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{{Infobox political party
{{Infobox military conflict
| name = New Republican Movement
| conflict    = Dezevauni-Zorasani War
| native_name = Nuovo Movimento Repubblicano
| width      =  
| logo = Logo of the Nuovo Movimento Repubblicano.png
| partof      =  
| logo_size = 190px
| image      = Battle_of_khorramshahr_2.jpg
| logo_alt =
| image_size  =
| caption =
| alt        =
| colorcode = #000000
| caption    =  
| abbreviation = '''NMR'''
| date        = 3 April 1976 - 20 October 1977
| leader =
| place       = [[Gaunhijia (state)|Gaunhijia state]], [[Lake Zindarud]], [[Ninevah]], [[Noagiabe (state)|Noagiabe state]], [[Noavanau (state)|Noavanau state]]
| president =
| coordinates = <!--Use the {{coord}} template -->
| chairperson =       <!-- or | chairman = -->
| map_type    =  
| general_secretary =
| map_relief  =  
| first_secretary =
| map_size    =  
| secretary_general =
| map_marksize =  
| presidium =
| map_caption =  
| standing_committee =
| map_label  =  
| secretary =
| territory  =  
| spokesperson =     <!-- or | spokesman = -->
| result      = TBD
| leader1_title = Leader
| status      =  
| leader1_name = [[Giorgio Garafola]]<br/>[[Giosuè Fioriti]]<br/>[[Goran Jurić]]
| combatants_header =  
| leader2_title =  
| combatant1  = {{flag|Dezevau}}
| leader2_name =  
| combatant2  = {{flagicon_image|Flag of the NRP.png}} [[Union of Khazestan and Pardaran]]
| leader3_title =  
| combatant3  =  
| leader3_name =  
| commander1  = {{flagicon|Dezevau}} [[Congress of Twenties]]<br/>someone someone
| leader4_title =  
| commander2  = {{flagicon_image|Flag of the NRP.png}} [[Abdullah al-Atassi]]<br/>(Supreme Leader of the Union)<br/>{{flagicon_image|Flag of the NRP.png}} [[Majjid Ilkhanizada]] (First Minister of the Union)<br/> {{flagicon_image|Flag of the NRP.png}} [[Khadem al-Qubaisi]]<br/>(Commander-in-Chief of the Zorasani Revolutionary Army)<br/>{{flagicon_image|Flag of the NRP.png}} [[Hossein Rashadzadeh]]<br/>(CiC of the 3rd Banner Army)
| leader4_name =  
| commander3  =  
| leader5_title =  
| units1      =  
| leader5_name =  
| units2      =  
| founder =          <!-- or | founders = -->
| units3      =  
| founded = {{start date|1947|03|15}}
| strength1  = {{flagicon|Dezevau}} 65,000
| registered =
| strength2  = {{flagicon_image|Flag of the NRP.png}} 80,000
| legalised =
| strength3  =  
| dissolved = {{start date|1986|10|09}}
| casualties1 =  
| merger = [[National Solarian Party]]<br/>[[Etrurian Patriotic Worker's Party]]
| casualties2 = '''Zorasani sources:'''<br/>1,043 killed<br/>2,555 injured<br/>111 missing or captured
| split =  
| casualties3 =  
| predecessor =  
| notes      =  
| merged =
| campaignbox =  
| successor = [[National Democratic Party (Etruria)|National Democratic Party]]<br/>[[Social Party-Caccio]]<br/>[[National League for Etruria]]
| headquarters = [[Palazzo  Maschera]], [[Solaria]]
| newspaper = ''La Fiamma''<br><small>(''The Flame'')</small>
| think_tank =
| student_wing =
| youth_wing = [[New Republican Youth|Nuova Gioventù Repubblicana]] ("New Republican Youth")
| womens_wing =
| wing1_title = {{wp|Paramilitary}}
| wing1 = [[Custodes]] ''(alleged)''
| wing2_title =
| wing2 =
| wing3_title =
| wing3 =
| wing4_title =
| wing4 =
| membership_year =
| membership = 405,302 (1986)<br/>849,500 (peak, 1958)
| ideology = [[Etruria|Etrurian nationalism]]<br/>[[National Solarianism|Neo-national solarianism]]<br/>[[Functionalism|Neo-functionalism]]<br/>{{wp|National conservatism}}
| position = {{wp|Right-wing politics|Right-wing}} to {{wp|Far-right politics|Far-right}}
| religion = [[Solarian Catholicism]]
| national =
| regional =          <!-- or | regional affiliation = -->
| european =  
| continental =       <!-- or | continental affiliation = -->
| international =  
| europarl =  
| affiliation1_title =
| affiliation1 =
| affiliation2_title =
| affiliation2 =
| colours = {{colorbox|#000000}} black
| slogan =
| anthem = [[Etruria|Bandiera Tricolore]]<br><small>"Tricoloured Flag"</small><br>
[[File:MediaPlayer.png|link=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IY0NwMrEL6c|125px]]
| blank1_title =  
| blank1 =  
| blank2_title =  
| blank2 =
| blank3_title =
| blank3 =
| blank4_title =
| blank4 =
| seats1_title =
| seats1 =            <!-- {{Infobox political party/seats|50|100|hex=#ff0000}} -->
| seats2_title =
| seats2 =
| seats3_title =
| seats3 =
| seats4_title =      <!-- up to | seats11_title = -->
| seats4 =            <!-- up to | seats11 = -->
| symbol =  
| flag =
| flag_title =
| flag_alt =
| website =
| country = Etruria
| country_dab1 = Etruria
| parties_dab1 =
| elections_dab1 =
| country2 =
| country_dab2 =
| parties_dab2 =
| elections_dab2 =  
| footnotes =  
}}
}}
The '''New Republican Movement''' ({{wp|Italian|Vespasian}}: Nuovo Movimento Repubblicano), also known by the abbreviation '''NMR''', was a {{wp|far-right politics|far-right}} [[Etruria|Etrurian nationalist party]] that existed from 1947 to 1986. It officially declared itself a "patriotic {{wp|national conservatism|national conservative}} party" but espoused policies and ideologies closer to {{wp|nationalism}}, [[Functionalism|Neo-Functionalism]] and [[National Solarianism|Neo-National Solarianism]]. The NMR played a pivotal role during the [[Etrurian Third Republic]] and its support for the [[1960 Etrurian coup d’état]] led to many of its promiment members being given positions in the subsequent [[Military dictatorship in Etruria|military junta]]. It is widely accredited for the rehabilitation of the Etrurian far-right in the post-Solarian War period and the failure of Etruria coming to terms with its far-right past and historic war crimes.
Established in 1947 through the merge of the [[National Solarian Party]] and [[Etrurian Patriotic Worker's Party]]; two successor parties to the [[Revolutionary Legion]], that ruled the [[Greater Solarian Republic]] (1938-1946). The establishment followed other parties who formed the same year in anticipation of the dissolution of the [[Community of Nations Mandate for Etruria|Community of Nations]]-led provisional government, and elections in late 1947. The establishment of the NMR caused controversy, owing to thread connecting the party with the Revolutionary Legion, despite this, the party was permitted by the provisional government in anticipation and expectation it would be exiled to the political fringe due to the legacy of the GSR and the [[Solarian War]].
In the [[1947 Etrurian general election]], the NMR under leader [[Giorgio Garafola]] won 19 seats, coming fifth in the vote, by advocating mostly a more statist approach to reconstruction and combatting the rise of far-left politics. Between 1948 and 1950, the NMR under Garafola restrained from following the immediate culture of opportunism and vicious inter-party fighting, regularly denouncing the chaotic legislature as “condemning Etrurian recovery.” The policy of the NMR “acting responsibly and respectably” in comparison to the other parties, greatly aided the party in securing soaring popularity. The endemic corruption of the Third Republic coupled with the crippling instability and weakness of successive governments led to the NMR rising to be one of the most powerful and influential entities in Etrurian politics by 1953.
In 1954, the NMR became the second largest party in that year’s [[1954 Etrurian general election|election]], winning 36 seats. In one of the most pivotal moments of the Third Republic era, the NMR, in exchange for supplying votes for the year’s budget, secured from President [[Ferdinando Grillo]], the dissolution of the [[National Tribunal for Historic War Crimes and Incidents]], a body established in 1946 to prosecute mid and low-level GSR officials for crimes against humanity. In 1955, the entered into coalition with parties aligned with Grillo and securing the revision of history textbooks, whitewashing the [[Solarian War]], passing a law criminalising accusation of crimes against humanity made by Etrurian citizens and lifted the ban on GSR-era symbols and images.
In late 1956, they abandoned the Grillo government, orchestrating its collapse and his removal from office by no-confidence vote due to his inability to confront the rising threat of far-left separatist movements in [[Carinthia (Etruria)|Carinthia]] and [[Novalia]]. Garafola led the NMR in becoming outspoken hawks on the [[Western Emergency]] and by 1958 began secretly advocating military rule. The pro-junta approach of Garafola secured the NMR’s leadership positions of power within the [[Military dictatorship in Etruria|military government]] (1960-1984). However, their allegiance and participation in the junta would lead to its rapid decline and eventual collapse following the restoration of democracy in 1984. In the elections held that year, the NMR failed to win a single seat. The same year, it fractured into the [[National Democratic Party (Etruria)|National Democratic Party]], [[Social Party-Caccio]], [[National League for Etruria]].
== History ==
=== Formation ===
In wake of the collapse of the [[Greater Solarian Republic]] in 1946 and the ruling [[Revolutionary Legion]], many of its mid-level officials went into hiding, just as the highest-ranking members who survived the collapse, were arrested for war crimes by the [[Community of Nations]]. The near exclusive focus of the CN Coalition on apprehending high ranking officials, essentially preserved the Revolutionary Legion through its surviving members, many of whom established splinter parties in 1947.
[[File:Arturo Michelini.jpg|290px|thumb|left|[[Viktor Buzolic]], as leader of the [[National Solarian Party]] co-founded the NMR with [[Giorgio Garafola]].]]
These parties became rallying points for former Revolutionary Legionnaires, war veterans and sympathetic urban and rural workers. In an effort to avoid undue attention from the CN-Provisional government, these parties were outwardly national conservative or Sotirian Democratic. The two main parties to emerge in 1947 as viable entities on the far-right were the [[National Solarian Party]] and the [[Etrurian Patriotic Worker’s Party]], led by [[Viktor Buzolic]] and [[Giorgio Garafola]] respectively. The establishment of the [[United Socialist Worker’s Party (Etruria)|United Socialist Worker’s Party]] in February 1947, as a umbrella party for the various hard-left and far-left parties in Etruria’s states, so deeply disturbed Buzolic and Garafola they overcame historical and personal animosity to establish the New Republican Movement on 17 March 1947 during a joint congress of both their respective parties.
The formation of a singular party though publicly centre-right, proved to be a lightning rod for former GSR supporters. Within a month, its membership exploded from 3,506 to over 100,000. In preparation for the 1947 elections, the NMR leadership formulated a strategy known as “Imitazione” (Imitation), which would see the NMR run in the year’s elections on a moderate platform, with focuses being on “equal and fair reconstruction, traditional values being restored and national unification from the anger and divisions caused by the GSR’s collapse.” Notably, both Buzolic and Garafola agreed to not put forward a presidential candidate, opting to focus on securing a foothold in the [[Senate of Etruria|Senate]].
=== 1947 Election ===
{{Main|1947 Etrurian general election}}
During the 1947 election, the NMR campaigned on confronting the “moral and social decline brought about by defeat”, while also offering limited if near constant criticism of the constitution set to come into force on 1 January 1948. However, during the election several NMR candidates made comments or statements indicative of the party’s pro-GSR and neo-functionalist nature, while they were reprimanded, in some regions, it proved beneficial. The party, however, was harmed in terms of support with sporadic incidents of violence between its activists and those of the [[United Socialist Worker’s Party (Etruria)|United Socialist Worker’s Party]]. In one incident in [[San Alessandro]], two USWP activists were killed when NMR activists shot them with pistols, after the two USWP activists tore down an NMR poster.
The relative message discipline and the moderate platform while reducing the possibility of a crackdown by the provisional government, disappointed a large segment of what would be a fertile voter base, however, the party did succeed in reaching out strongly to Solarian War veterans who found themselves living in depravation and abject poverty, particularly in the cities of [[Veratia]], [[Palestrina]], [[Andora (Etruria)|Andora]], [[San Francesco]], [[Novalia]] and [[Torrazza]]. The party went on to win 6.6% of the vote (2.03 million votes) and 23 seats in the [[Chamber of the People (Etruria)|Chamber of the People]] and 2 seats in the [[Chamber of the States (Etruria)|Chamber of the States]], one from [[Il Dogado]] and the other from [[Veratia]]. Overall, the party came sixth, ahead of the [[United Socialist Worker’s Party (Etruria)|United Socialist Worker’s Party]], which won 19 seats.
=== 1947-1953 ===
Throughout the First Senate of the Third Republic (1947-1953), the NMR played a relatively cooperative role with the Zaparella-led legislative coalition (comprised of [[Democratic Action (Etruria)|Democratic Action]], the [[Democratic Worker’s Party (Etruria)|Democratic Worker’s Party]], with confidence and supply votes from [[Libertas]]). Though they often voted in support of the government, this was part of the wider Imitazione policy.
However, the NMR was the first party to lodge a vote of no confidence against Zaparella, when Libertas withdrew from his coalition following a personal scandal engulfing the President in 1950. The NMR vote passed 331-69, ending Zaparella’s presidency. The [[1950 Etrurian presidential election]] resulted in the election of [[Gabriele Rumor]] ([[Democratic Worker’s Party (Etruria)|Democratic Worker’s Party]]), who failed to secure a coalition with a majority. With the 1950 budget needing to be authorised and fearing that a second government crisis would enable the far-left, the NMR under Garafola successfully rallied the support of the [[Popular Republican Party]] and the two Sotirian parties; [[United Catholic League]] and the [[National Sotirian Workers Party]] to declare their intentions to pass the budget. The NMR’s pragmatic approach to the Rumor-led government in name of the “national interest” resulted in a significant boost to its public image and popularity, which in turn led to the party abandoning Imitazione and only embracing its post-functionalist credentials.
[[File:Romolo Arcangelo Quintiliani 1953.jpg|290px|thumb|right|Deputy Leader [[Romolo Arcangelo Quintiliani]] addressing supporters in [[Tyrrenhus]] during the [[1953 Etrurian general election|1953 election]].]]
Garafola was boosted also by the rise of a culture of party defections within the Senate. During the First Senate, lawmakers changed parties 119 times in total, often in exchange for monetary or personal benefit. As the number of seats held by the major parties fluctuated on a weekly basis, the stability and loyalty of the NMR, and to an equal extent its nemesis party, the [[United Socialist Worker’s Party (Etruria)|United Socialist Worker’s Party]], served to gain public trust. In a speech to supporters in April 1952, Garafola described the Senate as the “most vile place set upon this world, it is a gaping maw of the circles of hell, of which greed has unleashed its denizens, people we call Senators of the Federation.” However, when a group of Senators from the [[Farmers and Workers Union]] proposed a law prohibiting {{wp|crossing-the-floor}} outright, the NMR conference was whipped to vote against it, owing to the party leadership seeing it as a benefit to its public image in comparison to the fluid opposition.
It was also during the first senate that the party’s links to the [[Custodes]], a paramilitary group involved in often fatal violence against activists of the USWP and other far-left groups. In 1953, several NMR politicians at the state level in [[Veratia]] were investigated for supposed membership of the Custodes and the murder of [[Ronaldo Amate]], the left-wing mayor of San Giovanni su Marzio. Though the NMR politicians were later exonerated of any involvement, the incident set the precedent that would long plague the party.
In late 1952, a series of corruption scandals implicating the Democratic Worker’s Party, Democratic Action and the recently established [[People’s Popular Party (Etruria)|People’s Popular Party]] (from by a splinter group from [[Libertas]]) decimated the centre-left and centre. Within weeks, the NMR had agreed to a coalition agreement with [[Libertas]], of which was likely to win the presidency. Garafola told NMR lawmakers that the coalition agreement would save “Etruria from ruin.”
In early 1953, a crisis erupted around the Rumor-government over the year’s budget. Facing growing tensions within his coalition, particularly his reliance on the USWP, Rumor opted to provide concessions in the budget to maintain his hold on the Senate. Among the proposals was the establishment of a second National Economic Reconstruction Council to be dominated by Trade Unions, the nationalisation all mining companies and the removal of the three-week notice for strike action by government employees. Fearing this to be Rumor’s surrender to far-left radicals, the NMR immediately rejected the proposals and demanded his resignation. In a much referenced and lauded speech, the NMR’s deputy legislative leader, [[Romolo Arcangelo Quintiliani]] demanded the resignation of Gabriele Rumor saying, “if the President wishes to confirm his innocence of being a far-left agitator, then he should resign. If he refuses to do so, then let God protect him, for a storm shall be unleashed that will strip the Palazzo Orsini bare of his presence.” Facing the threat of a no-confidence vote, Rumor resigned and was succeeded by Deputy President [[Nicolo Pazzi]]. Rumor's resignation before a no-confidence vote could be tabled and passed, maintained the presidential term limit, denying Libertas the opportunity to take the Palazzo Orsini in 1953.
