[rV] --kao
[uV] --ka
|[rV] --kaoh
[uV] --kah
|[rV] --kaot
[uV] --kat
|[rV] --kaoz
[uV] --kaz
|[rV] --kaox
[uV] --kax
|[rV] --kaok
[uV] --kak
|-
!Alt. Spindly
|[rV] --kaofui
[uV] --kafui
|[rV] --kaofuin
[uV] --kafuin
|[rV] --kaofuizè
[uV] --kafuizè
|[rV] --kaofuis
[uV] --kafuis
|[rV] --kaofuix [dia]
[uV] --kafuix [dia]

''f may be z or fuiz; [dia]''
|[rV] --kaofui(v) [dia]
[uV] --kafui(v) [dia]]

''f may be z or fuiz; [dia]''
|-
! colspan="7" |Subequative Case
|-
!Gender
!Open
!Nasal
!Dental
!Alveolar
!Post-Alevolar
!Peripheral
|-
!Broad
| -layciu
| -layciun
| -layciut
| -laycius
| -layciux
| -layciuk
|-
!Narrow
|[rV] --roxuix
[uV] --reoxix
|[rV] --ronoexuin
[uV] --reonexin
|[rV] --rocxoet
[uV] --reocxet
|[rV] --rozoexuis
[uV] --reozexis
|[rV] --roxoexuix
[uV] --reoxexix
|[rV] --rohqk
[uV] --reohqk
|-
!Plural
| -layze
| -layzen
| -layzet
| -layzec
| -layzecx
| -layzek
|-
!Spindly
| -laka
| -langkah
| -latkat
| -lackas
| -lacxkax
| -lafkak
|-
!Alt. Spindly
| -lakafui
| -langkafuin
| -laskafuizè
| -laskafuis
| -laxkafuij
| -lafkazui(v) [dia]
|-
! colspan="7" |Adessive Case
|-
!Gender
!Open
!Nasal
!Dental
!Alveolar
!Post-Alevolar
!Peripheral
|-
!Broad
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Narrow
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Plural
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Spindly
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="7" |Locative-Genitive Case
|-
!Gender
!Open
!Nasal
!Dental
!Alveolar
!Post-Alevolar
!Peripheral
|-
!Broad
| -straqùina
| -straqùin
| -straqùit
| -straqùiz
| -straqùix
| -straqùi(v) [dia]
|-
!Narrow
|[fV] --zdriêona
[bV] --zdrêona

[fV]-{n/z} -driêona [d͡ʒɹiɤ]

[bV]-{n/z} -drêona [d͡ʒɹɤ]

[fV]-{d/cz} - -riêona [d̪ɾiɤ]

[bV]-{d/cz} - -rêona [d̪ɾɤ]

[fV]-{j} -> zdriêona

[bV]-{j} -> zdrêona

[fV]-{cj} -> driêona [d͡ʒɹiɤ]

[bV]-{cj} -> drêona [d͡ʒɹɤ]
|[fV] --zdriêon
[bV] --zdrêon

[fV]-{n/z} -driêon [d͡ʒɹiɤn]

[bV]-{n/z} -drêon [d͡ʒɹɤn]

[fV]-{d/cz} - -riêon [d̪ɾiɤn]

[bV]-{d/cz} - -rêon [d̪ɾɤn]

[fV]-{j} -> zdriêon

[bV]-{j} -> zdrêon

[fV]-{cj} -> driêon [d͡ʒɹiɤ]

[bV]-{cj} -> drêon [d͡ʒɹɤ]
|[fV] --zdriêot
[bV] --zdrêot

[fV]-{n/z} -driêot

[bV]-{n/z} -drêot

[fV]-{d/cz} - -riêot

[bV]-{d/cz} - -rêot

[fV]-{j} -> zdriêot

[bV]-{j} -> zdrêot

[fV]-{cj} -> driêot

[bV]-{cj} -> drêot
|[fV] --zdriêoncz
[bV] --zdrêoncz

[fV]-{n/z} -driêoncz

[bV]-{n/z} -drêoncz

[fV]-{d/cz} - -riêoncz

[bV]-{d/cz} - -rêoncz

[fV]-{j} -> zdriêoncz

[bV]-{j} -> zdrêoncz

[fV]-{cj} -> driêoncz

[bV]-{cj} -> drêoncz
|[fV] --zdriêoncj
[bV] --zdrêoncj

[fV]-{n/z} -driêoncj

[bV]-{n/z} -drêoncj

[fV]-{d/cz} - -riêoncj

[bV]-{d/cz} - -rêoncj

[fV]-{j} -> zdriêonc

[bV]-{j} -> zdrêonc

[fV]-{cj} -> driêonc

[bV]-{cj} -> drêonc
|[fV] --zdriêo(v) [dia]
[bV] --zdrêo(v) [dia]

[fV]-{n/z} -driêo(v) [dia]

[bV]-{n/z} -drêo(v) [dia]

[fV]-{d/cz} - -riêo(v) [dia]

[bV]-{d/cz} - -rêo(v) [dia]

[fV]-{j} -> zdriêo(v) [dia]

[bV]-{j} -> zdrêo(v) [dia]

[fV]-{cj} -> driêovêo(v) [dia]

[bV]-{cj} -> drêovêo(v) [dia]
|-
!Plural
| -strôna
| -strônoen
| -strônta
| -strôsos
| -strôj(a) [dia]
| -strôk
|-
!Spindly
| -ccûi(n(a) [dia]
{c} -> c-cxûi(n(a)) [dia]

{cx} -cxûi(n(a), -> ccûi(n(a) [dia]
| -cceqûin
{c} -> c-cxeqûin

{cx} -cxeqûin, -> cceqûin [dia]
| -cceqûit
{c} -> c-cxeqûit

{cx} -cxeqûit, -> cceqûit [dia]
| -ccûis
{c} -> c-cxûis

{cx} -cxûis, -> ccûis [dia]
| -ccûix
{c} -> c-cxûix

{cx} -cxûix, -> ccûix [dia]
| -ccûik
{c} -> c-cxûik

{cx} -cxûik, -> ccûikd [dia]
|-
! colspan="7" |Relative Case
|-
!Gender
!Open
!Nasal
!Dental
!Alveolar
!Post-Alevolar
!Peripheral
|-
!Broad
| [rV] --liòna, --yòna [dia]
[uV] --lièna, --yèna [dia]
| [rV] --liòng, --yòng [dia]
[uV] --lièn, --yèn [dia]
| [rV] --liònt, --yònt [dia]
[uV] --liènt, --yènt [dia]
| [rV] --liònaz, --yònaz [dia]
[uV] --liènaz, --yènaz [dia]
| [rV] --liònaj, --yònaj [dia]
[uV] --liènaj, --yènaj [dia]
| [rV] --liòngka, --yòngka [dia]
[uV] --lièngka, --yèngka [dia]
|-
!Narrow
|[rV] --râ(v) [dia]
[uV] -r-âo(v) [dia]
|[rV] --rân
[uV] --râon
|[rV] --râd
[uV] --râod
|[rV] --râz
[uV] --râoz
|[rV] --râj
[uV] --râoj
|[rV] --râk
[uV] --râok
|-
!Plural
| [C] -ilia [irr]
[rV] -liòna, -yòna [dia]

[uV] -lièna, -yèna [dia]

{n} -yè
| [C] -ilian [irr]
[rV] -liòn, -yòn [dia]

[uV] -lièn, -yèn [dia]

{n} -yàn
| [C] -iliat [irr]
[rV] -liònt, -yònt [dia]

[uV] -liènt, -yènt [dia]

{n} -yàt
| [C] -iliaz [irr]
[rV] -liònaz, -yònaz [dia]

[uV] -liènaz, -yènaz [dia]

{n} -yàz
| [C] -iliaj [irr]
[rV] -liònaj, -yònaj [dia]

[uV] -liènaj, -yènaj [dia]

{n} -yèx
| [C] -iliak [irr]
[rV] --liòngka, --yòngka [dia]

[uV] --lièngka, --yèngka [dia]

{n} -yàk
|-
!Spindly
| [C] -ùixuil
[V] -qùixuil
| [C] -ùixuin
[V] -qùixuin
| [C] -ùixuit
[V] -qùixuit
| [C] -ùixuiz
[V] -qùixuiz
| [C] -ùixuix
[V] -qùixuix
| [C] -ùixuik
[V] -qùixuik
|-
! colspan="7" |Executive Case
|-
!Gender
!Open
!Nasal
!Dental
!Alveolar
!Post-Alevolar
!Peripheral
|-
!Broad
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Narrow
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Plural
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Spindly
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="7" |Approximative Case
|-
!Gender
!Open
!Nasal
!Dental
!Alveolar
!Post-Alevolar
!Peripheral
|-
!Broad
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Narrow
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Plural
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Spindly
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}

