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| ==Consonants== | | ==Consonants== |
| ==Consonants== | | ==Consonants== |
| The alphabet is largely derived from [[Portuguese orthography|Portuguese]] with major influence from [[French orthography|French]], although the usage of ''gh'' and ''gi'' was borrowed from [[Italian orthography|Italian]] (compare {{wikt-lang|it|ghetto}}, {{wikt-lang|it|Giuseppe}}) and that for ''c/k/qu'' from Greek and Latin (compare {{wikt-lang|la|canis}}, {{lang|grc-Latn|[[wikt:κίνησις|kinesis]]}}, {{wikt-lang|la|quō vādis}}), mirroring the [[English language|English]] usage of these letters (compare {{wikt-lang|en|cat}}, {{wikt-lang|en|kite}}, {{wikt-lang|en|queen}}).
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| {| class="wikitable"
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| |+ Consonants
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| |-
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| ! rowspan="2" | Grapheme
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| ! colspan="2" | Word-Initial ([[Help:IPA/Vietnamese|IPA]])
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| ! colspan="2" | Word-Final
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| ! rowspan="2" | Notes
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| |-
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| ! Northern
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| ! Southern
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| ! Northern
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| ! Southern
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| |-
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| ! B b
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| | colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | {{IPAslink|ɓ}}
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| | colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |
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| |-
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| ! C c
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| | colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | {{IPAslink|k}}
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| | colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | {{IPAslink|k̚}}
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| | {{angbr|k}} is used instead when preceding {{angbr|i y e ê}}. K is also used before U in the Rhavanese city [[Nhangku]].<br />{{angbr|qu}} is used instead of {{angbr|co cu}} if a {{IPA|/w/}} on-glide exists.<br />Realized as {{IPAblink|k}} in word-final position following rounded vowels {{angbr|u ô o}}.
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| |-
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| ! Ch ch
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| | style="text-align: center;" | {{IPAslink|tɕ}}
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| | style="text-align: center;" | {{IPAslink|c}}
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| | style="text-align: center;" | {{IPA|/ʲk/}}
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| | style="text-align: center;" | {{IPAslink|t̚}}
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| | Multiple phonemic analyses of final {{angbr|ch}} have been proposed ([[vietnamese phonology#Analysis of final ch.2C nh|main article]]).
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| |-
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| ! D d
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| | style="text-align: center;" | {{IPAslink|z}}
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| | style="text-align: center;" | {{IPAslink|j}}
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| | colspan="2" rowspan="9" style="text-align: center;" |
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| | In Middle Rhavanese, {{angbr|d}} represented {{IPAslink|ð}}. {{angbr|d}} was used to write native Rhavanese words and {{angbr|gi}} was used to write words of Huang origin.
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| |-
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| ! Đ đ
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| | colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | {{IPAslink|ɗ}}
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| |-
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| ! G g
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| | colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | {{IPAslink|ɣ}}
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| |-
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| ! Gh gh
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| | Spelling used {{angbr|gh}} instead of {{angbr|g}} before {{angbr|i e ê}}, seemingly to follow the [[Italian orthography#C and G|Italian convention]]. {{angbr|g}} is not allowed in these environments.
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| |-
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| ! Gi gi
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| | style="text-align: center;" | {{IPAslink|z}}
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| | style="text-align: center;" | {{IPAslink|j}}
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| | In Middle Rhavanese, {{angbr|gi}} represented {{IPAslink|ʝ}}. The distinction between {{angbr|d}} and {{angbr|gi}} is now purely etymological (and is the only one) in most modern dialects. Realized as [ʒ] in Northern spelling pronunciation. Spelled {{angbr|g}} before another {{angbr|i}}.{{efn|This causes some ambiguity with the diphthong ''ia''/''iê'', for example ''gia'' could be either ''gi''+''a'' {{IPA|[za ~ ja]}} or ''gi''+''ia'' {{IPA|[ziə̯ ~ jiə̯]}}. If there is a [[#Tone marks|tone mark]] the ambiguity is resolved: ''giá'' is ''gi''+''á'' and ''gía'' is ''gi''+''ía''.}}
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| |-
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| ! H h
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| | colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | {{IPAslink|h}}
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| |-
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| ! K k
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| | colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | {{IPAslink|k}}
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| | Spelling used instead of {{angbr|c}} before {{angbr|i y e ê}} to follow the [[Hard and soft C|European tradition]]. {{angbr|c}} is not allowed in these environments.
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| |-
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| ! Kh kh
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| | colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | {{IPAslink|x}}
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| | In Middle Rhavanese, {{angbr|kh}} was pronounced {{IPAblink|kʰ}}
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| |-
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| ! L l
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| | colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | {{IPAslink|l}}
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| |-
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| ! M m
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| | colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | {{IPAslink|m}}
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| | colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | {{IPAslink|m}}
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| |-
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| ! N n
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| | colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | {{IPAslink|n}}
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| | style="text-align: center;" | {{IPAslink|n}}
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| | style="text-align: center;" | {{IPAslink|ŋ}}
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| | In Southern Rhavanese, word-final {{angbr|n}} is realized as {{IPAblink|ŋ}} if not following {{angbr|i ê}}.
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| |-
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| ! Ng ng
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| | colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | {{IPAslink|ŋ}}
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| | colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | {{IPAslink|ŋ}}
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| | Realized as [ŋ͡m] in word-final position following rounded vowels {{angbr|u ô o}}.
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| |-
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| ! Ngh ngh
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| | colspan="2" |
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| | Spelling used instead of {{angbr|ng}} before {{angbr|i e ê}} in accordance with {{angbr|gh}}.
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| |-
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| ! Nh nh
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| | colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | {{IPAslink|ɲ}}
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| | style="text-align: center;" |/{{IPA|ʲŋ}}/
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| | style="text-align: center;" | {{IPAslink|n}}
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| | Multiple phonemic analyses of final {{angbr|nh}} have been proposed ([[vietnamese phonology#Analysis of final ch.2C nh|main article]]).
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| |-
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| ! P p
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| | colspan="2" |
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| | colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | {{IPAslink|p}}
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| | Only occurs initially in loanwords. Some Rhavanese pronounce it as a "b" sound instead (as in [[Arabic]]).
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| |-
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| ! Ph ph
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| | colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | {{IPAslink|f}}
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| | colspan="2" rowspan="4" |
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| | In Middle Rhavanese, {{angbr|ph}} was pronounced {{IPAblink|pʰ}}
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| |-
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| ! Qu qu
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| | colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | {{IPAslink|kʷ}}
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| | Spelling used in place of {{angbr|co cu}} if a {{IPA|/w/}} on-glide exists.
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| |-
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| ! R r
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| | style="text-align: center;" | {{IPAslink|z}}
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| | style="text-align: center;" | {{IPAslink|r}}
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| | Variably pronounced as a fricative {{IPAblink|ʐ}}, approximant {{IPAblink|ɹ}}, flap {{IPAblink|ɾ}} or trill {{IPAblink|r}} in Southern speech.
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| |-
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| ! S s
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| | style="text-align: center;" | {{IPAslink|s}}
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| | style="text-align: center;" | {{IPAslink|ʂ}}
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| | Realized as [ʃ] in Northern spelling pronunciation.
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| |-
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| ! T t
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| | colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | {{IPAslink|t}}
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| | style="text-align: center;" | {{IPAslink|t̚}}
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| | style="text-align: center;" | {{IPAslink|k}}
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| | In Southern Rhavanese, word-final {{angbr|t}} is realized as {{IPAblink|k}} if not following {{angbr|i ê}}.
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| |-
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| ! Th th
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| | colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | {{IPAslink|tʰ}}
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| | colspan="2" rowspan="4" |
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| |-
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| ! Tr tr
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| | style="text-align: center;" | {{IPAslink|tɕ}}
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| | style="text-align: center;" | {{IPAslink|ʈ}}
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| | Realized as [tʃ] in Northern spelling pronunciation.
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| |-
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| ! V v
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| | colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | {{IPAslink|v}}
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| | In Middle Rhavanese, it was represented by a [[b with flourish]] {{angbr|[[File:B with flourish.svg|10px|alt=ȸ|b with flourish]]}} and was pronounced {{IPAblink|β}}.<br />Can be realized as {{IPAblink|v}} in Southern speech through [[spelling pronunciation]] and in loanwords.
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| |-
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| ! X x
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| | colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | {{IPAslink|s}}
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| | In Middle Rhavanese, {{angbr|x}} was pronounced {{IPAblink|ɕ}}.
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| |}
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| {{notelist}}
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| {{notelist}}
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| ==Rhavanese Phonetics== | | ==Rhavanese Phonetics== |
Rhava