As the 1953 election approached, the NMR departed entirely from its previous policy of Imitazione and began to focus much of its strategy on vociferous criticism of the culture of unrestrained corruption and instability gripping the Third Republic. The widespread resentment and popular anger toward the federal government over consistent failures relating to post-Solarian War reconstruction and the deeply held view of Etrurian society suffering a social and moral decline, fed directly into the NMR and other parties. During the early 1950s, tensions in the western states of [[Carinthia (Etruria)|Carinthia]] and [[Novalia]] were worsening as popularity for left-wing nationalist groups and movements increased.
[[Giorgio Garafola|Garafola]] came under immense pressure to lift the party’s policy of not fielding a candidate in presidential elections, his own personal popularity was high, as was Quintiliani’s. During the 1952 Party Congress, Garafola and Quintiliani were forced to openly oppose calls for a presidential candidate, with Quintiliani tell delegates, “ours is not to rule, but ours is to protect. From the Senate we can protect the nation from the excesses of the rabid left, the criminally weak centre and the diabolically corrupt centre-right.”
Weeks before campaigning began in mid-1953, the NMR unleashed a torrent of criticism and vitriol both in public events and through a variety of printed materials, condemning the [[National Tribunal for Historic War Crimes and Incidents]], established by President Pazzi. The task of the Tribunal was to arrest and prosecute mid-level officials of the [[Greater Solarian Republic]] regime and members of the [[Revolutionary Legion]]. While the NMR condemned it as an “attack on veterans”, in truth it was in response to a direct threat to many of its own members and even leader. Much to the NMR’s relief, it had secured the support of Libertas in opposing the Tribunal, with Libertas criticising the Tribunal as a “detriment to national unity during harsh times.”
=== 1953 Election ===
The 1953 election was one of the most consequential of post-war Etrurian history. The election was defined by the widespread popular anger, resentment, and frustration at the entire political order of the Third Republic. Voters saw a state riddled with corruption, weakness, and impotence, both on reconstruction (economic development) and the rising political tensions in the western states. So severe was corruption in Etruria, that many public officials elected at the local and state level were outright members of the mafia and other organised criminal groups. At the federal level, [[Libertas]] was known to utilise its links with organised crime groups to fund its campaigns and to murder rivals or critics. The New Republican Movement, while having limited links to the mafia, was fuelling public anger and by the election, had all but abandoned any effort to avoid revealing its post-functionalist identity.
Garafola, eager not to endanger the coalition agreement with Libertas, focused much of his party’s vitriolic rhetoric against the Third Republic as a whole, the centrist and centre-left parties. Qunitiliani when dispatched to host rallies, defined the 1953 election as the “struggle between Etruria and God, against the Kirenian menace and its puppets.” In a series of posters and pamphlets, the NMR stated that any sizeable vote for the USWP and other far-left parties, would lead to “the inevitable coup by red agents, with the backing and nefarious finances of Amathia and Kirenia. Be brave and beat back the red tide.” Coupled with Libertas’ depiction of Etruria besieged by radicalist leftist groups, the NMR saw a colossal influx of funding and support from Etruria’s wealthy industrialist class.
[[File:NMR Poster 1954.png|290px|thumb|left|A widely used poster during the 1954 election.]]
The NMR’s reach expanded beyond its base in 1947, to now include religious working class and elements of the middle class, who saw the rise of far-left parties as a major threat to national stability. So pronounced was the fear of the far-left, coupled with unbridled anger at the state of the nation, that even as street violence between NMR-linked groups and those of the far-left clashed a daily basis, often with fatalities, its support didn’t decline or waver.
The NMR went into the election championing, anti-corruption, political reform, centralisation and a hard-line crackdown on far-left groups and movements. The NMR remained steadfast despite the controversy it caused with the slogan, “ten years ago this would never have happened!” in reference to the [[Greater Solarian Republic]]. In post-election analysis, many then and historians later agreed, that the failures of the Third Republic, the rise of radical leftist groups and the “obscene” level of corruption, gave way to a widespread yearning for the previous regime.
The 1953 legislative election transformed the Etrurian political landscape. The NMR came third with over 20% of the popular vote and gaining 50 seats in the [[Chamber of the People (Etruria)|Chamber of the People]], gaining 83 overall. It won eight seats in the [[Chamber of the States (Etruria)|Chamber of the States]] bringing its total to 10. With 6.94m votes, it was the largest result for a {{Wp|far-right}} political party in Etruria [[2016 Etrurian general election|until 2016]], when the [[Tribune Movement]] won over 15.7m votes.
=== 1953-1954 ===
Following the election, the NMR found itself as the third largest party and the second largest party of the right. President [[Niccolò Pazzi]], [[Democratic Worker’s Party (Etruria)|Democratic Worker’s Party]], saw his legislative coalition vanish. Garafola, together with [[Libertas]] leader, [[Coriolando Virgilio Rapisarda]] warned Pazzi not to establish a coalition with the left, including the [[United Socialist Workers Party (Etruria)|United Socialist Workers Party]], or the right would table a no-confidence vote. In exchange, the right offered Pazzi support for the 1954 budget.
Unlike the previous Senate, the degree of party defections declined significantly, mostly owing to the considerable gains made by left-wing parties, Libertas lawmakers felt compelled to remain loyal to the party through fear repeats of the 1947-53 senate would feed further into their rise. The NMR for its part, boasted the most disciplined and cohesive senatorial cohort of all the parties and used its position to exert significant legislative pressure on the [[National Tribunal for Historic War Crimes and Incidents]] and engineered the sacking of Director of [[Amministrazione Radiotelevisiva Etruriana|ARE]], the public broadcaster, after it removed the airing of the national anthem at set hours.