== Pronouns ==
Zdrole has an extremely rich number of pronouns. To read more about pronouns, see Pronouns under the Zdrole Language. Aside from being coded for six verb genders, 11 forms and having an emphatic version of each, there are only a handful of actual base pronouns:

* 1st person singular (I/me/my/mine/myself) and plural/[[wikipedia:Nosism|nosist]] (we, us, our, ours, ourselves);
* 2nd person singular general (thou, thee, thy, thine, thineself), familiar / cute (you, you, your, yours, yourself), and plural/nosist (ye, you, your, yours, yourselves), as well as formal you, where the gender of the addressee is coded into the ending of the general "you" rather than a variety of the default. (Spindly endings are fairly rare and often replaced with Nosist endings.). Formal gender addresses may be used for general singular as well as "cute" singular, for which "cute" singular is generally used in formal settings to children and historically younger women or those in lesser positions, although these latter uses are largely phased out.
* 3rd person human/animate pronoun with case inflected for broad singular and narrow singular (he/she, him/her, his/her, his/hers, himself/herself), plural/nosist (they, them, their, theirs, themselves), and spindly, which doubly acts as an [[wikipedia:Epicenity|epicene]] and [[wikipedia:Indefinite_pronoun|indefinite pronoun]], and may be singular or plural (singular/plural they, them, their, theirs, themself/themselves; one, one's, oneself, whoever, whoever's, whoself, someone, someone's)
* 3rd person inanimate equivalents to all aforementioned pronouns (it, its, itself, they, them, their, etc.)
* Animate and inanimate interrogative pronouns, which do not inflect their cases and are automatically in the Broad case.
* Demonstratives (this/these, that/those), which may combine with the third person pronoun for 2 additional 3rd person pronouns by preceding them with an open non-emphatic Disjunctive inflection (i.e. se + la = sela). Demonstrative cases are coded for gender. Spindly-inflected pronouns are analyzed as true [[wikipedia:Epicenity|epicene]] singular pronouns (singular they/them/their/theirs/theirself), as well as referenced indefinite pronouns (said individual, such an individual, etc.). Proximal demonstratives (this) may refer to 1st, 2nd or 3rd person with dramatically different contexts; distal demonstratives (that) may refer to 2nd and 3rd person with similarly nuanced dependent context.
* Interrogative determiners (which), negative (no/none/etc.), referential (any, such individual, said individual [context-dependent] - formed by ''that + this''), and universal (every, any) which do not code for gender, but can code for plurals (although these are not frequently used).
* The word for "spouse" may be used for the first, second or third person when talking to or referring to a spouse. They are coded for gender.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Base Pronouns
!
!1st s
!1st p
!2nd s
!2nd formal s
!2nd fam. s
!2nd p
!3rd anim. s
!3rd anim. p
!3rd ina. s
!3rd ina. p
!Determiner
|-
|Definite
|uil
|lyle
| colspan="2" |ci
|cxi
|cu
| rowspan="2" |la
|lamin
| rowspan="2" |lle
|llemin
! rowspan="2" |
|-
|Indefinite
! colspan="6" |
|la
|lle
|-
|Selective Ind
! colspan="6" |
| colspan="2" |moasla
| colspan="2" |maosole
|maose
|-
|Negative
| colspan="8" |dhala
| colspan="2" |ledha
|dha
|-
|Interrogative
| colspan="7" |rula
|rulamin
|rulyl
|rulylemin
|ru
|-
|Proximal
|sela
|selamin
| colspan="3" |sela
|selamin
|sela
|selamin
|selle
|sellemin
|se
|-
|Distal
! colspan="2" |
|mao
! colspan="3" |
|mao
|maokoe
|maole
|maolemin
|mao
|-
|Selective Int
| colspan="7" |qnula
|qnulamin
|qnulyl
|qnulylemin
|qnu
|}
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|+
! colspan="7" |First Person Singular Pronouns
!
! colspan="6" |Emphatic First Singular Person Pronouns
|-
!Gender/Case
!Open
!Nasal
!Dental
!Alveolar
!Postalveolar
!Peripheral
!
!Open
!Nasal
!Dental
!Alveolar
!Postalveolar
!Peripheral
|-
!Ergative
|uini
|uin
|uinit
|uinis
|uinix
|uinik
!E
|ûini
|ûin
|ûinit
|ûinis
|ûinix
|ûinik
|-
!Absolutive
|uil
|uil
|uit, uilt [dia]
|uis
|uix
|uif
!Ab
|ûil
|ûiloen
|ûit, ûilt [dia]
|ûis
|ûix
|ûi
|-
!Dative
|uih
|uihiun
|uisqt
|uisqc
|uixqc
|uihqk
!D
|ûih
|ûihen
|ûisqt
|ûisqc
|ûixqc
|ûihqk
|-
!Locative
|uistra
|uistran
|uistrat
|uistras
|uistrax
|uistraf
!L
|ûistra
|ûistran
|ûistrat
|ûistras
|ûistrax
|ûistraf
|-
!Semblative
|uili
|uilin
|uilit
|uilis
|uilix, uihi [dia]
|uilif
!S
|ûili
|ûilin
|ûilit
|ûilis
|ûilix, uihi [dia]
|ûilif
|-
!Relative
|uina
|uin
|uinat
|uinas
|uinax
|uinak
!R
|ûina
|ûin
|ûinat
|ûinas
|ûinax
|ûinak
|-
!Adessive
|uistrani
|uistraning
|uistranid
|uistranis
|uistranix
|uistralif
!Ad
|ûistrani
|ûistraning
|ûistranid
|ûistranis
|ûistranix
|ûistralif
|-
!Approximative
|uistroela
|uistroelan
|uistroelat
|uistroelaz
|uistroelaj
|uistroelav
!Ap
|ûistroela
|ûistroelan
|ûistroelat
|ûistroelaz
|ûistroelaj
|ûistroelav
|-
!Locative-Genetive
|uicxi
|uicxin
|uicxit
|uicxis
|uicxix
|uicxik
!LG
|ûicxi
|ûicxin
|ûicxit
|ûicxis
|ûicxix
|ûicxik
|-
!Comitative-Possessive
|uici
|uisin
|uisit
|uisic, uic [dia]
|uisicx
|uicik, uisik [dia]
!CP
|ûici
|ûisin
|ûisit
|ûisic, ûic [dia]
|ûisicx
|ûicik, ûisik [dia]
|-
!"Cute" Abs./Disj.
|uii
|uiin
|uiinic(x)
|uiinic(x)
|uiinic(x)
|uiiniki, uiinic(x)
!cA
|ûi
|ûin
|ûic(x)
|ûic(x)
|ûic(x)
|ûiki, ûicx
|-
!"Cute" Dative
|ui(i)hi
|ui(i)hin
|ui(i)s(i)
|ui(i)s(i)
|ui(i)x(i)
|ui(i)ki
!cD
|ûihi
|ûihin
|ûiis
|ûiis
|ûiix
|ûi(i)ki
|-
!"Cute" Locative
|ui(i)sa
|uisan
|uisac(x)
|uisac(x)
|uisac(x)
|uisaki, uisacx
!cL
|ûisa
|ûisan
|ûisac(x)
|ûisac(x)
|ûisac(x)
|ûisaki, ûisacx
|-
!Disjunctive
|ûil
|ûin
|ûit, ûilt [dia]
|ûis
|ûix
|ûi
!D
| colspan="6" |ûi (in writing "uiui")
|-
! colspan="7" |First Person Plural / Nosist Pronouns
!
! colspan="6" |Emphatic First Person Plural / Nosist Pronouns
|-
!Gender/Case
!Open
!Nasal
!Dental
!Alveolar
!Postalveolar
!Peripheral
!
!Open
!Nasal
!Dental
!Alveolar
!Postalveolar
!Peripheral
|-
!Ergative
|lylena
|lylen
|lylent
|lylenc
|lylecx
|lylek
!E
|lŷlena
|lŷlen
|lŷlent
|lŷlenc
|lŷlencx
|lŷlengk
|-
!Absolutive
|lylemin
|lylemin
|lylemint
|lyleminc
|lylemincx
|lylemingk
!Ab
|lŷlemin
|lŷlemin
|lŷlemint
|lŷleminc
|lŷlemincx
|lŷlemingk
|-
!Dative
|lyleh
|lylehiun
|lylesqt
|lylesqc
|lylexqc
|lylehqk
!D
|lŷleh
|lŷlehiun
|lŷlesqt
|lŷlesqc
|lŷlexqc
|lŷlehqk
|-
!Locative
|lylestra
|lylestran
|lylestrat
|lylestras
|lylestrax
|lylestraf
!L
|lŷlestra
|lŷlestran
|lŷlestrat
|lŷlestras
|lŷlestrax
|lŷlestraf
|-
!Semblative
|lyl-la,
uila [dia]
|lyl-lan,
uilan [dia]
|lyl-lat,
uilat [dia]
|lyl-las,
uilas [dia]
|lyl-lax,
uilax [dia]
|lyl-laf,
uilaf [dia]
!S
|lŷl-la,
ûila [dia]
|lŷl-lan,
ûilan [dia]
|lŷl-lat,
ûilat [dia]
|lŷl-las,
ûilas [dia]
|lŷl-lax,
ûilax [dia]
|lŷl-laf,
ûilaf [dia]
|-
!Relative
|lylòna
|lylòn
|lylònt
|lylònc
|lylòncx
|lylòngk
!R
|lŷleliòna,
lŷleyòna [dia]
|lŷleliòn,
lŷleyòn [dia]
|lŷleliònt,
lŷleyònt [dia]
|lŷleliònaz,
lŷleyònaz [dia]
|lŷleliònaj,
lŷleyònaj [dia]
|lŷleliòngka,
lŷleyòngka [dia]
|-
!Adessive
|lylèstrani
|lylèstraning
|lylèstranid
|lylèstranis
|lylèstranix
|lylèstranif
!Ad
|lỳlestràni
|lỳlestràning
|lỳlestrànid
|lỳlestrànis
|lỳlestrànix
|lỳlestrànif
|-
!Approximative
|lyléstreola
|lyléstreolan
|lyléstreolat
|lyléstreolaz
|lyléstreolaj
|lyléstreolav
!Ap
|lýlestrêola
|lýlestrêolan
|lýlestrêolat
|lylestrêolaz
|lýlestrêolaj
|lýlestrêolav
|-
!Locative-Genetive
|lylestrôna
|lylestrôneon
|lylestrônt
|lylestrôseos
|lylestrôja
|lylestrôka
!LG
|lŷlestròna
|lŷlestròneon
|lŷlestrònt
|lŷlestròseos
|lŷlestròja
|lŷlestròka
|-
!Comitative-Possessive
|lylestroîze
|lylestroîzen
|lylestroîd
|lylestroîzec
|lylestroîej
|lylestroîzek
!CP
|lŷlestroize
|lŷlestroizen
|lŷlestroid
|lŷlestroizec
|lŷlestroiej
|lŷlestroizek
|-
!"Cute" Absolutive
|ye
|yemi
|yec(x)i
|yec(x)i
|yec(x)i
|yeki, yecxi
!cA
|yê
|yêmi
|yêc(x)i
|yêc(x)i
|yêc(x)i
|yêki, yêcxi
|-
!"Cute" Dative
|yehi
|yey
|yesi
|yesi
|yexi
|yefi
!cD
|yêhi
|yêy
|yêsi
|yêsi
|yêxi
|yêfi
|-
!"Cute" Locative
|yesa
|yesan
|yes
|yes
|yex
|yef
!cL
|yêsa
|yêsan
|yês
|yês
|yêx
|yêf
|-
!Disjunctive
|lŷle
|lŷlen
|lŷlet
|lŷles
|lŷlex
|lŷlek
!D
| colspan="6" |yê (in writing "lylee")
|-
! colspan="7" |Second Person General Singular Pronouns
!
! colspan="6" |Emphatic Second Person General Singular Pronouns
|-
!Gender/Case
!Open
!Nasal
!Dental
!Alveolar
!Postalveolar
!Peripheral
!
!Open
!Nasal
!Dental
!Alveolar
!Postalveolar
!Peripheral
|-
!Ergative
|cina
|cinan
|cinat
|cinas
|cinax
|cinak
!E
|cîna
|cînan
|cînat
|cînas
|cînax
|cînak
|-
!Absolutive
|ci
|cin
|cit
|cis
|cix
|cik
!Ab
|cî
|cîn
|cît
|cîs
|cîx
|cîk
|-
!Dative
|cih
|ciqiun
|cisqt
|cisqc
|cixqc
|cihqk
!D
|cîh
|cîqiun
|cîsqt
|cîsqc
|cîxqc
|cîhqk
|-
!Locative
|cistra
|cistran
|cistrat
|cistras
|cistrax
|cistraf
!L
|cîstra
|cîstran
|cîstrat
|cîstras
|cîstrax
|cîstraf
|-
!Semblative
|cili
|cilin
|cilit
|cilic
|cilicx
|cilif
!S
|clî
|clîn
|clît
|clîc
|clîcx
|clîf
|-
!Relative
|ciliòna,
ciyòna [dia]
|ciliòng,
ciyòng [dia]
|ciliòt,
ciyòt [dia]
|ciliòs,
ciyòs [dia]
|ciliòx,
ciyòx [dia]
|ciliòk,
ciyòk [dia]
!R
|cîli
|cîlien
|cîliet
|cîliaz
|cîliaj
|cîliak
|-
!Adessive
|cistrani
|cistraning
|cistranid
|cistranis
|cistranix
|cistranif
!Ad
|cîstrani
|cîstraning
|cîstranid
|cîstranis
|cîstranix
|cîstranif
|-
!Approximative
|cistreola
|cistreolan
|cistreolat
|cistreolaz
|cistreolaj
|cistreolav
!Ap
|cîstreola
|cîstreolan
|cîstreolat
|cîstreolaz
|cîstreolaj
|cîstreolav
|-
!Locative-Genetive
|cizdrêona
|cizdrêoiun
|cizdrêot
|cizdrêoncz
|cizdrêoncj
|cizdrêov
!LG
|cîzdreona
|cîzdreoiun
|cîzdreot
|cîzdreoncz
|cîzdreoncj
|cîzdreov
|-
!Comitative-Possessive
|cixri
|cixrin
|cixrit
|cixris
|cixrix
|cixrik
!CP
|cîxri
|cîxrin
|cîxrit
|cîxris
|cîxrix
|cîxrik
|-
!Disjunctive
|cî
|cîn
|cît
|cîs
|cîx
|cîk
!D
| colspan="6" |sî (in writing "cii")
|-
! colspan="14" |Second Person Singular Formal You
|-
!All
| colspan="13" |Ci + fui / bui / fuizè endings
|-
! colspan="7" |Second Person Familiar / "Cute" Singular Pronouns
!
! colspan="6" |Emphatic Second Person Familiar / "Cute" Singular Pronouns
|-
!Gender/Case
!Open
!Nasal
!Dental
!Alveolar
!Postalveolar
!Peripheral
!
!Open
!Nasal
!Dental
!Alveolar
!Postalveolar
!Peripheral
|-
!Ergative
|cxinda
|cxindan
|cxindac(x)
|cxindac(x)
|cxindac(x)
|cxindacx,
cxindaki
!E
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Absolutive
|cxi
|cxini
|cxicx(i)
|cxicx(i)
|cxicx(i)
|chiki, cxicx(i)
!Ab
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Dative
|cxihi
|cxihin
|cxis(i)
|cxis(i)
|cxix(i)
|cxiki
!D
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Locative
|cxisa
|cxisan
|cxis(i)
|cxis(i)
|cxix(i)
|cxiki
!L
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Semblative
|cxivi
|cxivan
|cxivic(x)
|cxivic(x)
|cxivic(x)
|cxivicx,
cxiviki
!S
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Relative
|cxiyo
|cxiyon(i)
|cxiso
|cxiso
|cxiox
|cxioki, cxioc
!R
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Adessive
|cxixni
|cxixning
|cxixnic(x)
|cxixnic(x)
|cxixnic(x)
|cxixnicx,
cxixniki
!Ad
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Approximative
|cxizo
|cxizon
|cxizoc(x)
|cxizoc(x)
|cxizoc(x)
|cxizoc(x),
cxizoki
!Ap
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Locative-Genetive
|cxizeona
|cxizeon
|cxizeonc(x)
|cxizeonc(x)
|cxizeonc(x)
|cxizeoncx,
cxizeongki
!LG
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Comitative-Possessive
|cxicxi
|cxicxin
|cxicxicx
|cxicxicx
|cxicxicx
|cxicxicx,
cxicxiki
!CP
|cxîcxi
|cxîcxin
|cxîcxicx
|cxîcxicx
|cxîcxicx
|cxîcxicx,
cxîcxiki
|-
!Disjunctive
|cxî
|cxîn
|cxîcx
|cxîcx
|cxîcx
|cxîcx, cxîki
!D
| colspan="6" |(c)xî (in writing "cxii")
|-
! colspan="14" |Second Person Singular Cute Formal You
|-
!All
| colspan="13" |Ci + fui / bui / fuizè endings
|-
! colspan="7" |Second Person Plural / Nosist Pronouns
!
! colspan="6" |Emphatic Second Person Plural / Nosist Pronouns
|-
!Gender/Case
!Open
!Nasal
!Dental
!Alveolar
!Postalveolar
!Peripheral
!
!Open
!Nasal
!Dental
!Alveolar
!Postalveolar
!Peripheral
|-
!Ergative
|cuze
|cuzen
|cuzet
|cuzec
|cuzecx
|cuzek
!E
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Absolutive
|cu
|cun
|cut
|cus
|cux
|cuk
!Ab
|cû
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!"Cute" Absolutive
|ciu, ci,
cxiu, cxi
|ciun, cin,
cxiun, cxin
|
|
|
|
!cA
|cîu, cî,
cxîu, cxî
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Dative
|cuh
|cuxiun
|cusqt
|cusqc
|cuxqc
|cuhqk
!D
|cuh
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Locative
|
|
|
|
|
|
!L
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Semblative
|
|
|
|
|
|
!S
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Relative
|
|
|
|
|
|
!R
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Adessive
|
|
|
|
|
|
!Ad
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Approximative
|
|
|
|
|
|
!Ap
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Locative-Genetive
|
|
|
|
|
|
!LG
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Comitative-Possessive
|
|
|
|
|
|
!CP
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Disjunctive
|
|
|
|
|
|
!D
| colspan="6" |cîu (in writing "cu-iu")
|-
! colspan="7" |Third Person Broad Animate / Familiar Singular Pronoun
!
! colspan="6" |Emphatic Third Person Broad Animate / Familiar Singular Pronoun
|-
!Gender/Case
!Open
!Nasal
!Dental
!Alveolar
!Postalveolar
!Peripheral
!
!Open
!Nasal
!Dental
!Alveolar
!Postalveolar
!Peripheral
|-
!Ergative
|
|
|
|
|
|
!E
|lâni
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Absolutive
|lafui
|
|
|
|
|
!Ab
|lâfui
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!"Cute" Absolutive
|lafi, lefi
|
|
|
|
|
!cA
|lâfi, lêfi
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Dative
|
|
|
|
|
|
!D
|lah
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Locative
|
|
|
|
|
|
!L
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Semblative
|
|
|
|
|
|
!S
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Relative
|
|
|
|
|
|
!R
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Adessive
|
|
|
|
|
|
!Ad
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Approximative
|
|
|
|
|
|
!Ap
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Locative-Genetive
|
|
|
|
|
|
!LG
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Comitative-Possessive
|
|
|
|
|
|
!CP
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Disjunctive
|lâ
|
|
|
|
|
!D
| colspan="6" |lâ (in writing "laa")
|-
! colspan="7" |Third Person Narrow Animate / Familiar Singular Pronouns
!
! colspan="6" |Emphatic Third Person Narrow Animate / Familiar Singular Pronouns
|-
!Gender/Case
!Open
!Nasal
!Dental
!Alveolar
!Postalveolar
!Peripheral
!
!Open
!Nasal
!Dental
!Alveolar
!Postalveolar
!Peripheral
|-
!Ergative
|
|
|
|
|
|
!E
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Absolutive
|labui
|
|
|
|
|
!Ab
|lâbui
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!"Cute" Absolutive
|lavi, leúi
|
|
|
|
|
!cA
|lôy, lêy
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Dative
|
|
|
|
|
|
!D
|la
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Locative
|
|
|
|
|
|
!L
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Semblative
|
|
|
|
|
|
!S
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Relative
|
|
|
|
|
|
!R
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Adessive
|
|
|
|
|
|
!Ad
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Approximative
|
|
|
|
|
|
!Ap
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Locative-Genetive
|
|
|
|
|
|
!LG
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Comitative-Possessive
|
|
|
|
|
|
!CP
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Disjunctive
|lâ
|
|
|
|
|
!D
| colspan="6" |lâ (in writing "laa")
|-
! colspan="7" |Third Person Spindly / Ambiguous Human / Familiar Pronouns
!
! colspan="6" |Emphatic Third Person Spindly / Ambiguous Animate / Familiar Pronouns
|-
!Gender/Case
!Open
!Nasal
!Dental
!Alveolar
!Postalveolar
!Peripheral
!
!Open
!Nasal
!Dental
!Alveolar
!Postalveolar
!Peripheral
|-
!Ergative
|
|
|
|
|
|
!E
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Absolutive
|lafuizè
|
|
|
|
|
!Ab
|lâfuize
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!"Cute" Absolutive
|lafi, lefi,
lafizi
|
|
|
|
|
!cA
|lâfi, lêfi,
lafîzi
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Dative
|
|
|
|
|
|
!D
|lah
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Locative
|
|
|
|
|
|
!L
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Semblative
|
|
|
|
|
|
!S
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Relative
|
|
|
|
|
|
!R
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Adessive
|
|
|
|
|
|
!Ad
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Approximative
|
|
|
|
|
|
!Ap
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Locative-Genetive
|
|
|
|
|
|
!LG
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Comitative-Possessive
|
|
|
|
|
|
!CP
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Disjunctive
|lâ
|
|
|
|
|
!D
| colspan="6" |lâ (in writing "laa")
|-
! colspan="7" |Third Person Plural / Nosist Animate / Familiar Pronouns
!
! colspan="6" |Emphatic Third Person Plural / Nosist Animate / Familiar Pronouns
|-
!Gender/Case
!Open
!Nasal
!Dental
!Alveolar
!Postalveolar
!Peripheral
!
!Open
!Nasal
!Dental
!Alveolar
!Postalveolar
!Peripheral
|-
!Ergative
|
|
|
|
|
|
!E
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Absolutive
|lamin
|
|
|
|
|
!Ab
|lamîn
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Dative
|
|
|
|
|
|
!D
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Locative
|
|
|
|
|
|
!L
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Semblative
|
|
|
|
|
|
!S
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Relative
|
|
|
|
|
|
!R
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Adessive
|
|
|
|
|
|
!Ad
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Approximative
|
|
|
|
|
|
!Ap
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Locative-Genetive
|
|
|
|
|
|
!LG
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Comitative-Possessive
|
|
|
|
|
|
!CP
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Disjunctive
|lâ
|
|
|
|
|
!D
| colspan="6" |lâ (in writing "laa")
|-
! colspan="7" |Third Person Broad Inanimate / Distal Singular Pronoun
!
! colspan="6" |Emphatic Third Person Broad Inanimate / Distal Singular Pronoun
|-
!Gender/Case
!Open
!Nasal
!Dental
!Alveolar
!Postalveolar
!Peripheral
!
!Open
!Nasal
!Dental
!Alveolar
!Postalveolar
!Peripheral
|-
!Ergative
|
|
|
|
|
|
!E
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Absolutive
|llefui
|
|
|
|
|
!Ab
|ĺl̀efui
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!"Cute" Absolutive
|lafi, lefi
|
|
|
|
|
!cA
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Dative
|
|
|
|
|
|
!D
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Locative
|
|
|
|
|
|
!L
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Semblative
|
|
|
|
|
|
!S
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Relative
|
|
|
|
|
|
!R
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Adessive
|
|
|
|
|
|
!Ad
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Approximative
|
|
|
|
|
|
!Ap
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Locative-Genetive
|
|
|
|
|
|
!LG
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Comitative-Possessive
|
|
|
|
|
|
!CP
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Disjunctive
|lle
|
|
|
|
|
!D
| colspan="6" |
|-
! colspan="7" |Third Person Narrow Inanimate / Distal Singular Pronouns
!
! colspan="6" |Emphatic Third Person Narrow Inanimate / Distal Singular Pronouns
|-
!Gender/Case
!Open
!Nasal
!Dental
!Alveolar
!Postalveolar
!Peripheral
!
!Open
!Nasal
!Dental
!Alveolar
!Postalveolar
!Peripheral
|-
!Ergative
|
|
|
|
|
|
!E
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Absolutive
|llebui
|
|
|
|
|
!Ab
|ĺl̀ebui
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!"Cute" Absolutive
|
|
|
|
|
|
!cA
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Dative
|
|
|
|
|
|
!D
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Locative
|
|
|
|
|
|
!L
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Semblative
|
|
|
|
|
|
!S
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Relative
|
|
|
|
|
|
!R
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Adessive
|
|
|
|
|
|
!Ad
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Approximative
|
|
|
|
|
|
!Ap
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Locative-Genetive
|
|
|
|
|
|
!LG
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Comitative-Possessive
|
|
|
|
|
|
!CP
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Disjunctive
|lle
|
|
|
|
|
!D
| colspan="6" |
|-
! colspan="7" |Third Person Spindly / Ambiguous Inanimate / Distal Pronouns
!
! colspan="6" |Emphatic Third Person Spindly Inanimate / Distal Pronouns
|-
!Gender/Case
!Open
!Nasal
!Dental
!Alveolar
!Postalveolar
!Peripheral
!
!Open
!Nasal
!Dental
!Alveolar
!Postalveolar
!Peripheral
|-
!Ergative
|
|
|
|
|
|
!E
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Absolutive
|llezui
|
|
|
|
|
!Ab
|llêfuize
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!"Cute" Absolutive
|
|
|
|
|
|
!cA
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Dative
|
|
|
|
|
|
!D
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Locative
|
|
|
|
|
|
!L
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Semblative
|
|
|
|
|
|
!S
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Relative
|
|
|
|
|
|
!R
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Adessive
|
|
|
|
|
|
!Ad
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Approximative
|
|
|
|
|
|
!Ap
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Locative-Genetive
|
|
|
|
|
|
!LG
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Comitative-Possessive
|
|
|
|
|
|
!CP
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Disjunctive
|lle
|
|
|
|
|
!D
| colspan="6" |
|-
! colspan="7" |Third Person Plural / Nosist Inanimate / Distal Pronouns
!
! colspan="6" |Emphatic Third Person Plural / Nosist Inanimate / Distal Pronouns
|-
!Gender/Case
!Open
!Nasal
!Dental
!Alveolar
!Postalveolar
!Peripheral
!
!Open
!Nasal
!Dental
!Alveolar
!Postalveolar
!Peripheral
|-
!Ergative
|
|
|
|
|
|
!E
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Absolutive
|llemin
|
|
|
|
|
!Ab
|ĺl̀emin
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Dative
|
|
|
|
|
|
!D
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Locative
|
|
|
|
|
|
!L
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Semblative
|
|
|
|
|
|
!S
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Relative
|
|
|
|
|
|
!R
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Adessive
|
|
|
|
|
|
!Ad
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Approximative
|
|
|
|
|
|
!Ap
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Locative-Genetive
|
|
|
|
|
|
!LG
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Comitative-Possessive
|
|
|
|
|
|
!CP
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Disjunctive
|llemin
|
|
|
|
|
!D
| colspan="6" |
|}

=== Interrogative Pronouns ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! colspan="7" |Interrogative Animate Singular Pronouns
!
! colspan="6" |Emphatic Interrogative Animate Singular Pronouns
|-
!Gender/Case
!Open
!Nasal
!Dental
!Alveolar
!Postalveolar
!Peripheral
!
!Open
!Nasal
!Dental
!Alveolar
!Postalveolar
!Peripheral
|-
!Ergative
|
|
|
|
|
|
!E
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Absolutive
|
|
|
|
|
|
!Ab
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!"Cute" Absolutive
|
|
|
|
|
|
!cA
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Dative
|
|
|
|
|
|
!D
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Locative
|
|
|
|
|
|
!L
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Semblative
|
|
|
|
|
|
!S
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Relative
|
|
|
|
|
|
!R
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Adessive
|
|
|
|
|
|
!Ad
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Approximative
|
|
|
|
|
|
!Ap
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Locative-Genetive
|
|
|
|
|
|
!LG
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Comitative-Possessive
|
|
|
|
|
|
!CP
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Disjunctive
|
|
|
|
|
|
!D
| colspan="6" |
|-
! colspan="7" |Interrogative Animate Plural Pronouns
!
! colspan="6" |Emphatic Interrogative Animate Plural Pronouns
|-
!Gender/Case
!Open
!Nasal
!Dental
!Alveolar
!Postalveolar
!Peripheral
!
!Open
!Nasal
!Dental
!Alveolar
!Postalveolar
!Peripheral
|-
!Ergative
|
|
|
|
|
|
!E
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Absolutive
|
|
|
|
|
|
!Ab
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!"Cute" Absolutive
|
|
|
|
|
|
!cA
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Dative
|
|
|
|
|
|
!D
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Locative
|
|
|
|
|
|
!L
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Semblative
|
|
|
|
|
|
!S
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Relative
|
|
|
|
|
|
!R
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Adessive
|
|
|
|
|
|
!Ad
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Approximative
|
|
|
|
|
|
!Ap
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Locative-Genetive
|
|
|
|
|
|
!LG
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Comitative-Possessive
|
|
|
|
|
|
!CP
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Disjunctive
|
|
|
|
|
|
!D
| colspan="6" |
|-
! colspan="7" |Interrogative Inanimate Singular Pronouns
!
! colspan="6" |Emphatic Interrogative Inanimate Singular Pronouns
|-
!Gender/Case
!Open
!Nasal
!Dental
!Alveolar
!Postalveolar
!Peripheral
!
!Open
!Nasal
!Dental
!Alveolar
!Postalveolar
!Peripheral
|-
!Ergative
|
|
|
|
|
|
!E
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Absolutive
|
|
|
|
|
|
!Ab
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!"Cute" Absolutive
|
|
|
|
|
|
!cA
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Dative
|
|
|
|
|
|
!D
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Locative
|
|
|
|
|
|
!L
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Semblative
|
|
|
|
|
|
!S
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Relative
|
|
|
|
|
|
!R
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Adessive
|
|
|
|
|
|
!Ad
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Approximative
|
|
|
|
|
|
!Ap
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Locative-Genetive
|
|
|
|
|
|
!LG
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Comitative-Possessive
|
|
|
|
|
|
!CP
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Disjunctive
|
|
|
|
|
|
!D
| colspan="6" |
|-
! colspan="7" |Interrogative Inanimate Plural Pronouns
!
! colspan="6" |Emphatic Interrogative Inanimate Plural Pronouns
|-
!Gender/Case
!Open
!Nasal
!Dental
!Alveolar
!Postalveolar
!Peripheral
!
!Open
!Nasal
!Dental
!Alveolar
!Postalveolar
!Peripheral
|-
!Ergative
|
|
|
|
|
|
!E
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Absolutive
|
|
|
|
|
|
!Ab
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!"Cute" Absolutive
|
|
|
|
|
|
!cA
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Dative
|
|
|
|
|
|
!D
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Locative
|
|
|
|
|
|
!L
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Semblative
|
|
|
|
|
|
!S
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Relative
|
|
|
|
|
|
!R
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Adessive
|
|
|
|
|
|
!Ad
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Approximative
|
|
|
|
|
|
!Ap
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Locative-Genetive
|
|
|
|
|
|
!LG
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Comitative-Possessive
|
|
|
|
|
|
!CP
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Disjunctive
|
|
|
|
|
|
!D
| colspan="6" |
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! colspan="7" |Determiner
!
! colspan="6" |Emphatic Determiner
|-
!Gender/Case
!Open
!Nasal
!Dental
!Alveolar
!Postalveolar
!Peripheral
!
!Open
!Nasal
!Dental
!Alveolar
!Postalveolar
!Peripheral
|-
!Proximal Demonstrative
|se
|sen
|set
|ses
|sex
|sek
!P
|sê
|sên
|sêt
|sês
|sêx
|sêk
|-
!Distal Demonstrative
|mao
|maong
|maot
|maos
|maox
|maof
!D
|mâo
|mâong
|mâot
|mâos
|mâox
|mâof
|-
!Indefinite Determiner
|maose
|maosen
|maoset
|maoses
|maosex
|maosek
!Ind
|mâose
|mâosen
|mâoset
|mâoses
|mâosex
|mâosek
|-
!Negative Determiner
|
|
|
|
|
|
!N
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Interrogative Determiner
|ru
|run
|rut
|rus
|rux
|ruk
!Int
|rú
|rún
|rút
|rús
|rúx
|rúk
|-
! colspan="7" |Determiner + 3rd Person Animate
!
! colspan="6" |Emphatic Determiner + 3rd Person Animate
|-
!Gender/Case
!Open
!Nasal
!Dental
!Alveolar
!Postalveolar
!Peripheral
!
!Open
!Nasal
!Dental
!Alveolar
!Postalveolar
!Peripheral
|-
!Proximal (Disjunctive)
|sela
|
|
|
|
|
!P
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Distal (Disjunctive)
|mao
|
|
|
|
|
!D
|mâo
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Indefinite (Disjunctive)
|maosqna
|
|
|
|
|
!Ind
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Negative (Disjunctive)
|
|
|
|
|
|
!N
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Interrogative (Disjunctive)
|rula
|
|
|
|
|
!Int
|rúla
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="7" |Determiner + 3rd Person Inanimate
!
! colspan="6" |Emphatic Determiner + 3rd Person Inanimate
|-
!Gender/Case
!Open
!Nasal
!Dental
!Alveolar
!Postalveolar
!Peripheral
!
!Open
!Nasal
!Dental
!Alveolar
!Postalveolar
!Peripheral
|-
!Proximal (Disjunctive)
|selle
|sellen
|sellet
|selles
|sellex
|sellek
!P
|seĺl̀
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Distal (Disjunctive)
|moale
|maolen
|maolet
|maoles
|maolex
|maolek
!D
|mâole
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Indefinite (Disjunctive)
|maosole
|maosolen
|maosolet
|maosoles
|maosolex
|maosolek
!Ind
|mâosole
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Negative (Disjunctive)
|
|
|
|
|
|
!N
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!Interrogative (Disjunctive)
|rulyl
|
|
|
|
|
!Int
|rúlyl
|
|
|
|
|
|}

== Vocabulary ==
Unlike [[Fvonil]] and other southern [[Occe-Fortizian]] languages, Zdrole does not primarily coin new terms through direct agglutination, i.e. putting words next to each other. It is thought to have originally been an agglutinative language, but has since undergone some level of fusion, with compounds often either melding together, or otherwise being separate words taking the Semblative or Equative endings. This is commonly done with all [[wikipedia:Part_of_speech#Open_and_closed_classes|open class]] parts of speech, while closed classes are rarely altered, although occasionally two adpositions may be juxtaposed analytically

=== Swadesh List ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!No
!English
!Zdrole
!'''Etymology'''
|-
|1-14
| colspan="2" |See Pronouns, Demonstratives
|
|-
|15
|how
|ru gêzme
|''what path''
|-
|16
|not
| -ne( n/t/c/cx/k) (clitic), -nê (emphatic), bróta (isolate)
|
|-
|17
|all
|maos
|''this-that''
|-
|
|any
|émaos
|''one this-that''
|-
|18
|many
|bruzmaos (many), maos (very many)
|''(some) this-that''
|-
|19
|some
| rowspan="2" |bruze( /n/t/s/x/k)
| rowspan="2" |
|-
|20
|few
|-
|21
|other
|dao( /n/t/s/x/k)
|''second''
|-
|22
|one
|ròe
|
|-
|23
|two
|dao
|
|-
|24
|three
|mid(e)
|
|-
|25
|four
|lày
|
|-
|26
|five
|fícjoe
|
|-
|27
|big
|nuihîvu, eléngoe (human), sufârim (abstract)
|
|-
|
|large, mega
|(-)mu
|
|-
|28
|long
|nuihíziu
|''big (spindly)''
|-
|
|tall
|mecxne( /n/t/c/cx/k)
|''not short.'' Original long used as private euphenism, primarily for males.
|-
|29
|wide
| rowspan="2" |nuihìma
| rowspan="2" |''big (broad)''
|-
|30
|thick
|-
|31
|heavy
|fuh
|
|-
|32
|small
|yâvu, ku-iz (human). ku-icx (h. narrow), ku-ifa (h. broad) 
|
|-
|
|little, mini
|(-)ngi
|
|-
|33
|short
|mecx(iu) ( /n/t/c/cx/k), yáziu
|mecx comes from ''generous'', meaning you gave away your mass. Original short used as euphemism.
|-
|34
|narrow
| rowspan="2" |yàma
| rowspan="2" |
|-
|35
|thin
|-
|36
|woman
|la-onè [B], làongkoe [P]
|
|-
|37
|man (male)
|laqnè [B], laqnemin [P]
|
|-
|38
|human
|xáofao [S], xurê [P]
|
|-
|39
|child
|lenî [N], lêyra [P]
|
|-
|40
|wife
|''woman;'' míng [B], ngiung [N}, ngàong [S] [P]
| rowspan="2" |''spouse (may be used as pronoun)''
|-
|41
|husband
|''man;'' míng [B], ngiung [N}, ngàong [S] [P]
|-
|42
|mother
|mama [N]
| rowspan="3" |should be self-explanatory. (Babies make these sounds.)
|-
|43
|father
|baba [N]
|-
|
|parent
|dada, tata [N] ''-min plural''
|-
|44
|animal
|saoaleng, svaleng [B] ''-ke plural''
|
|-
|45
|fish
|meqùx [SN] ''-koe plural, [S] mass''
|
|-
|46
|bird
|súkoe [B] ''-min plural''
|
|-
|47
|dog
|bóevzi [N] ''-min plural'', rofrao [S]
|
|-
|
|cat
|xqcambyen [B], cxama / xqcama [N] ''-(g)ke plural''
|why is "cat" not on the list? ''shame.''
|-
|48
|laos
|strû [N] ''-koe plural''
|
|-
|49
|snake
|srîs [SN], occasionally surîs [SN] ''-ke plural''; skôta [SN] ''-min plural''
|
|-
|50
|worm
|ngaomsris [SN] ''-ke plural''
|''dirt snake''
|-
|51
|tree
|zqnéyo [B] ''-min plural''
|
|-
|52
|forest
|làfen [B] ''-emin plural''
|
|-
|53
|stick
|kúcxkacx [S] ''no distinct plural''
|
|-
|54
|fruit
|qôe [B]
|
|-
|
|berries
|qóe [S]
|
|-
|55
|seed
|nê [B]
|''shortened from "the fruit in the fruit"''
|-
|
|grain
|nè [N]
|
|-
|56
|leaf
|xù [B] (broad leaves), xú [SN] (narrow leaves, plural), xû [N] (any),
xùkoe [BP], xúmin [SN non-mass plural], xûkoe [NP]
|''one of the very few words with a distinct plural for genders,''
''likely because it's functionally derivational rather than purely syntactic in nature.''
|-
|57
|root
|xrîu [N] (trees), fqpenla [N] (other) ''-min plural''
|
|-
|58
|bark
|hqkoro [B] (hard), hqkeoreo [N] (soft); ''-min plural''
|
|-
|
|stem
|xon [N], xomin [P]
|
|-
|59
|flower
|rosô [B] (large), reosêo [B] (small) ''-min plural''
|
|-
|
|bud
|qyami [N] (flower) ''-ngke plural'', fiujîréo [S] (fruit)
|
|-
|60
|gass
|xjà [B] (short; never plural), cjèomin [P] (long), cjèo [S] (blade(s) of grass)
|
|-
|61
|rope
|hôkra [N] ''-min plural''
|
|-
|62
|skin
|tàon [B], tàoncjo [P]
|''used for some plants as well.''
|-
|63
|meat
|foecc [B] ''-oemuin plural''
|
|-
|64
|blood
|rakàzi [S] (''irregular; zi often pronounced z on its own''
|
|-
|65
|bone
|zdrêt [B], zdrètel [P]
|
|-
|66
|fat
|gub [B] ''no plural''
|
|-
|67
|egg
|yúini [N] ''-ke plural'' (large), xruse [B] xru [P] (fish), ka [B] kake [P] (insect)
|
|-
|68
|horn
|frahqk [B]
|
|-
|
|thorn
|frahqnge [N]
|''little horn''
|-
|69
|tail
|laoys [S] (general), laoysò [B] (tail-end, queue)
|
|-
|70
|feather
|kenrek [B] ''-e plural''
|
|-
|71
|hair
|moanstru [B] ''-ke plural''
|
|-
|72
|head
|sqne [N], sqnê [P]
|
|-
|73
|ear
|yák [B], yáhqkoe [P]
|
|-
|74
|eye
|sin [B] sinê [P]
|
|-
|75
|nose
|quno [B] ''-ke plural''
|
|-
|76
|mouth
|feo [N] ''-min plural''
|
|-
|77
|tooth
|rao [SN], rû [P]
|
|-
|78
|tongue
|ê [N] ''no distinct plural''
|
|-
|79
|(finger/toe) nail
|na [N], nâ [P]
|
|-
|80
|foot
|gônao [SN], gô [P]
|
|-
|
|toe
|zdróe [S] ''no distinct plural''
|
|-
|81
|leg
|lafix [S], lafix / lafixiu [P]
|"underknee" and "overknee" may be used to describe specific halves of the leg.
|-
|82
|knee
|áon [B], áonen / áon [P]
|
|-
|83 
|hand
|du [B] ''-ke plural''
|
|-
|
|finger
|ngâoy [S] ''-muin plural''
|
|-
|
|arm
|ziubix [S], ziubix / ziubixiu [P]
|"overelbow" and "underelbow" may be used to describe specific halves of the arm.
|-
|
|elbow
|gûnoek [B] ''-oemuin plural''
|
|-
|84
|wing
|slé [B (irregular)] ''-min plural''
|
|-
|85
|belly
|hàofaom [B] (big), hàofa [N] (small), hàofmuin [P]
|
|-
|86
|guts
|rêotah [B] ''singular and plural'', sucxrèng [B] ''plural''
|
|-
|87
|neck
|bah [B] bahqke, bahke [P]
|
|-
|88
|back
|quist [B] -''emin plural''
|
|-
|89
|breast
|amio [B], amioke [P]
|
|-
|90
|heart
|aok [B] ''no distinct plural''
|
|-
|91
|liver
|stríng [B] ''-ke plural''
|
|-
|
|to be
|viung, viungt, viungc, viungcx ''[irregular]''
|
|-
|
|to want
|heoli, heoliet, heolika, heolîcxi ''[irregular]''
|
|-
|92
|to drink
|meonc, meoziun, meoci, meosqni
|
|-
|93
|to eat
|kfènc, kfèziun, kfè, kfèz ''[partly irregular]''
|
|-
|94
|to bite
|qánc, qáziun, qáci, qásqni
|
|-
|95
|to suck
|slûk, slûkoet, slûngka, slûngkax
|
|-
|96
|to spit
|cûinc, cûiziun, cûici, cûisqni
|
|-
|97
|to vomit
|blôehqk, blôekoet, blôehqkah, blôehqkax
|
|-
|
|to hunger
|rôm, rôma, rômas, rômx ''[irregular; rôngx implies it was swiftly stopped somehow.]''
|
|-
|98
|to blow
|hù, hùt, hùs, hùx
|
|-
|99
|to breath
|hàm, hàmet, hàmes, hàmax
|
|-
|100
|to laugh
|hâhheh, hâket, hâhqkah, hâh ''[partly irregular]''
|
|-
|101
|to see
|lónda, londôcx, lô, lòd ''[irregular]''
|
|-
|102
|to hear
| rowspan="2" |begèl, begelet, begelas, begàx ''[irregular]''
|
|-
|103
|to know
|
|-
|104
|to think
|vìroe, vìrôna, vì, vàong ''[irregular]''
|
|-
|105
|to smell
|konc, koziun, koci, kosqni (if a good whiff); kox (if a bad whiff)
|
|-
|106
|to fear
|kvônci, kvôziuni, kvôcili, kvôsqnuin
|
|-
|107
|to sleep
|zvóenc, zvóeziun, zvóeci, zvóesqni
|
|-
|108
|to live
|sènc, sèziun, sèci, sèznil
|
|-
|
|life
|yao [S] ''no distinct plural''
|
|-
|
|death
|cjàl [S] ''no distinct plural''
|the concept of death is the verb without verb endings.
|-
|109
|to die
| rowspan="2" |cjàl, cjàle, cjàlse, cjàlx ''(may be cjàse and cjàx) [partly irregular]''
|''sentences with "die" have an absolutive subject.''
|-
| rowspan="4" |110
| rowspan="4" |to kill
|''sentences with "kill" have an ergative or causative subject;'' 
|-
|xqcáhqk, xqcahqkîuh, xqcahqkâh, xqcahqkâx
|generally associated with mass murders and war.
|-
|khiurîuk, khiurîukeot, khiurîungka, khiurîungkàx
|to slaughter or to butcher
|-
| rowspan="2" |mèxaonda, mèxaondâocxe, mèxaond, mèxaondo
|usually "killing for revenge / greed"
|-
| rowspan="2" |112
| rowspan="2" |to hunt
|usually "killing for food"
|-
|mèx, mèxet, mèxes, mèxek
|more akin to "tracking", "stalking", etc.
|-
| rowspan="3" |111
| rowspan="3" |to fight
|czénda, czéndâcxe, czéndi, czéndea
|play fighting; derived from ''to push''
|-
|gharanc, gharaziun, gharacil, gharancàx
|fighting
|-
|thíuk, thíuket, thíuhqkah, thíuhqkàx
|battling
|-
| rowspan="7" |113
| rowspan="7" |to hit
|hqkâk, hqkâket, hqkângka, hqkângkàx
|whack aggressively
|-
|cjuinc, cjuiziun, cjuici, cjuisqni
|whack gently
|-
|sak, saket, sahqk, sahqkàx
|smack someone or something
|-
|tak, taket, tangka, tangkàx
|strike someone or something
|-
|kuk, kuket, kungka, kungkàx
|knock or run into something
|-
|fahmanc, fahmaziun, fahmaci, fahmasqni
|bang into something that cause you a lot of pain
|-
|raobek, raobeket, raobehqk, raobehqkàx
|to knock someone or an animal onto the ground
|-
|114
|to cut
|zqnîk, zqnîket, zqnîngka, zqningkàx
|
|-
|115
|to split
|fqmûyonc, fqmûyoziun, fqmûyocil, fqmûyosqni
|
|-
|116
|to stab
|gaok, gaokot, gaongkao, gaongkàox
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |117
| rowspan="3" |to scratch
|rinc, riziun, rici, risqni
|gently
|-
|voek, voeket, voengka, voenkàx
|itchy
|-
| rowspan="2" |uglâk, uglâket, uglâhqk, úglakàx
|to draw blood.
|-
|118
|to dig
|
|-
|119
|to swim
|lylonc, lyloziun, lyloci, lylosqni
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |120
| rowspan="2" |to fly
|biuzvéongk, biuzvéongx, biuzvéongka, biuzvéongkàx
|to go flying; to get yeeted; sometimes to glide.float/skim on air or water really fast
|-
|hadak, hadayx, hadahqka, hadakàx
|to physically fly; sometimes to glide or float
|-
|121
|to walk
|jenc, jeziun, jeci, jesqni
|
|-
|122
|to come
|yâonc, yâoziun, yâoci, yâosqni
|
|-
|123
|to lie (as in bed)
|manda, mandâcxe, mandi, mando
|
|-
|124
|to sit
|xanc, xaziun, xaci, xasqni
|
|-
|125
|to stand
|zqniung, zqniungt, zqniungc, zqniungcx ''[irregular]''
|yeah. it's the same word as to walk. adpositions and noun cases really come in handy here.
|-
|126
|to turn (physically)
|rúk, rúkot, rúngka, rúngkàx
|
|-
|127
|to fall
|tâonc, tâoziun, tâoci, tâosqni
|
|-
|128
|to give
|aonda, aondâocxe, âond, âondo
|
|-
|129
|to hold, to have
|zqniung, zqniungt, zqniungc, zqniungcx ''[irregular]''
|yeah. it's the same word as to walk. adpositions and noun cases really come in handy here.
''Originally this function was also carried out by the Inessive-Instrumental case.''
|-
| rowspan="4" |130
| rowspan="4" |to squeeze
|ximik, ximix, ximihqk, ximihqkàx
|into something by pushing outward, gently (clumsily with -oid case)
|-
|ximenc, ximeziun, ximeci, ximesqni
|to something by pushing inward, gently (clumsily with -oid case)
|-
|honc, hoziun, hoci, hosqni
|into something by pushing outward, forcefully (unsuccessfully, potentially brutally with -oid case)
|-
|halahak, halahake, halahahqk, halahàx
|to something by pushing inward, forecefully (unsuccessfully, potentially brutally with -oid case)
|-
| rowspan="3" |131
| rowspan="3" |to rub
|czèlienc, czèlieziun, czèlieci, czèliesqni
|gently
|-
|kofk, kofket, kofka, kofkàx
|aggressively; scrape
|-
| rowspan="2" |cxuqník, cxuqníke, cxuqníngka, cxuqníx
|to rub off
|-
|133
|to wipe
|also to rub off
|-
|132
|to wash
|zqnènc, zqnèziun, zqnèci, zqnèzqni
|
|-
|134
|to pull
|qmeok, qmeod, qmeong, qmeonda ''[irregular]''
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |135
|to push
|coenda, coendâcxe, coend, coendea
|
|-
|to push (down)
|ghoruibàzk, ghoruibàzket, ghoruibàs, ghoruibàx ''[partly irregular]''
|to push down, to shove
|-
| rowspan="2" |136
| rowspan="2" |to throw
|vazúnc, vazúziun, vazúci, vazúsqni
|to toss
|-
|hirînc, hiriziun, hirîci, hirîsqni
|to launch or yeat
|-
|137
|to tie
|zcúik, zcúikoet, zcúingka, zcúingàx
|
|-
|138
|to sew
|xjénc, xjéziun, xjéci, xjésqni
|
|-
|139
|to count
|yangk, yanket, yangka, yangkàx
|
|-
|140
|to say
|szêonc, szêoziun, szêoci, szêosqni
|
|-
|141
|to sing
|sêonc, sêoziun, sêoci, sêosqni; cêosi (''variant of'' ''sêoci'')
|
|-
|142
|to play
|jêonc, jêozin, jêoci, jêosqni
|originally ''jiunc'', became more like ''to sing''
|-
|143
|to float
|cjhínda, cjhíndâcxe, cjhíndi, cjíndea
|also ''to hover, to glide gently''
|-
|144
|to flow
|huâli, huâliet, huâlies, huâliàx
|
|-
|145
|to freeze
|hqkóek, hqkóeket, hqkóengka, hqkóengkàx
|
|-
|146
|to swell
|cjaonc, cjaoziun, cjaoci, cjaosqni
|
|-
|147
|sun
|cúlu [B] ''ad hoc plural +min''
|
|-
|148
|moon
|khòro [B] ''ad hoc plural +koe''
|
|-
|149
|star
|zdrís [S] ''+ke plural''
|
|-
|150
|water
|vò [B] ''no plural''
|
|-
|151
|rain
|rò [B] ''no distinct plural''
|
|-
|152
|river
|yuô [N] ''-min plural''
|
|-
|153
|lake
|rúiso [B] rúiskoe [P]
|
|-
|154
|sea
|vuirô [N] ''-min plural''
|
|-
|155
|salt
|suk [B] ''-oe plural''
|
|-
|156
|stone
|lâk [P]
|acts as a plural and takes plural endings.
|-
|
|pebble
|lâk [B], lâkmin [P]
|like English, "stone" can both mean the material and an individiual, small stone.
|-
|157
|sand
|xif [S] ''no distinct plural''
|means both an individual grain of sand and sand in general.
|-
|158
|dust
|xif [S] (on surface) xifcxíla [P; irregular]
|"''sand''"; "''sand which is floating''"
|-
|159
|earth
|skit [B]
|
|-
|
|"Earth" ([[Krystar]])
|Krai [B; ''irregular''] (loanword) ''no plural''
|Imported from other languages; "[[Krystar]]", interpreted as "Krai" + "stra" (B-class ending)
|-
|160
|cloud
|xucx [S] ''no distinct plural''
|
|-
|161
|fog
|mùsk [B] ''no plural''
|
|-
|
|mist
|mùs(e)ro [B] ''no plural''
|''fog rain''
|-
|
|light fog, haze
|xùm [B] ''no distinct plural''
|
|-
|162
|sky
|ézo [B] ''ad hoc -min plural''
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |163
| rowspan="3" |wind
|dreocj [N] ''no plural''
|breeze
|-
|heox [S] ''no distinct plural''
|stronger wind ''or'' gale-force wind (no distinction)
|-
|zzét [B] ''-min plural''
|gust
|-
|
|air
|nis [S] ''no distinct plural''
|
|-
|164
|snow
|vàog [N] ''no distinct plural''
|
|-
|165
|ice
|manson [P]
|acts as a plural and takes plural endings
|-
|
|ice pebbles
|manson [B] ''-koe ending''
|as with stone, "ice" can mean both the materian and an individual, small chunk of ice.
|-
|166
|smoke
|zura [N] ''no distinct plural''
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |167
| rowspan="2" |fire
|zrî [P]
|the essence of fire
|-
|zrî [N] ''-ke plural''
|an instance of fire; wildfire, human-made fire, etc.
|-
|168
|ash
|bósteo [N] ''no plural''
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |169
| rowspan="4" |to burn
|czoek, czoekoet, czoehqk, czoehqkàx
|to singe, to slow burn
|-
|fqmúnc, fqmúziun, fqmúci, fqmúsqni
|to smolder
|-
|cxenc, cxeziun, cxeci, cxesqni
|to set on fire
|-
|rèngk, rèngkuf, rèngkaf, rengkàx
|to turn to ash (scorch)
|-
|170
|road
|eskúcj [S]
|
|-
|
|path
|gêzme [N] ''-ke plural''
|
|-
|171
|mountain
|sè [B] [P]
|
|-
|172
|red
|oecóeng [B], séng [N], cóeng [P], óeng [S]
| rowspan="5" |Primary colors (the ones listed) are the only adjectives that take verb agreement;
they take the same ending as the noun they modify, even if they don't have a distinct gendered form.
|-
|173
|green
|llûng
|-
|174
|yellow
|iru [B], iri [N], qira [P], ira [S]
|-
|175
|white
|juil [B], jing [N], ecjil [P] [S]
|-
|176
|black
|ccao
|-
|177
|night
|doebún [B] ''-gkoe plural''
|
|-
|178
|day
|dhôluim [B] ''-in plural''
|
|-
|
|month
|boesôn [B] ''-gkoe plural''
|
|-
|
|season
|hariung [B] ''-ke plural''
|
|-
|179
|year
|farâd [B] ''-min plural''
|
|-
|180
|warm
|xkày {S}
|
|-
|181
|cold
|mud {N}
|
|-
|182
|full
|sqtò {B}
|
|-
|183
|new
|cxhu {B}
|animate and inanimate
|-
|
|young (animate)
|cxiu {N}
|
|-
|
|young (inanimate)
|qay {S}
|
|-
|184
|old (adult)
|bêyng {B}
|
|-
|
|elderly
|yèong {B}
|
|-
|
|old (inanimate)
|maob {B}
|
|-
|
|ancient
|qeog {N}
|
|-
|185
|good, delicious
|hqkùi
|
|-
|
|well, fresh
|cjhen
|
|-
|186
|bad
|sngàx
|from "spoiled"
|-
|
|poorly
| rowspan="2" |khùl
|originally "bad"
|-
|187
|rotten
|from "poorly"
|-
|
|spoiled
|sngàx
|
|-
|188
|dirty
|aongob
|
|-
|
|dirt, clutter
|aongob [N]
|
|-
|
|filth
|bah [B], bahstax [S]
|bahstax is more implied and broad-use; bah is more literal and definitive.
|-
|189
|straight
|tîun
|
|-
|190
|round
|vom
|
|-
|191
|sharp
|róesc
|
|-
|
|pointy
|tit
|
|-
|192
|dull
|bhàngk
|
|-
|193
|smooth
|zôli
|
|-
|194
|wet (soaking)
|vostrôna
|"water" in the adessive case
|-
|
|wet (moist, damp)
|xvâ
|originally "wet"
|-
|195
|dry
|skèng
|
|-
|196
|correct
|baorâoh
|
|-
|
|incorrect, wrong
|baranè
|originally "not correct"
|-
|197
|near
|qmô, -strale (see: cases)
|''Usually accomplished using the Approximative case; isolate word generally used for time.''
|-
|198
|far
|qmône, khasne, qmône-khasne
|"not close, not lost"
|-
|
|extremely far, lost
|khas
|originally "lost"
|-
|199
|right
|stíl
|
|-
|200
|left
|jjìcx
|
|-
|201
|at
| -stra (see: cases)
|''Accomplished using the Locative case''
|-
|202
|in
|xi, -''straiciu'' (old), -''strana'' (on another word)
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |203
| rowspan="2" |with
|ta
|used for animate, valuable and loved nouns.
|-
|ti
|used for inanimate, invaluable and unwanted nouns.
|-
|204
|and (plus)
|nguia
|not generally used with nouns; verbs often instead receive the locative case.
Used primarily with mixing sentences and clauses or for addition. ("Plus")
|-
|205
|if
|ka
|
|-
|206
|because
| -''ùina'' (causative), imfyúina
|imfyúina is rarely used, primarily for complicated reasons.
|-
|207
|name
|stéong [B] (''loan-word meaning label)''
|''usually "X is called" is used instead.''
|-
|
|question word
|kú
|frequently placed at the end of a sentence to create a tag question.
|}

=== Number ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!#
!Base5
!Zdrole Numeral
!lo rep.
!Nominal
!#
!Base5
!Zdrole Numeral
!lo rep.
!Nominal
!#
!Base5
!Zdrole Numeral
!lo rep.
!Nominal
!#
!Base5
!Zdrole Numeral
!lo rep.
!Nominal
|-
|1
|1
|
|o
|ròe
|14
|24
|
|
|
|50
|200
|
|
|
|1250
|20000
|
|
|
|-
|2
|2
|
|oo
|dao
|15
|30
|
|
|
|75
|300
|
|
|
|3125
|100000
|
|
|ròe trîsand (loan)
|-
|3
|3
|
|ooo
|mid(e)
|16
|31
|
|
|
|100
|400
|
|
|
|3126
|100001
|
|
|ròe trîsand e ròe
|-
|4
|4
|
|ol
|lày
|17
|32
|
|
|
|125
|1000
|
|
|
|3750
|110000
|
|
|
|-
|5
|10
|
|l
|fícjoe
|18
|33
|
|
|
|126
|1001
|
|
|
|6250
|200000
|
|
|
|-
|6
|11
|
|lo
|fícjoeròe
|19
|34
|
|
|
|130
|1010
|
|
|
|15625
|10^6
|
|
|
|-
|7
|12
|
|loo
|fîcjao
|20
|40
|
|
|
|153
|1023
|
|
|
|78125
|10^7
|
|
|
|-
|8
|13
|
|looo
|fimìcj(e)
|21
|41
|
|
|
|250
|2000
|
|
|
|81250
|11x10^6
|
|
|
|-
|9
|14
|
|lol
|ficjày
|22
|42
|
|
|
|251
|2001
|
|
|
|3125²
|10^10
|
|
|
|-
|10
|20
|
|ll
|jjeo
|23
|43
|
|
|
|625
|10000
|
|
|
|3125³
|10^100
|
|
|
|-
|11
|21
|
|
|
|24
|44
|
|
|
|626
|10001
|
|
|
|0
|0
|
|
|
|-
|12
|22
|
|
|
|25
|100
|
|
|zdrèda
|750
|11000
|
|
|
|~∞
|~∞
|
|h
|
|-
|13
|23
|
|
|
|26
|101
|
|
|
|751
|11001
|
|
|
|∞
|∞
|
|H
|
|}