University in Italy: Difference between revisions

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* Superior graduate schools, which focus only on postgraduate education.
* Superior graduate schools, which focus only on postgraduate education.


 
Universities are "institutions of high culture", as well as bodies in charge of higher education consisting of a group of scientific structures aimed at teaching and scientific research, which are part of the Italian corporate public administration. Universities, which may be public but also private (as long as they are recognized and accredited), confer qualifications (academic qualifications) that are obtained following the attendance of a degree course at one of the Italian universities. Universities are non-economic public bodies.
The Universities are "institutions of high culture", as well as bodies in charge of higher education consisting of a group of scientific structures aimed at teaching and scientific research, which are part of the Italian corporate public administration. Universities, which may be public but also private (as long as they are recognized and accredited), confer qualifications (academic qualifications) that are obtained following the attendance of a degree course at one of the Italian universities. Universities are non-economic public bodies.


The universities elect their own representatives within the National University Council (''Consiglio Universitario Nazionale''), which in turn is composed of the National Council of Rectors (''Consiglio Nazionale dei Rettori'') and the National Council of University Students (''Consiglio Nazionale degli Studenti Universitari''). All three bodies are advisory bodies of the Ministry of National Education.
The universities elect their own representatives within the National University Council (''Consiglio Universitario Nazionale''), which in turn is composed of the National Council of Rectors (''Consiglio Nazionale dei Rettori'') and the National Council of University Students (''Consiglio Nazionale degli Studenti Universitari''). All three bodies are advisory bodies of the Ministry of National Education.
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** Office VI - Access to closed number courses
** Office VI - Access to closed number courses


== Fascist Universitary Groups ==
== Fascist University Groups ==
The Fascist University Groups (''Gruppi Universitari Fascisti'', G.U.F.) are the university branch of the National Fascist Party. I G.U.F. they are voluntary enrollment groups. This includes university students (up to 27 years of age) who come from the [[ItItalian Youth of the Lictor (Kingdom of Italy)|Italian Youth of the Lictor]] (G.I.L.) enrolled at a University, a Higher Institute, a Military Academy or Academy of the G.I.L. Each G.U.F. has sections of graduates and graduates, a Foreign Students Section and a Women's Section, which included university students, graduates and graduates up to the age of 27.
The Fascist University Groups (''Gruppi Universitari Fascisti'', G.U.F.) are the university branch of the National Fascist Party. G.U.F. are voluntary enrollment groups. This includes university students (up to 27 years of age) who come from the [[ItItalian Youth of the Lictor (Kingdom of Italy)|Italian Youth of the Lictor]] (G.I.L.) enrolled at a University, a Higher Institute, a Military Academy or Academy of the G.I.L. Each G.U.F. has sections of graduates and graduates, a Foreign Students Section and a Women's Section, which included university students, graduates and graduates up to the age of 27.


=== Functions ===
=== Functions ===
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== See also ==
== See also ==
* [[Education in Italy]]
* [[Education in Italy]]
* [[Italian Youth of the Lictor (Kingdom of Italy)]]


[[Category:Italy (Kingdom)]]
[[Category:Italy (Kingdom)]]

Latest revision as of 18:41, 1 July 2020

Higher education in Italy is mainly provided by a large network of public and state-affiliated universities. State-run universities of Italy are under the supervision of Italian's Ministry of National Education. There is also a number of private universities and state-run post-secondary educational centres providing a vocational instruction.
All Degrees require for enrollment to hold a high school diploma or an equivalent qualification; most degrees are at nationwide programmed access. The title that comes with the degree is that of Doctor. The qualification allows the enrollment of trade registers, allows access to the first and second level masters and, in general, the inclusion in high-skilled workplaces.
Universities in Italy can be divided into 4 groups:

  • State-funded public universities: this category comprises most of Italian university, particularly the largest institutions.
  • Universities funded by other public authority (other than the state, such as Provinces).
  • Private universities officially recognized by the Ministry of National Education.
  • Superior graduate schools, which focus only on postgraduate education.