The NMR outside of the Senate coalesced around its newfound base, establishing various sub-groups and sub-societies. Notably, during this time, a large and growing number of police officers, military personnel and judges joined the party. Its links to the [[Custodes]] was regularly displayed in the left-leaning press, while the party issued attacks on those newspapers. As the political tensions in the Western States escalated, the NMR in [[Carinthia (Etruria)|Carinthia]] and [[Novalia]] joined numerous loyalist societies and groups in confronting the rise of separatism with often violent repercussions.
The [[Prefect of Veratia]] during the 1950s, [[Enrico Loredan]], officially an independent, though linked to the NMR, officially declared himself a member of the NMR on 4 July 1953, securing the NMR control over Etruria’s largest state. Following this, Loredan instituted a series of anti-trade union and anti-leftist reforms, expelling over 1,200 civil servants for links to the USWP. When this was taken to the Supreme Court of Cassation, the right-wing judges ruled in favour of the Prefect. Anti-Loredan protests erupted shortly after and were violently crushed by police and auxiliary army units.
From late 1953 until mid-1954, the NMR was directed by Garafola to assist [[Coriolando Virgilio Rapisparda]] in being elected [[President of Etruria|President]]. On 1 July 1954, Rapisparda was elected, defeating the USWP’s candidate with 53% of the vote.
=== Rapisarda Government ===
[[File:Mariano Rumor daticamera.jpg|290px|thumb|right|The NMR's [[Achille Galan]] served as Minister for Justice and was instrumental in both the abolition of the National Tribunal and the "General Amnesty Law for Solarian War Veterans."]]
On 2 July 1954, President Rapisarda announced his cabinet. For the first time since its founding in 1947, the NMR had obtained positions in the federal government. In accordance to the coalition agreement between [[Libertas]] and the NMR, the latter was given the Ministries of Justice, Education, Interior and Industry. [[Achille Galan]], who was appointed Justice Minister as served as the main intermediary between Rapisarda and the NRM leadership.
Within days of the government forming, Galan secured the backing of Rapisarda in shutting down the [[National Tribunal for Historic War Crimes and Incidents]] and securing presidential pardons for 44 GSR-era officials sentenced by the Tribunal. Galan was equally swift in producing a bill granting a general amnesty to every Solarian War veteran. On 18 September 1954, the law was passed by the Chamber of the States, officially coming into force on 19 September 1954. The amnesty law effectively guaranteed an end to the public reckoning with the [[Greater Solarian Republic]] and is considered one of the most pivotal events of the post-Solarian War period. With the amnesty, a number of Solarian War veterans, many of whom still held the ideals of the GSR, would go on to serve in positions of influence and power. The law also depicted the “reckoning” as an afront and insult to “Etruria’s war heroes.” This coupled with the actions of the NMR Education Minister, further double down on the whitewashing and rehabilitation of the GSR within Etrurian society.
Several months later, Galan followed this with a lifting on the ban on the depiction of GSR-era symbols or images. This essentially allowed GSR supporters to display flags, banners and numerous shops and museums began to once again, sell busts of prominent GSR officials, including Co-Leaders, [[Ettore Caviglia]] and [[Aldo Tassanari]]. Within weeks, Etruria was flooded with GSR memorabilia, iconography, and goods, as many Etrurians saw such purchases and displays as a means of condemning the far left. As the historian, [[Franco Gugliuzza]] described it in 2001, “the NMR succeeded in not only ending any discernible, de-functionalisation, but instituted a culture were displaying a yearning for the GSR was necessary to prove you weren’t a support of the Socialist Workers Party.”
[[File:Mario Roatta portrait.jpg|290px|thumb|left|General [[Octaviano Antonio Crivella]], who is considered to be mastermind behind [[Etrurianisation]] during the [[Solarian War]], was given a presidential pardon and would go on to establish a lucerative career as an author and radio personality, during which he attempted to whitewash and rehabilitate the GSR.]]
In 1955, Galan with the backing of Rapisarda, passed another law, dubbed the National Anti-Defamation Law, which criminalised Etrurian citizens who accused the GSR of committing atrocities against their family or ancestors. This law would be repealed in 1985 under the [[Etruria|Etrurian Fourth Republic]].
This was followed by Education Minister [[Ferdinando Salvucci]]’s complete overhaul of the national curriculum and textbooks, in what became known as the [[Salvucci Controversy]]. Eager to erase any element from education that would inform students of the [[Greater Solarian Republic]]’s crimes in the [[Solarian War]] and to promote a “patriotic anti-leftist generation”, the Salvucci ministry whitewashed the textbooks, going as far as to depict the [[Solarian War]] as a defensive war against “expansionist and aggressive neighbours.” The Salvucci ministry also instituted a new law enabling the Education Ministry to mandate the sacking or removal of teachers who opposed the curriculum based on “weeding out of leftist radicals.” The Salvucci reforms would remain untouched for over 30 years, with the policies being retained by the [[Military dictatorship in Etruria|military junta]]. It would not be until 1986, that textbooks would be rewritten again to depict the GSR accurately, even though it was done in a far less direct manner as found in textbooks from 1946 until 1955.
Despite holding the Interior Ministry, NMR efforts to secure a strong federal response to the emergence of armed separatist groups in Novalia and Carinthia in 1954 and 1955, were regularly blocked by Rapisarda. The Libertas ministers, backed by the President, feared a federal response would escalate the situation and instead wished to focus on support state responses. In late 1955, when several left-wing nationalist groups began attacking federal property, the NMR’s presence in the coalition almost came to an end, which would have brought about its collapse, this was only averted when President Rapisarda purportedly agreed to direct federal law enforcement away from investigating violent actions conducted by loyalist groups in Carinthia and Novalia. This decision was key in the emergence of the [[National Volunteer Defence Force]]. In 1956, the NMR began to established a series of links with prominent members of the [[Etrurian Defence Force]]. The same year saw the NMR led government in [[Veratia]] and [[Tarpeia]] (though the latter was through a 50/50 coaltion with [[Libertas]]) institute a series of draconian laws aimed at inhibiting the trade union movement and the rising influence of far-left parties. In Veratia this sparked [[Bloody November (Etruria)|Bloody November]], during which 13 people were killed in protests against the measures.
In February 1957, President [[Coriolando Virgilio Rapisarda]] was accused of ordering the murder of [[Luigi Saletto]], the rumoured lover of his wife in a near-cataclysmic mafia trial. Within days, further mafia suspects revealed significant evidence indicating that not only had the President used his links to the [[Brisighełi]] mafia to murder at least six people by {{wp|contract killing}}. Among the six were three journalists who were investigating the President’s personal ties to numerous criminal enterprises in his hometown of San Marco di Giovan in Veratia. By July, this had snowballed into revelations of {{wp|bribery}}, {{wp|influence peddling}} and {{wp|blackmail}}. Fearful of the government’s collapse and rapidly growing protests across the country, [[Giorgio Garafola]] urged for Rapisarda to resign.
On, 9 September 1957, Rapisarda stepped down as president and was succeeded by Deputy President [[Maurilio Mariani]], who was a notably weaker personality than Rapisarda. So severe was Mariani’s perceived weakness, that many began to refer the Right-Coalition government as being the “NMR government.” Garafola and Quintiliani did respond to Mariani’s weakness by exerting considerable influence. The centrist and centre-left parties, held in place by the sheer force of Rapisarda’s style government and the strength of his coalition, were now actively agitating against the government as they feared that the NMR would use its outsized influence to return Etruria to [[National Solarianism]]. While some senior members repeatedly called for the removal of civil liberties to confront the [[Western Emergency|rising crisis]] in the western states, others called for a law banning parties of the far-left, Garafola opted for restraint.
In October, Justice Minister Galan authorised the establishment of the [[National Criminal Investigation Service]] (NSIP), a federal law enforcement body dedicated entirely to political matters. The NSIP was established by NMR member and jurist, [[Ronaldo Aurelio Gamelli]] and within two months began investigations into numerous trade unions, workers clubs and the [[United Socialist Workers Party (Etruria)|United Socialist Workers Party]]. While this succeeded in breaking up numerous activist unions and groups, it only further fuelled anger among left-wing voters toward the government and the NMR, leading to a marked uptick in political violence. This uptick led to the [[Assassination of Maurilio Mariani|assassination of President Mariani]] on 1 December. He was succeeded by [[Fiorino Bianco]], the Deputy President and leader of the [[Popular Republican Party (Etruria)|Popular Republican Party]], who saw himself as a caretaker until the presidential election set for 1958. Bianco blindsided the Libertas-led coalition by announcing he intended to table a no-confidence vote in his presidency to spark an election, which he thought was necessary in the current climate.
The Bianco announcement was reluctantly backed by his party and Libertas, while the NMR under Garafola fiercely opposed the move. In a radio interview, Garafola compared the announcement to “loading the bullet into the gun and handing it to the rabid leftist.” On 3 January, the Chamber of the People passed the vote of no-confidence 317-83, with the entire NMR caucus voting against the measure. Immediately after, Garafola vowed not to support any right-wing coalition that included Bianco as a prominent figure.
On 1 July 1958, [[Massimo Bartolucci]] of the centre-left [[Democratic Workers Party (Etruria)|Democratic Workers Party]] won the [[1958 Etrurian presidential election|presidential election]], brining an end to the right-wing government that lasted for four years. The Libertas-NMR dominated coalition would remain the longest lasting government of the Third Republic. With the DWP now in control of the presidency, [[Libertas]] under the moderate centrist [[Ugo Petrocelli]] entered a purple coalition with the DWP, alongside all right-wing parties with the exception of the NMR. The coalition was struck due to Bartolucci's concern around rising political tensions and saw a purple coalition as a means of presenting a united front against the political extremes.
=== Fall of the Third Republic ===
Following its ejection from power, the NMR returned to its trusted platform of anti-elitism and demanding the “complete abolition of the so-called Third Republic.” By 1958, the violence in the western states had evolved into a low-level insurgency, with ever increasing physical attacks on federal property, personnel and officials. It was also in 1958, that the first terrorist incidents took place in the Vespasian states. On 13 September 1958, a bomb exploded outside the NMR’s state headquarters in [[Chiastre]], killing 8 people and injuring 10 others. As the crisis escalated, so too the NMR’s involvement with various military circles escalated. Notably, [[Romolo Arcangelo Quintiliani]], had met with senior members of the [[Etrurian Defence Force]] during the final weeks of the coalition government to discuss the political situation. At the local and state levels, NMR politicians were openly calling for a military overthrow of the Third Republic and temporary military rule.
In anticipation of the [[1959 Etrurian legislative election|1959 senate elections]], the NMR began to formulate its platform. The 1958 congress agreed to present the party as the only “viable option for security, stability and unity.” And listed a series of highly draconian proposals, including restrictions on habeus corpus, freedom of the press, freedom of speech and mandating the Etrurian Defence Force to “occupy resistive regions.” The NMR also broke tradition to propose increases to the minimum wage, the introduction of maternity leave and an end to the punitive taxes placed on single-parent families.
Despite the expansive big-tent platform, the NMR alongside the USWP suffered significantly at the hands of the DWP and Libertas, which together took 65% of the vote. The party % of the popular vote, XX seats in the Chamber of the People and XX in the Chamber of the States.
TBF
=== Role within the Military Junta ===
=== Decline ===
=== Collapse ===
== Organisation ==
=== Links to the Custodes ===
== Ideology ==
Throughout its existence, the NMR proclaimed itself to be a {{wp|national conservatism|national conservative}} party and rejected accusations it was far-right or that it endorsed [[Functionalism|Neo-Functionalism]], [[National Solarianism|Neo-National Solarianism]] or nationalism of any kind. It purposefully maintained vague election manifestos, opting for ill defined themes centred around {{wp|traditional values|traditional social and family values}}, {{wp|law and order}}, {{wp|anti-corruption}}, patriotism and harsh views toward select minorities (particularly {{wp|Serbs|Miruvians}}).
In every election (1948 and 1954 federally), it advocated a strong federal government and a return to the parliamentary system. It was the harshest critic of the 1948 constitution, regularly decrying it as a “creation of the foreign victors”, and depicting the political chaos caused by its clauses, as the intention of the CN, which intended to use the 1948 constitution as another post-war punishment on Etruria. As part of its advocating of traditional social values, it promoted {{wp|censorship}} and strict laws on music, theatre and the emerging television medium. It rejected certain civil liberties, including the abolition of {{wp|capital punishment}}, {{wp|corporal punishment}} and criticised the {{wp|freedom of the press}} as a tool for “socialist extremists to spread lies.” It advocated the banning and prosecution of far-left politicians, activists and hard-line {{wp|trade union}} leaders, whom the NMR claimed constituted an existential threat to the Etrurian nation. As the chaos and instability of the Third Republic became manifest further into the 1950s, the party turned toward more {{wp|populism|populist}} {{wp|anti-establishment}} rhetoric and policies, openly advocated by 1956, for a new constitution outright.
As the [[Western Emergency]] began in the mid-1950s, the NMR became the harshest force in the Senate in relation to its daily demands for military deployments and {{wp|internment}}. The NMR blamed the 1948 constitution and {{wp|federalism}} for the crisis and violence, going as far in 1957 to also begin advocating the abolition of the federal system. The NMR's criticism of federalism would become a staple element of the Etrurian far-right even after the restoration of democracy in 1984. The NMR also promoted the use of {{wp|Italian|Vespasian}} in all official business across the country, while still protecting Novalian and Carinthian at the state level – in turn rejecting the natural tri-lingualism of Etrurian political discourse. By the late 1950s, so fierce was the NMR’s condemnation of the separatist movements that it openly called for emergency laws permitting the return of torture, detention without trial and some members began to advocate the mass expulsion of the entire Miruvian population from Etruria. The party also became a source for conspiracy theories, blaming the entire emergency on the Miruvian population, who they claimed were taking orders from the [[Amathian Equalist Republic]] and [[Kirenia]].
While it rejected claims of supporting Functionalism or National Solarianism many of figures within the party advocated elements of both ideologies. Integral to this was the positive or at least partially positive view of the [[Greater Solarian Republic]] and the [[Revolutionary Legion]]. This came because of many founding members of the party being former members or officials of the RL, notably, [[Giorgio Garafola]] served as the District-Leader of the Revolutionary Legion in [[Solarian War|Etrurian occupied-Piraea]]. The party also viewed the [[Solarian War]] as a {{wp|defensive war}} and propagated lies and misconceptions of the war throughout its existence and rejected claims of war crimes, arguing such accusations were further attempts to punish defeated Etruria. This further fed into the party's veneration of Etruria's war dead and the near constant praise for Etruria’s war effort during the Solarian War. It promoted a policy of “respectful reflection” in which it accepted the need to discuss the GSR’s policies that led to widespread devastation and economic collapse in wake of its defeat, but in practice meant focusing on its successes, policies and key figures. It believed that the display of GSR symbols and imagery was part of reflection and saw the ban on such as incompatible with Etrurian patriotism.
=== Foreign policy ===
During its first few years, the NMR’s position on foreign policy was erratic and poorly defined. Several prominent members advocated rapprochement with Eastern Euclea, others promoted a Solarian-Centric policy (focusing on [[Gaullica]], XX, [[Montecara]] and [[Emessa]]) and others who advocated neutrality and limited international engagement.
[[File:De Marsanich.jpg|290px|thumb|left|Arcangelo Adriano Ordierno long advocated for a Solarian-centric foreign policy and a Eastern Euclean-Soravian alliance against the socialist states.]]
Following the [[1954 Etrurian general election|1954 general election]] and the dominant position of the Garafola faction, the party’s foreign policy was defined more succinctly. The party advocated for membership of the burgeoning [[Euclean Community]] and reintegration into Euclea’s order. For a far-right political party in 1950s Euclea, the NMR notably included several key figures who promoted a “union of patriotic and sovereign Euclean nations.” Garafola himself claimed this would be the best protection against “socialism and radicalism.” One reason the NMR abandoned its far-right partners in endorsing the EC was the success of the bloc in rebuilding nations devastated by the [[Solarian War]] and the [[Great War (Kylaris)|Great War]], both of which, Etruria was struggling to do so after two decades.
One prominent faction that maintained itself throughout the party’s life was that advocating a Solarian-centric foreign policy. This faction, led by [[Arcangelo Adriano Odierno]] did not necessarily oppose Etrurian membership of the EC, but wished for a regional “focus and new system built around the Solarian World.” The Odierno faction reportedly supported the [[Gaullo-Etrurian union]], though the rest of the party was fiercely opposed. The one thread that united NMR internal factions on foreign policy was the vociferous opposition to {{wp|socialism}} and the socialist states of [[Euclea]], notably the [[Amathian Equalist Republic]] and [[Kirenia]]. Numerous NMR figures would regularly call for an alliance between Eastern Euclea and [[Soravia]] against the socialist bloc, leading to strong links between the NMR and [[Soravian Nationalist and Revivalist Party]].
== Legacy ==
Following its collapse in 1984, much of the NMR’s legacy was rooted in its direct involvement and support of the military dictatorship, rather than any specific issue or achievement. As the historical study in the 1990s progressed began to focus on the [[Etrurian Third Republic]], there was a wave of studies into the lasting influence of the NMR.
In 1994, the historian [[Franco Gugliuzza]] wrote in his book covering the party, “while so much of the Third Republic can be recognised as a failure of statecraft, the New Republican Movement was the only success story, insofar that it achieved its aims – it halted reconciliation with the horrors of the [[Greater Solarian Republic]], distorted history to protect the GSR and rehabilitated almost certainly guilty war criminals.” The same year, [[Ferdinando Franceschi]], who served as Deputy President under [[Vincenzo Biava]] wrote, “the NMR, a most vile party that did more than any entity to facilitate the totalitarian dictatorship of recent times, also did more than any other entity to ensure Etruria was denied the right to de-functionalise, Gaullica took the right path, ours was barricaded shut by enemies of democracy.”  The NMR's success in shutting down the [[National Tribunal for Historic War Crimes and Incidents]] and lifting the ban on GSR symbols and images played significant roles in the survival of the Etrurian far-right for decades. It's greatest success according to historians, was its brief tenure in running the Federal Ministry of Education, in which it instigated a nation-wide revision of textbooks and teaching guides, whitewashing topics around the [[Solarian War]]. The revisionist approach to education was continued under the [[Military dictatorship in Etruria|military government]] (1960-1984), which was also done in state sanctioned media.
The extent the party succeeded in rehabilitating the far-right, barely a decade after it led Etruria into the death and destruction of the [[Solarian War]] was further debated in the 2000s, during which time numerous smaller parties inspired by the NMR grew in popularity. Gugliuzza again wrote a second book on the NMR saying, “as time progresses, we further understand the lasting impact the party had on this country. Where in Gaullica is disgraceful to deny crimes, in Etruria, its disgraceful to suggest them. Where in Gaullica they see their history clearly and with the lasting intention of avoidance, in Etruria, we look to our darkest chapter with reverence and at times, a mournful longing. The NMR is to blame for this, it kept the stain of the GSR where it should not be, in our hearts.”
To right-wing Etrurians, the NMR is viewed more positively. [[Francesco Carcaterra]], when serving as a senior history lecturer at the [[University of San Michele]] wrote in 2001, “many can condemn the NMR for its rehabilitation of certain individuals, but many can also thank it for keeping so many weak-willed and often cowardly governments’ feet to the fire. If it were not for the NMR, perhaps the Western Emergency would have been shorter and more successful for the separatist.”
The party’s ideology and electoral strategies were emulated by its successor parties and future far-right parties, including the [[Tribune Movement]]. While some far-right parties sought to distance themselves from their own inspiration, many leaders of the Etrurian right would praise the NMR. [[Gianfranco Galizia]] in 2018, called it an inspiration for all “patriotic parties in Euclea.”
== Electoral history ==
=== Chamber of the People ===
{| class=wikitable style="width:50%; border:1px #AAAAFF solid"
|-
| colspan=6|<center>[[Chamber of the People (Etruria)|Chamber of the People]]</center>
|-
! width=13%|Election year
! width=16%|Votes
! width=6%|%
! width=1%|Seats
! width=8%|+/−
! width=19%|Leader
|-
|[[1947 Etrurian general election|1947]]
|2,004,169
|6.59%
| width=100px | {{Infobox political party/seats|23|400|#000000}}
|{{increase}} 23
|[[Giorgio Garafola]]
|-
|[[1953 Etrurian general election|1953]]
|6,943,597
|20.29%
| width=100px | {{Infobox political party/seats|83|400|#000000}}
|{{increase}} 50
|[[Giorgio Garafola]]
|-
|[[1959 Etrurian general election|1959]]
|
|
|
|
|[[Giorgio Garafola]]
|}
=== Chamber of the States ===
{| class=wikitable style="width:50%; border:1px #AAAAFF solid"
|-
| colspan=6|<center>[[Chamber of the States (Etruria)|Chamber of the States]]</center>
|-
! width=13%|Election year
! width=16%|Votes
! width=6%|%
! width=1%|Seats
! width=8%|+/−
! width=19%|Leader
|-
|[[1947 Etrurian general election|1947]]
|2,004,169
|6.59%
| width=100px | {{Infobox political party/seats|2|30|#000000}}
|{{increase}} 2
|[[Giorgio Garafola]]
|-
|[[1953 Etrurian general election|1953]]
|6,943,597
|20.29%
| width=100px | {{Infobox political party/seats|10|30|#000000}}
|{{increase}} 8
|[[Giorgio Garafola]]
|-
|[[1959 Etrurian general election|1959]]
|
|
|
|
|[[Giorgio Garafola]]
|}
|}

Latest revision as of 07:02, 3 May 2021

Dezevauni-Zorasani War
Battle of khorramshahr 2.jpg
Date3 April 1976 - 20 October 1977
Location
Gaunhijia state, Lake Zindarud, Ninevah, Noagiabe state, Noavanau state
Result TBD
Belligerents
 Dezevau Union of Khazestan and Pardaran
Commanders and leaders
Dezevau Congress of Twenties
someone someone		 Abdullah al-Atassi
(Supreme Leader of the Union)
Majjid Ilkhanizada (First Minister of the Union)
Khadem al-Qubaisi
(Commander-in-Chief of the Zorasani Revolutionary Army)
Hossein Rashadzadeh
(CiC of the 3rd Banner Army)
Strength
Dezevau 65,000 80,000
Casualties and losses
Zorasani sources:
1,043 killed
2,555 injured
111 missing or captured
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