User:Native Qazh/Sandbox5: Difference between revisions

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{{Infobox language
 
| name            = Tayamo
| nativename      = итол т'аямоно, т'аясы итол
|altname          = Tayamese
| states          = {{Flag|Qazhshava}}
| region          = Tayamo Archipelego
| map              =
| mapcaption      =
| ethnicity        = Tayamo people
| speakers        =
| date            =
| ref              =
| familycolor      = Language isolate
| family          = {{wp|Language isolate}}
| script          = {{wp|Cyrillic script|Cyrillic}}<br>{{wp|Latin script|Latin}}<br>Tayamese
| iso1            = [[User:Native_Qazh/Sandbox5|tm]]
| iso2            = [[User:Native_Qazh/Sandbox5|tym]]
| iso3            = [[User:Native_Qazh/Sandbox5|tym]]
| glotto          = None
| glottorefname    =
| notice = IPA
}}
=Phonology=
=Phonology=
==Consonants==
==Consonants==
Line 30: Line 9:
! colspan="2" | {{wp|alveolar consonant|Alveolar}}
! colspan="2" | {{wp|alveolar consonant|Alveolar}}
! {{wp|palatal consonant|Palatal}}
! {{wp|palatal consonant|Palatal}}
! {{wp|velar consonant|Velar}}/<br>{{wp|uvular consonant|Uvular}}
! {{wp|velar consonant|Velar}}
|-
|-
! rowspan="3" | {{wp|Plosive}}/<br>{{wp|Affricate}}
! rowspan="3" | {{wp|Plosive}}/<br>{{wp|Affricate}}
Line 37: Line 16:
| {{IPA link|d}}  
| {{IPA link|d}}  
| {{IPA link|d͡z̻}}  
| {{IPA link|d͡z̻}}  
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|  
| {{IPA link|ɡ}}  
| {{IPA link|ɡ}}  
|-
|-
Line 44: Line 23:
| {{IPA link|t}}  
| {{IPA link|t}}  
| {{IPA link|t͡s̻}}  
| {{IPA link|t͡s̻}}  
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|  
| {{IPA link|k}}  
| {{IPA link|k}}  
|-
|-
Line 51: Line 30:
| {{IPA link|tʼ}}  
| {{IPA link|tʼ}}  
| {{IPA link|t͡s̻ʼ}}  
| {{IPA link|t͡s̻ʼ}}  
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|  
| {{IPA link|kʼ}}  
| {{IPA link|kʼ}}  
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" | {{wp|Fricative}}
! rowspan="2" | {{wp|Fricative}}
! {{small|voiced}}
! {{small|voiced}}
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|  
| colspan="2" | {{IPA link|z̻}}  
| colspan="2" | {{IPA link|z̻}}  
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|  
| {{IPA link|ʁ̟}}
| {{IPA link|ʁ̟}}
|-
|-
! {{small|voiceless}}
! {{small|voiceless}}
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|  
| colspan="2" | {{IPA link|s̻}}  
| colspan="2" | {{IPA link|s̻}}  
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|  
| {{IPA link|x}}  
| {{IPA link|x}}  
|-
|-
! colspan="2" | {{wp|Sonorant}}
! colspan="2" | {{wp|Nasal}}
| {{IPA link|m}}  
| {{IPA link|m}}
| {{IPA link|n}}  
| colspan="2" | {{IPA link|n}}
| {{IPA link|l}}  
|
| {{IPA link|j}}  
|
| {{IPA link|w}}  
|-
! colspan="2" | {{wp|Approximant}}
| {{IPA link|ʋ}}~{{IPA link|w}}  
| colspan="2" |
| {{IPA link|j}}
|
|-
|-
! colspan="2" | {{wp|Rhotic consonant|Rhotic}}
! colspan="2" | {{wp|Rhotic consonant|Rhotic}}
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|  
| colspan="2" | {{IPA link|ɾ}}  
| colspan="2" |{{IPAlink|ɾ}}
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|  
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|  
|-
|-
|}
|}