Universities are "institutions of high culture", as well as bodies in charge of higher education consisting of a group of scientific structures aimed at teaching and scientific research, which are part of the Italian corporate public administration. Universities, which may be public but also private (as long as they are recognized and accredited), confer qualifications (academic qualifications) that are obtained following the attendance of a degree course at one of the Italian universities. Universities are non-economic public bodies.

The universities elect their own representatives within the National University Council (Consiglio Universitario Nazionale), which in turn is composed of the National Council of Rectors (Consiglio Nazionale dei Rettori) and the National Council of University Students (Consiglio Nazionale degli Studenti Universitari). All three bodies are advisory bodies of the Ministry of National Education.

Governance

The organs of state universities are established and regulated by law. The University are presided and managed by the Rector, the Board of Directors and by the Academic Senate. The universities are then divided into one or more University Faculties, each with its own departments, Degree Courses and individual teachings. The Faculty Councils (joint teacher-student committees) work at the Faculties, while the Degree Course Boards operate at the Degree Courses.

Rector

At the top of the organization there is the Magnificent Rector, the monocratic organ which presides and directs the University, officially represents the University, convenes and presides over the Academic Senate and the Board of Directors, exercises disciplinary action on teachers, students and technical-administrative staff. The Rector has the task of supervising the educational, scientific and service structures, giving the appropriate directives.

The administrative and disciplinary management is entrusted to the Rector, who avails himself of the Board of Directors, and is assisted by the Academic Senate. The rector is a member and the president by right of the academic senate and of the board of directors.

The rector proposes to the Minister of National Education the three-year planning document; proposes to the Academic Senate the annual and three-year forecast budget and the final account, in addition to the appointment of the director-general of the technical-administrative staff. The Rector also issues decrees, regulations and statutes and has the initiative of disciplinary proceedings and carries out any other function not expressly attributed by the statute or the law to other bodies.

The Magnificent Rector is elected from the full professors in service at Italian universities and approved by the Minister of National Education. The Magnificent Rector remains in office for a six-year, non-renewable term. A professor from another university can also be elected who, due to the election, is transferred to the new location. The active electorate is restricted to full professors and to representatives of technical-administrative staff and of students.

The rector can appoint, among the full professors, Prorectors and Vicerectors, according to the Statute of each University. Prorectors and vice-rectors receive mandates from the rector on specific subjects.

Academic Senate

The Academic Senate is the collegiate body of a university. The Academic Senate participates in the government of the university with a consultative but influential role, also because of the representativeness of its composition. The Academic Senate is made up of the Rector (who presides over it), Faculty Deans, Department Directors, Degree Program Deans, a variable number of representatives of full professors, elected in order to respect the different scientific areas disciplinary of the university, and the representation of the university students.
The academic senate formulates mandatory proposals and opinions on teaching, research and student services, also with reference to the University's three-year planning document, as well as activation, modification or suppression of courses, locations, faculties, departments, can express an opinion on the annual and three-year budget and on the university's final balance, it approves the university regulations and the regulations, as well as the code of ethics, performs the functions of coordinating faculties.

Autonomy of the universities

University autonomy provides statutory and regulatory autonomy and, partially, didactic autonomy. Financial autonomy, on the other hand, is very limited.
The didactic autonomy introduced allows individual universities and collegiate bodies to establish the name of the study courses, the criteria for access to study courses not regulated at national level, the type of educational activities and the corresponding number of university educational credits , the modality of carrying out curricular activities of a professionalizing type. The individual courses are structured by the universities autonomously, with the Ministry's address and control. On the basis of the information received, it is up to the university regulations to define the value in terms of training credits, various subjects, the exact denomination of the degree programs, the characteristics of the final exam.

Structure

The course of university education is governed by R.D. June 4, 1938, no. 1269 and subsequent amendments and additions. The Degree (Italian: Laurea) can be obtained at the end of a four, five or six year study cycle depending on the discipline studied. The fundamental characteristic of the Fascist University is that it is conceived and designed to be attended only by the intellectual elite of the nation.

University Credits

Degree programs include a variable number of exams, in turn evaluated in University Credits (Credito Universitario; one Credit for 30 hours of required work, both lessnons and studying). Each year of the course consists of no less than 60 University Credits, but often much more. University credit (often abbreviated in C.U.) is a method used in Italian universities to measure the student's workload required. Each university exam is associated with a number of Credits, which estimate the required engagement; conventionally 1 credit is 30 hours of personal work (regardless of whether this is done as a personal study or as a frequency at labs or lessons). Graduation usually requires 60 Credits per year (240 Credits for the four-year cycle). Formative credits can only be acquired by passing exams.

Courses

In order to be admitted to any university course, the student must have passed the Upper Middle School Diploma of the correct type. Most courses are Nationwide Programmed Access Courses (Corsi ad Accesso Programmato a Livello Nazionale, C.A.PRO.LI.N., usually referred to as "Corsi CAPROLIN" i.e. "CAPROLIN Courses"). Admission to CAPROLIN Courses is possible as a result of the passing of specific general education tests, which the Ministry of Education defines modes and contents.
Usually, lessons begin on the first week of November and run for 32 weeks ("annual" courses, actually 8 months), 28 weeks ("semester" courses, actually 7 months), or 14 weeks ("quarterly" courses). Courses are complex and rigorous, exam is generally difficult.
Each exam is strictly composed of the written test and the oral examination (after passing the written test). The Examination Boards are composed of three, five or seven members each, of whom at least the President must be an Ordinary Professor. The vote is expressed on a scale ranging from 0 to 30. To pass the exam, 18 is the minimum vote, while "30&Lode" is the maximum vote. If the Examination Board is composed of 3 members, each member expresses his/her personal evaluation in tenths. The final vote is composed of the sum of the three partial votes. If the Examination Board is composed of five or seven members (combined exams only), each member expresses his/her own vote on the scale from 0 to 30. In this case, the final vote is composed of the mathematical average of the votes. In all cases, the Lode is granted by the Presiding professor.
Every year for every course, three examinations are scheduled for the summer session (June to August), three in the autumn session (September to November), one or two in the winter session (February). The difficulty of exam is protected because the widespread orientation is to think that a difficult exam helps the student to commit to give the best, spurring him to study in depth and never take something for granted.

Courses classes

The Courses classes in Italy are groupings, identified with ministerial decrees, of the courses of study of Italian universities. The common educational objectives consist of a range of University Credits distributed in scientific-disciplinary sectors defined at national level by class tables, while the universities are partly free to determine, in the ordering of their courses, the distribution of the remaining credits. For the purposes of professional qualifications, public competitions and legal recognition, different courses belonging to the same degree group are considered equivalent. In 2015, there were 69 Degree Classes:

  • Class of Degrees in Biotechnology: L-001;
  • Class of Degrees in Biology: L-002;
  • Class of Degrees in Geography: L-003;
  • Class of Degrees in Geology: L-004;
  • Class of Degrees in Mathematics: L-005;
  • Class of Degrees in Physics: L-006;
  • Class of Degrees in Natural Sciences: L-007;
  • Class of Degrees in Food Sciences: L-008;
  • Class of Degrees in Astronomy: L-009;
  • Class of Degrees in Aerospace and Astronautical Engineering: L-010;
  • Class of Degrees in Medical Engineering: L-011;
  • Class of Degrees in Chemical Engineering: L-012;
  • Class of Degrees in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering: L-013;
  • Class of Degrees in Safety Engineering: L-014;
  • Class of Degrees in Telecommunications Engineering: L-015;
  • Class of Degrees in Electrical Engineering: L-016;
  • Class of Degrees in Electronic Engineering: L-017;
  • Class of Degrees in Energy and Nuclear Engineering: L-018;
  • Class of Degrees in Computer Engineering: L-019;
  • Class of Degrees in Naval Engineering: L-020;
  • Class of Degrees in Engineering for the environment and the territory: L-021;
  • Class of Degrees in Science and Materials Engineering: L-022;
  • Class of Degrees in Industrial Design: L-023;
  • Class of Degrees in Civil Engineering: L-024;
  • Class of Degrees in Environmental Engineering: L-025;
  • Class of Degrees in Information Engineering: L-026;
  • Class of Degrees in Territorial Planning: L-027;
  • Class of Degrees in Construction Engineering: L-028;
  • Class of Degrees in Architecture: L-029;
  • Class of Degrees in Philosophy: L-030;
  • Class of Degrees in Ancient Letters: L-031;
  • Class of Degrees in Modern Literature: L-032;
  • Class of Degrees in History: L-033;
  • Class of Degrees in Foreign languages: L-034;
  • Class of Degrees in Cultural Anthropology and Ethnology: L-035;
  • Class of Degrees in Archeology: L-036;
  • Class of Degrees in Librarianship: L-037;
  • Class of Degrees in Philology: L-038;
  • Class of Degrees in Tourism Sciences;
  • Class of Degrees in Conservation of cultural heritage: L-039;
  • Class of Degrees in History of Art: L-040;
  • Class of Degrees in Administration and Organisational Sciences: L-041;
  • Class of Degrees in Political Sciences: L-042;
  • Class of Degrees in Sociology: L-043;
  • Class of Degrees in Defence and Security Sciences: L-044;
  • Class of Degrees in Criminological and Security Sciences: L-045;
  • Class of Degrees in Jurisprudence: L-046;
  • Class of Degrees in Social Service and Social Policies: L-047;
  • Class of Degrees in Undertaking Administration: L-048;
  • Class of Degrees in Economics: L-049;
  • Class of degrees in Actuarial and financial statistics: L-050;
  • Class of Degrees in Economics and Finance: L-051;
  • Class of Degrees in Pedagogy: L-052;
  • Class of Degrees in Communication Sciences: L-053;
  • Class of Degrees in Psychology: L-054;
  • Class of Degrees in Forest Sciences and Technologies: L-055;
  • Class of Degrees in Agricultural Sciences and Technologies: L-056;
  • Class of Degrees in Chemistry: L-057;
  • Class of Degrees in Pharmacy and Industrial Pharmacy: L-058;
  • Class of Degrees in Computer Sciences and Technologies: L-059;
  • Class of Degrees in Zootechnics: L-060;
  • Class of Degrees in Linguistics: L-061;
  • Class of Degrees in Medicine and Surgery: L-061;
  • Class of Degrees in Veterinary Medicine: L-062;
  • Class of Degrees in Dentistry: L-063;
  • Class of Degrees in Applied Mathematics: L-064;
  • Class of Degrees in Religious Studies: L-065;
  • Class of Degrees in Computer Security: L-066;
  • Class of Degrees in Specialised Translation and Interpreting: L-067;
  • Class of Degrees in Oriental and Asiatic Studies: L-068;
  • Class of Degrees in Mediterranean and African Studies: L-069;
  • Class of Degrees in American Studies: L-070.

Professional higher education

Higher education in Italy is mainly covered by universities and superior graduate schools, with almost no professional or vocational school following the secondary education. This is considered a weak point of the Italian post-secondary education.[8] However, Italian system provides a few vocational schools and courses. There are two main vocational paths after having obtained a secondary degree: those courses called "Higher technical training and education" (Istruzione e Formazione Tecnica Superiore, I.Fo.T.S.), and the "Higher technical institutes" (Istituti Tecnici Superiori, I.Te.S.).
I.Fo.T.S. were established in the late 1990s and are managed on regional basis by the relevant Corporatist Council. An IFTS course lasts between 1 and 2 years and it is usually strictly connected with a secondary school specialised in the same field of studies. I.Te.S. courses, created in 2000, last 2 years and are managed by a secondary institute in collaboration with local universities or institutions.

Superior Graduate Schools

The Superior Graduate School (Scuola Superiore Universitaria) offer recognized national and international titles, including the Diploma di Perfezionamento equivalent to a Doctorate, Dottorato di Ricerca i.e. Research Doctorate or Doctor Philosophiae i.e. Ph.D. and are recognized by the Ministry of National Education as autonomous. There are three Superior Graduate Schools with "university status", three institutes with the status of Doctoral Colleges, which function at graduate and post-graduate level.

List of universities

Name Original name Headquarters Public/private Students Est.
University of Bari Università degli Studi di Bari Bari public 51,167 1925
Polytechnic University of Bari Politecnico di Bari Bari public 10,101 1990
University of Sannio Università del Sannio Benevento public 6,320 1998
University of Bologna Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna Bologna public 77,691 1088
University of Food Sciences Università degli Studi di Scienze Alimentari Bra corporation 260 2004
University of Brescia Università degli Studi di Brescia Brescia public 14,466 1982
University of Cagliari Università degli Studi di Cagliari Cagliari public 28,415 1606
University of Camerino Università di Camerino Camerino public 25,415 1336
University of Molise Università degli Studi del Molise Campobasso public 7,735 1982
University of Cassino Università degli Studi di Cassino Cassino public 8,990 1979
University of Catania Università degli Studi di Catania Catania public 50,080 1434
D'Annunzio University of Università degli Studi "Gabriele D'Annunzio" di Pescara Pescara public 29,980 1960
University of Ferrara Università degli Studi di Ferrara Ferrara public 15,803 1391
University of Florence Università degli Studi di Firenze Florence public 50,173 1321
University of Foggia Università degli Studi di Foggia Foggia public 9,683 1999
University of Genoa Università degli Studi di Genova Genoa public 33,659 1481
University of Salento Università degli Studi del Salento Lecce public 20,110 1955
University of Macerata Università degli Studi di Macerata Macerata public 9,837 1290
University of Messina Università degli Studi di Messina Messina public 28,143 1548
University of Milan Università degli Studi di Milano Milan public 93,047 1924
Polytechnic University of Milan Politecnico di Milano Milan public 40,833 1863
Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore Milan private 37,560 1921
University of Modena and Reggio Emilia Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia Modena, Reggio Emilia public 19,931 1175
University of Naples Federico II Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II" Naples public 83,542 1224
University of Naples of Oriental Studies Università degli Studi di Napoli "L'Orientale" Naples public 10,163 1732
Suor Orsola Benincasa University of Naples Università degli Studi Suor Orsola Benincasa - Napoli Naples private 8,898 1864
University of Padua Università degli Studi di Padova Padua public 82,317 1222
University of Palermo Università degli Studi di Palermo Palermo public 46,074 1806
University of Parma Università degli Studi di Parma Parma public 26,540 1117
University of Pavia Università degli Studi di Pavia Pavia public 21,965 1361
University of Perugia Università degli Studi di Perugia Perugia public 24,962 1308
University of Pisa Università degli Studi di Pisa Pisa public 50,114 1343
Scuola Normale Superiore Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa Pisa public 1810
Potenza University Università degli Studi di Potenza Potenza public 7,716 1982
University of Reggio Calabria Università degli Studi "Mediterranea" di Reggio Reggio Calabria public 5,651 1968
University of Corenza Università di Cosenza Cosenza public 31,724 1972
Sapienza University of Rome Sapienza Università di Roma Rome public 137,507 1303
Foro Mussolini University of Rome Università degli Studi di Roma "Foro Mussolini" Rome public 2,177 1998
Corporative University of Rome Università Corporativa di Roma Rome private 7,853 1974
Marconi University Università degli Studi Guglielmo Marconi Rome public 15,633 2004
University of Sassari Università degli Studi di Sassari Sassari public 13,561 1562
University of Siena Università degli Studi di Siena Siena public 16,580 1240
University of Trento Università degli Studi di Trento Trento public 16,682 1962
University of Trieste Università degli Studi di Trieste Trieste public 16,996 1924
University of Turin Università degli Studi di Torino Turin public 64,457 1404
Politecnico di Torino Politecnico di Torino Turin public 29,255 1859
University of Urbino Università degli Studi di Urbino "Carlo Bo" Urbino public 13,588 1506
Ca' Foscari University of Venice Università "Cà Foscari" di Venezia Venice public 18,868 1868
Iuav University of Venice Università Iuav di Venezia Venice public 5,016 1926
Tuscia University Università degli Studi della Tuscia Viterbo public 7,336 1979

Directorate General for University Education

The Directorate General for University Education (Italian: Direzione Generale per l'Istruzione Universitaria) carries out the functions of management and control of general university education and higher education. The organisation deals with the planning and planning of the university system, with the functions of direction, supervision and coordination, with the provision of regulations and funding of universities and institutions of high artistic education. The Directorate General directs the orientation of incoming and outgoing university students, disciplines and directs access systems and training paths. In addition, the Directorate General is constantly in touch with the General Directorates of Classical Education and Teaching in order to facilitate the connection between schools and the university.
In order to accomplish these tasks, the Directorate-General is subdivided into two Central Offices and four Divisions, grouping in turn 21 Offices.

  • Central Office I - General Affairs and Planning
  • Central Office II - Data management and support activities
  • Division I - Institutional Relations
    • Office I - Supporting regulatory coordination activities in matters pertaining to the Management.
    • Office II - Control of statutes and general regulations of Universities and Institutes of Higher Education
    • Office III - inisterial appointments
    • Office IV - Relations with the Ministry of Corporations
  • Division II - Plans
    • Office I - Institution and accreditation of higher education institutions operating on national territory.
    • Office II - Multi-year programming
    • Office III - Resources allocation plan
  • Division III - University Professors
    • Office I - National competitions
    • Office II - Local contract control
    • Office III - Foreign careers assessment
    • Office IV - Disciplinary Commissions for the Confirmation of Professors
    • Office V - Granting national scientific approval.
    • Office VI - Direct national contracts
    • Office VII - Professors emeritus and degrees honoris causaam.
    • Office VIII - Social security
  • Division IV - Students and Courses
    • Office I - Regulations and didactic arrangements
    • Office II - Accreditation of university courses
    • Office III - Recognition of foreign qualifications
    • Office IV - Protection of academic titles
    • Office V - Certification of Italian academic qualifications abroad.
    • Office VI - Access to closed number courses

Fascist University Groups

The Fascist University Groups (Gruppi Universitari Fascisti, G.U.F.) are the university branch of the National Fascist Party. G.U.F. are voluntary enrollment groups. This includes university students (up to 27 years of age) who come from the Italian Youth of the Lictor (G.I.L.) enrolled at a University, a Higher Institute, a Military Academy or Academy of the G.I.L. Each G.U.F. has sections of graduates and graduates, a Foreign Students Section and a Women's Section, which included university students, graduates and graduates up to the age of 27.

Functions

The GUFs are engaged in political and cultural activities, sports activities and welfare activities. Political-cultural activities aim to prepare and select young people to make them serve in the Regime. They are carried out through the Fascist School of Mysticism, which organizes and coordinates courses in political, Prelittorial and Littoriale preparation for culture, art and work, the experimental Theater of the G.U.F., film, radio and university press sections. The sporting activities consist of the organization of Agonali, Littoriali of the sport, Weeks Alpinistiche and Marinare, while the care activities are carried out through houses and canteens of the student and medical surgeries reserved for the needy students.

See also