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==Rhavanese Letters==  
==Rhavanese Letters==  
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size: 90%"
|+ Common Rhavanese rimes {{ref|Notes|[Notes]}}
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |
! Zero coda
! colspan="2" | Off-glide coda
! colspan="3" | Nasal consonant coda
! colspan="3" | Stop consonant coda
|-
! {{IPA|∅}} || {{IPA|/j/}} || {{IPA|/w/}} || {{IPA|/m/}} || {{IPA|/n/}} || {{IPA|/ŋ/}} || {{IPA|/p/}} || {{IPA|/t/}} || {{IPA|/k/}}
|-
! rowspan="14" style="width: 5px;" | Vowel nucleus
! {{IPA|/ă/}}
| || ''ạy''<br>{{IPA|[ăj]}} || ''ạu''<br>{{IPA|[ăw]}} || ''ặm''<br>{{IPA|[ăm]}} || ''ặn''<br>{{IPA|[ăn]}} || ''ặng''<br>{{IPA|[ăŋ]}} || ''ặp''<br>{{IPA|[ăp]}} || ''ặt''<br>{{IPA|[ăt]}} || ''ặc''<br>{{IPA|[ăk]}}
|-
! {{IPA|/a/}}
| ''ạ'', ''(gi)à'', ''(gi)ả'', ''(gi)ã'', ''(gi)á''<br>{{IPA|[a]}} || ''ại''<br>{{IPA|[aj]}} || ''ạo''<br>{{IPA|[aw]}} || ''ạm''<br>{{IPA|[am]}} || ''ạn''<br>{{IPA|[an]}} || ''ạng''<br>{{IPA|[aŋ]}} || ''ạp''<br>{{IPA|[ap]}} || ''ạt''<br>{{IPA|[at]}} || ''ạc''<br>{{IPA|[ak]}}
|-
! {{IPA|/ɛ/}}
| ''ẹ''<br>{{IPA|[ɛ]}} || || ''ẹo''<br>{{IPA|[ɛw]}} || ''ẹm''<br>{{IPA|[ɛm]}} || ''ẹn''<br>{{IPA|[ɛn]}} || ''ạnh''<br>{{IPA|[ăjŋ]}} || ''ẹp''<br>{{IPA|[ɛp]}} || ''ẹt''<br>{{IPA|[ɛt]}} || ''ạch''<br>{{IPA|[ăjk]}}
|-
! {{IPA|/ɔ/}}
| ''ọ''<br>{{IPA|[ɔ]}} || ''ọi''<br>{{IPA|[ɔj]}} || || ''ọm''<br>{{IPA|[ɔm]}} || ''ọn''<br>{{IPA|[ɔn]}} || ''ọng''<br>{{IPA|[ăwŋ]}} || ''ọp''<br>{{IPA|[ɔp]}} || ''ọt''<br>{{IPA|[ɔt]}} || ''ọc''<br>{{IPA|[ăwk]}}
|-
! {{IPA|/ə̆/}}
| || ''ậy''<br>{{IPA|[ə̆j]}} || ''ậu''<br>{{IPA|[ə̆w]}} || ''ậm''<br>{{IPA|[ə̆m]}} || ''ận''<br>{{IPA|[ə̆n]}} || ''ậng''<br>{{IPA|[ə̆ŋ]}} || ''ập''<br>{{IPA|[ə̆p]}} || ''ật''<br>{{IPA|[ə̆t]}} || ''ậc''<br>{{IPA|[ə̆k]}}
|-
! {{IPA|/ə/}}
| ''ợ''<br>{{IPA|[ə]}} || ''ợi''<br>{{IPA|[əj]}} || || ''ợm''<br>{{IPA|[əm]}} || ''ợn''<br>{{IPA|[ən]}} || || ''ợp''<br>{{IPA|[əp]}} || ''ợt''<br>{{IPA|[ət]}} ||
|-
! {{IPA|/e/}}
| ''ệ''<br>{{IPA|[e]}} || || ''ệu''<br>{{IPA|[ew]}} || ''ệm''<br>{{IPA|[em]}} || ''ện''<br>{{IPA|[en]}} || ''ệnh''<br>{{IPA|[ə̆jŋ]}} || ''ệp''<br>{{IPA|[ep]}} || ''ệt''<br>{{IPA|[et]}} || ''ệch''<br>{{IPA|[ə̆jk]}}
|-
! {{IPA|/o/}}
| ''ộ''<br>{{IPA|[o]}} || ''ội''<br>{{IPA|[oj]}} || || ''ộm''<br>{{IPA|[om]}} || ''ộn''<br>{{IPA|[on]}} || ''ộng''<br>{{IPA|[ə̆wŋ]}} || ''ộp''<br>{{IPA|[op]}} || ''ột''<br>{{IPA|[ot]}} || ''ộc''<br>{{IPA|[ə̆wk]}}
|-
! {{IPA|/i/}}
| ''ị'', ''ỵ''<br>{{IPA|[i]}} || || ''ịu''<br>{{IPA|[iw]}} || ''ịm'', ''ỵm''<br>{{IPA|[im]}} || ''ịn''<br>{{IPA|[in]}} || ''ịnh''<br>{{IPA|[iŋ]}} || ''ịp'', ''ỵp''<br>{{IPA|[ip]}} || ''ịt''<br>{{IPA|[it]}} || ''ịch'', ''ỵch''<br>{{IPA|[ik]}}
|-
! {{IPA|/ɨ/}}
| ''ự''<br>{{IPA|[ɨ]}} || ''ựi''<br>{{IPA|[ɨj]}} || ''ựu''<br>{{IPA|[ɨw]}} || || || ''ựng''<br>{{IPA|[ɨŋ]}} || || ''ựt''<br>{{IPA|[ɨt]}} || ''ực''<br>{{IPA|[ɨk]}}
|-
! {{IPA|/u/}}
| ''ụ''<br>{{IPA|[u]}} || ''ụi''<br>{{IPA|[uj]}} || || ''ụm''<br>{{IPA|[um]}} || ''ụn''<br>{{IPA|[un]}} || ''ụng''<br>{{IPA|[uŋ]}} || ''ụp''<br>{{IPA|[up]}} || ''ụt''<br>{{IPA|[ut]}} || ''ục''<br>{{IPA|[uk]}}
|-
! {{IPA|/iə/}}
| ''ịa'', ''(g)ịa'', ''ỵa''<br>{{IPA|[iə]}} || || ''iệu'', ''yệu''<br>{{IPA|[iəw]}} || ''iệm'', ''yệm''<br>{{IPA|[iəm]}} || ''iện'', ''yện ''<br>{{IPA|[iən]}} || ''iệng'', ''yệng''<br>{{IPA|[iəŋ]}} || ''iệp'', ''yệp''<br>{{IPA|[iəp]}} || ''iệt'', ''yệt''<br>{{IPA|[iət]}} || ''iệc''<br>{{IPA|[iək]}}
|-
! {{IPA|/ɨə/}}
| ''ựa''<br>{{IPA|[ɨə]}} || ''ượi''<br>{{IPA|[ɨəj]}} || ''ượu''<br>{{IPA|[ɨəw]}} || ''ượm''<br>{{IPA|[ɨəm]}} || ''ượn''<br>{{IPA|[ɨən]}} || ''ượng''<br>{{IPA|[ɨəŋ]}} || ''ượp''<br>{{IPA|[ɨəp]}} || ''ượt''<br>{{IPA|[ɨət]}} || ''ược''<br>{{IPA|[ɨək]}}
|-
! {{IPA|/uə/}}
| ''ụa''<br>{{IPA|[uə]}} || ''uội''<br>{{IPA|[uəj]}} || || ''uộm''<br>{{IPA|[uəm]}} || ''uộn''<br>{{IPA|[uən]}} || ''uộng''<br>{{IPA|[uəŋ]}} || || ''uột''<br>{{IPA|[uət]}} || ''uộc''<br>{{IPA|[uək]}}
|-
! rowspan="8" | Labiovelar on-glide followed by vowel nucleus
! {{IPA|/ʷă/}}
| || ''oạy'', ''(q)uạy''<br>{{IPA|[ʷăj]}} || || ''oặm'', ''(q)uặm''<br>{{IPA|[ʷăm]}} || ''oặn'', ''(q)uặn''<br>{{IPA|[ʷăn]}} || ''oặng'', ''(q)uặng''<br>{{IPA|[ʷăŋ]}} || ''oặp'', ''(q)uặp''<br>{{IPA|[ʷăp]}} || ''oặt'', ''(q)uặt''<br>{{IPA|[ʷăt]}} || ''oặc'', ''(q)uặc''<br>{{IPA|[ʷăk]}}
|-
! {{IPA|/ʷa/}}
| ''oạ'', ''(q)uạ''<br>{{IPA|[ʷa]}} || ''oại'', ''(q)uại''<br>{{IPA|[ʷaj]}} || ''oạo'', ''(q)uạo''<br>{{IPA|[ʷaw]}} || ''oạm'', ''(q)uạm''<br>{{IPA|[ʷam]}} || ''oạn'', ''(q)uạn''<br>{{IPA|[ʷan]}} || ''oạng'', ''(q)uạng ''<br>{{IPA|[ʷaŋ]}} || ''oạp'', ''(q)uạp''<br>{{IPA|[ʷap]}} || ''oạt'', ''(q)uạt''<br>{{IPA|[ʷat]}} || ''oạc'', ''(q)uạc''<br>{{IPA|[ʷak]}}
|-
! {{IPA|/ʷɛ/}}
| ''oẹ'', ''(q)uẹ''<br>{{IPA|[ʷɛ]}} || || ''oẹo'', ''(q)uẹo''<br>{{IPA|[ʷɛw]}} || ''oẹm'', ''(q)uẹm''<br>{{IPA|[ʷɛm]}} || ''oẹn'', ''(q)uẹn''<br>{{IPA|[ʷɛn]}} || ''oạnh'', ''(q)uạnh''<br>{{IPA|[ʷăjŋ]}} || || ''oẹt'', ''(q)uẹt''<br>{{IPA|[ʷɛt]}} || ''oạch'', ''(q)uạch''<br>{{IPA|[ʷăjk]}}
|-
! {{IPA|/ʷə̆/}}
| || ''uậy''<br>{{IPA|[ʷə̆j]}} || || || ''uận''<br>{{IPA|[ʷə̆n]}} || ''uậng''<br>{{IPA|[ʷə̆ŋ]}} || || ''uật''<br>{{IPA|[ʷə̆t]}} ||
|-
! {{IPA|/ʷə/}}
| ''uợ''<br>{{IPA|[ʷə]}} || || || || || || || ||
|-
! {{IPA|/ʷe/}}
| ''uệ''<br>{{IPA|[ʷe]}} || || ''uệu''<br>{{IPA|[ʷew]}} || || ''uện''<br>{{IPA|[ʷen]}} || ''uệnh''<br>{{IPA|[ʷə̆jŋ]}} || || ''uệt''<br>{{IPA|[ʷet]}} || ''uệch''<br>{{IPA|[ʷə̆jk]}}
|-
! {{IPA|/ʷi/}}
| ''uỵ''<br>{{IPA|[ʷi]}} || || ''uỵu''<br>{{IPA|[ʷiw]}} || || ''uỵn''<br>{{IPA|[ʷin]}} || ''uỵnh''<br>{{IPA|[ʷiŋ]}} || ''uỵp''<br>{{IPA|[ʷip]}} || ''uỵt''<br>{{IPA|[ʷit]}} || ''uỵch''<br>{{IPA|[ʷik]}}
|-
! {{IPA|/ʷiə/}}
| ''uỵa''<br>{{IPA|[ʷiə]}} || || || || ''uyện''<br>{{IPA|[ʷiən]}} || || || ''uyệt''<br>{{IPA|[ʷiət]}} ||
|-
! colspan="2" | Tone
! colspan="6" | ''a'' {{IPA|/a/}}, ''à'' {{IPA|/â/}}, ''á'' {{IPA|/ǎ/}}, ''ả'' {{IPA|/a᷉/}}, ''ã'' {{IPA|/ǎˀ/}}, ''ạ'' {{IPA|/âˀ/}}
! colspan="3" | ''á'' {{IPA|/á/}}, ''ạ'' {{IPA|/à/}}
|}
{{refbegin}}
{{note|Notes| Notes:}}
* Less common rimes may not be represented in this table.
* The ''nặng'' tone mark (dot below) has been added to all rimes in this table for illustration purposes only. It indicates which letter tone marks in general are added to, largely according to the "new style" rules of Rhavanese orthography as stated in [[:vi:Quy tắc đặt dấu thanh trong chữ quốc ngữ#Ki.E1.BB.83u m.E1.BB.9Bi|Quy tắc đặt dấu thanh trong chữ quốc ngữ]]. In practice, not all these rimes have real words or syllables that have the ''nặng'' tone.
{{refend}}
==Rhavanese Phonetics==
==Rhavanese Phonetics==
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
Line 217: Line 131:
| align="center" | {{IPA|◌̀}} ([[grave accent]])
| align="center" | {{IPA|◌̀}} ([[grave accent]])
| ''mà'' &nbsp;'but'
| ''mà'' &nbsp;'but'
| align="center" | {{Audio|Vi huyen tone.ogg|à}}
| align="center" |  
|-
|-
| '''sắc''' &nbsp; 'sharp'
| '''sắc''' &nbsp; 'sharp'
Line 224: Line 138:
| align="center" | {{IPA|◌́}} ([[acute accent]])
| align="center" | {{IPA|◌́}} ([[acute accent]])
| ''má'' &nbsp;'cheek, mother (southern)'
| ''má'' &nbsp;'cheek, mother (southern)'
| align="center" | {{Audio|Vi sac tone.ogg|á}}
| align="center" |  
|-
|-
| '''hỏi''' &nbsp; 'questioning'
| '''hỏi''' &nbsp; 'questioning'
Line 231: Line 145:
| align="center" | {{IPA|◌̉}} ([[hook above]])
| align="center" | {{IPA|◌̉}} ([[hook above]])
| ''mả'' &nbsp;'tomb, grave'
| ''mả'' &nbsp;'tomb, grave'
| align="center" | {{Audio|Vi hoi tone.ogg|ả}}
| align="center" |  
|-
|-
| '''ngã''' &nbsp; 'tumbling'
| '''ngã''' &nbsp; 'tumbling'
Line 238: Line 152:
| align="center" | {{IPA|◌̃}} ([[tilde]])
| align="center" | {{IPA|◌̃}} ([[tilde]])
| ''mã'' &nbsp;'horse (Sino-Vietnamese), code'
| ''mã'' &nbsp;'horse (Sino-Vietnamese), code'
| align="center" | {{Audio|Vi nga tone.ogg|ã}}
| align="center" |  
|-
|-
| '''nặng''' &nbsp; 'heavy'
| '''nặng''' &nbsp; 'heavy'
Line 245: Line 159:
| align="center" | {{IPA|◌̣}} ([[dot (diacritic)|dot below]])
| align="center" | {{IPA|◌̣}} ([[dot (diacritic)|dot below]])
| ''mạ'' &nbsp;'rice seedling'
| ''mạ'' &nbsp;'rice seedling'
| align="center" | {{Audio|Vi nang tone.ogg|ạ}}
| align="center" |
|| '''Vēn''' &nbsp; 'heavy'
| straight tone (short length)
|˨˩ˀ
| align="center" | {{IPA|◌̣}} ([[dot (diacritic)|dot below]])
| ''mā'' &nbsp;'used before Tü to symbolize ownership of subject'
| align="center" |
|}
|}

Revision as of 13:53, 4 July 2021

Nhai
Rhavanese, Rhavan Speak
Native toRhavanese Flag.png Rhava
EthnicityRhavanese
Native speakers
30,000,000
Huang
  • Eastern
    • Nhai
Standard forms
Northern (standard script)
Dialects
  • Northern
  • Central
  • Southern
  • Traditional
  • Formal
Official status
Official language in
 Rhava
Language codes
ISO 639-3–

Nhai is the official language of Rhava and is a part of the Huang family tree. Nhai is separated into to writing scripts, ancient and standard. In modern day cities only standard is taught, but in rural areas ancient is taught.

Rhavanese Letters

Rhavanese Phonetics

Name Description Contour Diacritic Example Sample vowel
ngang   'level' mid level ˧ (no mark) ma  'ghost' About this sounda (help·info)
huyền   'deep' low falling (often breathy) ˨˩ ◌̀ (grave accent) mà  'but'
sắc   'sharp' high rising ˧˥ ◌́ (acute accent) má  'cheek, mother (southern)'
hỏi   'questioning' mid dipping-rising ˧˩˧ ◌̉ (hook above) mả  'tomb, grave'
ngã   'tumbling' creaky high breaking-rising ˧ˀ˦˥ ◌̃ (tilde) mã  'horse (Sino-Vietnamese), code'
nặng   'heavy' creaky low falling constricted (short length) ˨˩ˀ ◌̣ (dot below) mạ  'rice seedling' Vēn   'heavy' straight tone (short length) ˨˩ˀ ◌̣ (dot below) mā  'used before Tü to symbolize ownership of subject'
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