==Vowels==
==Vowels==
Line 92: Line 77:
! {{wp|Close vowel|Close}}
! {{wp|Close vowel|Close}}
| {{IPA link|i}}  
| {{IPA link|i}}  
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| {{IPA link|ɨ}}
| {{IPA link|u}}  
| {{IPA link|u}}  
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
! {{wp|Mid vowel|Mid}}
! {{wp|Mid vowel|Mid}}
| {{IPA link|ɛ}}  
| {{IPA link|ɛ}}  
| {{IPA link|ɨ̞}}
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| {{IPA link|o}}  
| {{IPA link|o}}  
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
Line 114: Line 99:
!11 !!12 !!13 !!14 !!15 !!16 !!17 !!18 !!19 !!20
!11 !!12 !!13 !!14 !!15 !!16 !!17 !!18 !!19 !!20
!21 !!22 !!23 !!24 !!25 !!26 !!27 !!28 !!29 !!30
!21 !!22 !!23 !!24 !!25 !!26 !!27 !!28 !!29 !!30
!31 !!32 !!33 !!34 !!35 !!36
!31 !!32
|-
!{{wp|Cyrillic script|Cyrillic}} upper case
|А ||Б ||style="background:#FEE7E6"|В
|Г ||Г' ||Д ||Е ||Ж ||З ||И ||Й ||К ||К' ||Л ||М ||Н ||О ||П ||П'
|Р ||С ||Т ||Т' |||У ||Ў ||style="background:#FEE7E6"|Ф
|Х ||Ц ||Ц' ||style="background:#FEE7E6"|Ч
|style="background:#FEE7E6"|Ш
|style="background:#FEE7E6"|Ъ
|Ы
|style="background:#FEE7E6"|Ь
|Ю ||Я
|-
!{{wp|Cyrillic script|Cyrillic}} lower case
|а ||б ||style="background:#FEE7E6"|в
|г ||г' ||д ||е ||ж ||з ||и ||й ||к ||к' ||л ||м ||н ||о ||п ||п'
|р ||с ||т ||т'||у ||ў ||style="background:#FEE7E6"|ф
|х ||ц ||ц' ||style="background:#FEE7E6"|ч
|style="background:#FEE7E6"|ш
|style="background:#FEE7E6"|ъ
|ы
|style="background:#FEE7E6"|ь
|ю ||я
|-
! colspan="37" |
|-
|-
!{{wp|Latin script|Latin}} upper case
!{{wp|Latin script|Latin}} upper case
|A ||B ||style="background:#FEE7E6"|V
|A ||B ||C ||C' ||D ||E ||style="background:#E8E8E8" |F ||G ||Gh ||H
|G ||Gh ||D ||E ||Z ||Zh ||I ||J ||K ||K' ||L ||M ||N ||O ||P ||P'
|I ||style="background:#E8E8E8" |J ||K ||K' ||style="background:#E8E8E8" |L ||M ||N ||O ||P ||P'
|R ||S ||T ||T' ||U ||W ||style="background:#FEE7E6"|F
|style="background:#E8E8E8" |Q ||R ||S ||T ||T' ||U ||style="background:#E8E8E8" |V ||W ||style="background:#E8E8E8" |X ||Y
|Kh ||C ||C' ||style="background:#FEE7E6"|Ch
|Z ||Zh
|style="background:#FEE7E6"|Sh
|style="background:#FEE7E6"|H
|Y ||J ||Ju ||Ja
|-
|-
!{{wp|Latin script|Latin}} lower case
!{{wp|Latin script|Latin}} lower case
|a ||b ||style="background:#FEE7E6"|v
|a ||b ||c ||c' ||d ||e ||style="background:#E8E8E8" |f ||g ||gh ||h
|g ||gh ||d ||e ||z ||zh ||i ||j ||k ||k' ||l ||m ||n ||o ||p ||p'
|i ||style="background:#E8E8E8" |j ||k ||k' ||style="background:#E8E8E8" |l ||m ||n ||o ||p ||p'
|r ||s ||t ||t' ||u ||w ||style="background:#FEE7E6"|f
|style="background:#E8E8E8" |q ||r ||s ||t ||t' ||u ||style="background:#E8E8E8" |v ||w ||style="background:#E8E8E8" |x ||y
|kh ||c ||c' ||style="background:#FEE7E6"|ch
|z ||zh
|style="background:#FEE7E6"|sh
|-
|style="background:#FEE7E6"|h
!{{wp|Cyrillic script|Cyrillic}} upper case
|y ||j ||ju ||ja
|А ||Б ||Ц ||Ц' ||Д ||Е ||style="background:#E8E8E8" |Ф ||Г ||Г' ||Х
|И ||style="background:#E8E8E8" |Ж ||К ||К' ||style="background:#E8E8E8" |Л ||М ||Н ||О ||П ||П'
|style="background:#E8E8E8" |К ||Р ||С ||Т ||Т' ||У ||style="background:#E8E8E8" |В ||Ў ||style="background:#E8E8E8" |Кс ||Ы
|Ж ||З
|-
|-
! colspan="37" |
!{{wp|Cyrillic script|Cyrillic}} lower case
|а ||б ||ц ||ц' ||д ||е ||style="background:#E8E8E8" |ф ||г ||г' ||х
|и ||style="background:#E8E8E8" |ж ||к ||к' ||style="background:#E8E8E8" |л ||м ||н ||о ||п ||п'
|style="background:#E8E8E8" |к ||р ||с ||т ||т' ||у ||style="background:#E8E8E8" |в ||ў ||style="background:#E8E8E8" |кс ||ы
|ж ||з
|-
|-
!{{wp|International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA}} sound
!{{wp|International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA}} sound
| {{IPAlink|a}}
! {{IPAlink|a}}
| {{IPAlink|b}}
! {{IPAlink|b}}
| {{IPAlink|w}}
! {{IPAlink|t͡s̻}}
| {{IPAlink|ɡ}}
! {{IPAlink|t͡s̻ʼ}}
| {{IPAlink|ʁ̟}}
! {{IPAlink|d}}
| {{IPAlink|d}}
! {{IPAlink|ɛ}}
| {{IPAlink|ɛ}}
! {{IPAlink|f}}*
| {{IPAlink|z̻}}
! {{IPAlink|ɡ}}
| {{IPAlink|d͡z̻}}
! {{IPAlink|ʁ̟}}
| {{IPAlink|i}}
! {{IPAlink|x}}
| {{IPAlink|j}}
! {{IPAlink|i}}
| {{IPAlink|k}}
! {{IPAlink|z̻}}
| {{IPAlink|kʼ}}
! {{IPAlink|k}}
| {{IPAlink|l}}
! {{IPAlink|kʼ}}
| {{IPAlink|m}}
! {{IPAlink|l}}*
| {{IPAlink|n}}
! {{IPAlink|m}}
| {{IPAlink|o}}
! {{IPAlink|n}}
| {{IPAlink|p}}
! {{IPAlink|o}}
| {{IPAlink|pʼ}}
! {{IPAlink|p}}
| {{IPAlink|ɾ}}
! {{IPAlink|pʼ}}
| {{IPAlink|s̻}}
! {{IPAlink|k}}
| {{IPAlink|t}}
! {{IPAlink|ɾ}}
| {{IPAlink|tʼ}}
! {{IPAlink|s̻}}
| {{IPAlink|u}}
! {{IPAlink|t}}
| {{IPAlink|w}}
! {{IPAlink|tʼ}}
| {{IPAlink|p}}
! {{IPAlink|u}}
| {{IPAlink|x}}
! colspan="2" | {{IPAlink|ʋ}}~{{IPAlink|w}}
| {{IPAlink|t͡s̻}}
! ks
| {{IPAlink|t͡s̻ʼ}}
! {{IPAlink|ɨ}}
| {{IPAlink|t͡s̻}}
! {{IPAlink|z̻}}
| {{IPAlink|s̻}}
! {{IPAlink|d͡z̻}}
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| {{IPAlink|ɨ̞}}
| style="background:#FEE7E6"| {{IPAlink|◌j}}
| ju
| ja
|-
|}
|}


=Grammar=
=Grammar=
==Syntax==
==Syntax==
  SVO
Tayamo is an SVO language, however the word order is generally free due to noun declensions, when the personal pronouns are used as clitics and not stressed, the word order becomes SOV, with pronouns it's only SVO when the Object is stressed.
  noun like adjectives
  possessee - possessor
  adjective - noun
  prepossitions
 
  syllable structure: (C)V(S)
  C - consonant
  V - vowwel
  S - sonorant
 
==Pronouns==
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="3" | Number &<br>Person
! {{H:title|Nominative|Nom}}
! {{H:title|Dative|Dat}}
! {{H:title|Genitive|Gen}}
! {{H:title|Accusitive|Acc}}
! {{H:title|Instrumental|Ins}}
! {{H:title|Locative|Loc}}
|-
! rowspan="4" | Singular
! colspan="2" | First
| ''Коны
| ''Ку
| ''Коно
| ''Ки
| ''Ког'а
| ''Кода
|-
! rowspan="2" | Second
! Formal
| ''Уда
| ''Уду
| ''Удано
| ''Уди
| ''Удаг'а
| ''Удада
|-
! Imformal
| ''Да
| ''Ду
| ''Дано
| ''Ди
| ''Даг'а
| ''Дада
|-
! colspan="2" | Third
| ''То
| ''Тоў
| ''Тоно
| ''Той
| ''Тода
| ''Тог'а
|-
! rowspan="4" | Plural
! colspan="2" | First
| ''Коныцы
| ''Коныцу
| ''Коныцыно
| ''Коныци
| ''Коныцыда
| ''Коныцыг'а
|-
! rowspan="2" | Second
! Formal
| ''Удацы
| ''Удацу
| ''Удацыно
| ''Удаци
| ''Удацыда
| ''Удацыг'а
|-
! Imformal
| ''Дацы
| ''Дацу
| ''Дацыно
| ''Даци
| ''Дацыда
| ''Дацыг'а
|-
! colspan="2" | Third
| ''Тоцы
| ''Тоцу
| ''Тоцыно
| ''Тоци
| ''Тоцыды
| ''Тоцыг'а
|-
|}
 
==Nouns==
==Nouns==
===Definitiness===
definite article goes before the noun: '''та/н'''
===Case and Number===
===Case and Number===
There are two numbers in Tayamo, singular and plural, historically it had a paucal number that fell out of use during middle Tayamo.
Tayamo has 6 noun cases:


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
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|-
|-
! Dative
! Dative
| ''-ху/у''
| ''-ў/у''
| ''к'а'''ху''''' (to a rock), ''зан'''у''''' (to a bear)
| ''к'а'''ў''''' (to a rock), ''зан'''у''''' (to a bear)
| ''мо'''ху''''' (to what), ''мы'''ху''''' (to who)
| ''мо'''ў''''' (to what), ''мы'''ў''''' (to who)
|-
|-
! Genetive
! Genetive
Line 381: Line 247:
|}
|}


==Adjectives and Adverbs==
===The definite article===
{{wp|Comparison (grammar)|Comparison}} forms of [[wikipedia:Adjective|Adjectives]] and [[wikipedia:Adverb|Adverbs]]:
Due to [[Thuado-Thrismaran languages|Thuado-Thrismaran]] influence, during the period of Middle Tayamo a definite article developed in the form of the '''та(н)''' particle, which is placed infront of a word ('''та''' мак'о, '''тан''' итары). Some more conservative dialects don't use the Definite article, but it's a part of the Standard language.


* '''Positive''' - Bassic form of the word: big - ''кай
In Modern Tayamo, the particle has moved into a suffix:
* '''Negative''' - Negation of the word: '''un'''big* -  '''''ре-'''кай
{| class="wikitable"
* '''Comparitive''' - Form for comparison relative to something: big'''ger''' -  '''''п'а-'''кай
|-
* '''Superlative''' - Form showing absolute relative to a group: big'''gest''' -  '''''не-'''кай
! syllable type
! suffix
! example
|-
| open /a, ɨ̞/<br>closed* /j, w/
| ''-'та
| ''кана''''та''' (the song)<br>мары''''та''' (the horse)
|-
| open /ɛ, i, o, u/
| ''-'то
| ''хоне''''то''' (the friend)<br>токо''''то''' (the town)
|-
| closed
| ''-'а
| ''там''''а''' (the fish)<br>ўен''''а''' (the bell)
|-
|}
*Note: an apostrohpe is added before the article to help distinguish words.


==Verbs==
==Prnouns==
===Copula===
One thing that as brought into Tayamo from the [[Aschari|Aschari language]] is the polite/formal pronouns, which did not exist in the language before Aschari influence, however it is very simple when comapared to [[Aschari]], only having 2 levels of politeness, being polite/formal and impolite/informal.


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
! colspan="3" | Number &<br>Person
! colspan="3" rowspan="2" | