Nobility of the Russian Empire (Rossyiah)

The Russian nobility (Russian: дворянство; dvoryanstvo) originated in the 14th century. In 1914 it consisted of approximately 1,900,000 members (about 1.1% of the population).

The noble estates staff a major part of the Russian government; this is also due to acquisition of nobility after a certain rank in the civil or military service.

The Russian word for nobility, dvoryanstvo (дворянство), derives from Slavonic dvor (двор), meaning the court of a prince (Kniaz), and later, of the Tsar or of the Emperor. Here, dvor originally referred to servants at the estate of an aristocrat. In the late 16th and early 17th centuries, the word dvoryane described the highest rank of gentry. A nobleman is called a Dvoryanin (plural: Dvoryane). Russia fully embraces the concept that nobility connotes a status or social category rather than a title. However, since 18th Century, the title of the nobleman have become a formal status.

The Russian imperial nobility is multi-ethnic. Native non-Russians such as the Poles, Georgians, Lithuanians, Tatars, and Germans form a significant part of the noble estate.

Organization

Nobility is transferred by inheritance or is bestowed by a fount of honour, i.e. the sovereign of the Russian Empire, and is ranked as per below, with those of the highest noble prestige ranked first.

• Ancient nobility (descendants from Middle Ages)
• Titled nobility:
  • Prince (Knyaz Князь): e.g. Prince Potemkin or Prince Felix Yusupov
  • Count (graf Граф): e.g. Count Tolstoy
  • Baron (baron Барон): e.g. Baron Pahlen
• Hereditary nobility: inherited by all legitimate male-line descendants of a nobleman
• Personal nobility: granted for the life of the recipient only

Unlike the ancient nobility, which is exclusively hereditary, the remaining classes of nobility may be acquired. Until early 19th Century, a newly designated noble was usually entitled to landownership. In later Imperial Russia, higher ranks of state service (see Table of Ranks) were automatically granted nobility, not necessarily associated with land ownership.

Titled nobility

Titled nobility (Russian: титулованное дворянство) is the highest category: those who have titles such as Prince, Count and Baron. The latter two titles were introduced by Peter the Great. A Baron or Count may be either proprietary — whose family owned estates provided with serf prior 1864 in the Russian Empire —or titular - only endowed with a rank or title.

Hereditary nobility

Hereditary nobility (Russian: потомственное дворянство) is transferred to wife, children, and further direct legal descendants along the male (agnatic) line. In exceptional cases, the Tsar may transfer nobility along indirect or female lines, e.g., to preserve a notable family name.

Personal nobility

Personal nobility (Russian: личное дворянство) may, for instance, be acquired by admission to orders of knighthood of the Russian Empire. It is transferable only to the wife.

Estateless nobility

Estateless nobility (Russian: беспоместное дворянство) is nobility acquired by state service, but without a grant of land.

Ancient nobility

In addition, the ancient nobility (Russian: Древнее дворянство) is recognised, descendants of Rurik, Gediminas and historical Boyars and Knyazes, e.g., the Shuyskies, Galitzins, Naryshkins, Khilkoffs, Gorchakovs, Belosselsky-Belozerskys and Chelyadnins.

Privileges

Russian nobility possesses the following privileges:

• Style, that varied by rank: The High Born (Russian: ваше высокородие), The High and Well Born (Russian: ваше высокоблагородие), The Well Born (Russian: ваше благородие), etc.
• The right to enter specially designated educational institutions, such as Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum, Imperial School of Jurisprudence and Page Corps.
• Freedom from corporal punishment.
• The right to bear and use a coat of arms.

Noble titles of the Russian Empire

Peter and his successors streamlined the stratification of the Russian nobility, adopting European-style titles such as Count and Baron and discontinuing the archaic titles of Boyars. The Russian system of noble titles evolved into its final form:

Noble titles of the Russian Empire

Title	Crown	Application	Style of Address
Tsar of Russia His Imperial Majesty The Tsar and Autocrat of All Russia (Его Императорское Величество Государь Император и Самодержец Всероссийский)		The ruler of the Russian Empire and its constituent entities.	Your Imperial Majesty (Ваше Императорское Величество)
Tsesarevich His Imperial Highness The Lord Heir Tsesarevich and Grand Duke (Его Императорское Высочество Государь Наследник Цесаревич и Великий Князь) *		Heir apparent of the Russian Empire.	Your Imperial Highness (Ваше Императорское Высочество)
Grand Duke His Imperial Highness The Grand Duke (Его Императорское Высочество Великий Князь) *		Sons and grandsons of Romanov emperors. Each Grand Duke receives a wealthy state pension from the state budget and enjoys other high privileges.	Your Imperial Highness (Ваше Императорское Высочество)
Prince of the Blood Imperial His Highness the Prince Firstname Patronymic of the Blood Imperial (Его Высочество Князь Крови Императорской)		Introduced by Alexander III on January 24, 1885 in order to reduce the number of Grand Dukes. The male-line great-grandchildren of the Romanov emperors and their male-line descendants were titled Prince of the Blood Imperial to distinguish them from those of the noble Russian families titled simply Prince.	Your Highness (Ваше Высочество)
Prince His Serenity The Prince (Его Сиятельство Князь) *			Your Serenity (Ваше Сиятельство)
Count His Serenity the Count (Его Сиятельство Граф)			Your Serenity (Ваше Сиятельство)
Baron The Well Born Baron (Его Благородие Барон)		There were landed and landless barons in the Russian Empire.	The Well Born (Ваше Благородие)
Dvoryanin / Pomeshchik		The lowest ranks of hereditary nobility. Dvoryanin comes from dvor (the court of a ruler or a high nobleman). Originally these were free commoners in the service of noblemen who also had serfs. Pomeshchiks are the landed gentry.	Your Well Born (Ваше Благородие)
Baltic knights		Baltic Noble Corporations of Courland, Livonia, Estonia, and Ösel were medieval fiefdoms formed by German nobles in the 13th century in vassalage to the Teutonic Knights or Denmark. The territories continued to have semi-autonomous status from 16th to early 20th century under Swedish and Russian rule. The dukes, princes, counts, and barons of Courlandish, Livonian, Estonian and Oesel extraction were gradually absorbed into the Russian nobility due to their services to the realm. The Russian medieval equivalent of knights (the armored boyars, the vityazes) was ultimately abolished by the reforms of Peter the Great. The ethnically German knights of Baltic extraction retained their social prominence and equalled the Russian Pomeshchiks due to their wealth and lands.	Your Well Born (Ваше Благородие)
* The Russian Empire used the traditional Slavic title Knyaz, usually translated as "prince" in Western European traditions.

Foreign noble titles in use within the Russian Empire

Title	Crown	Application	Style of Address
Duke His Highness the Duke (Его Светлость Герцог) *		Applied to some French and German relatives of the Romanov dynasty. Also used by dukes in Russian service, which were bestowed with ducal dignity by other monarchs and therefore did not officially belong to the Russian nobility.	Your Grace (Ваша Светлость)
Marquis His Serenity The Marquis (Его Сиятельство Маркиз)		Used by marquises residing in Russia and/or in Russian service, which were bestowed with marquisal dignity by other monarchs and therefore technically did not belong to the Russian nobility.	Your Serenity (Ваше Сиятельство)
* Upon the death of Elizabeth of Russia]], the male Romanov line was extinguished, and the Russian throne was inherited by Karl Peter Ulrich von Oldenburg, the heir apparent of the Duchy of Holstein-Gottorp. With that event, the ruling dynasty of the Russian Empire became the House of Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov. As there were some nobles with titles and estates in both the Russian and Holy Roman Empires, Russia adopted the German form Herzog or "Gertsog" (Герцог), instead of the French Duc or its English form Duke.

Acquisition

Hereditary nobility may be achieved by Imperial grant to individuals or families, by attaining a certain military or civil officer's rank while in active service and by being awarded an order of chivalry of the Russian Empire.
Hereditary nobility is given to military officers who achieve the 9th rank of Colonel/Captain 1st rank and equal civilian rank and to any person who is awarded the Order of Saint George of any class, the Order of Saint Vladimir of any class or the Order of Saint Catherine of any class, or any order of the Russian Empire of the first class.
Personal nobility may be acquired by Imperial grant, by attaining the military rank of Junior Lieutenant or equivalent and their equivalent civilian rank or by being awarded the orders of the Russian Empire unless those gave hereditary nobility.

See also

• Table of Ranks (Rossyiah)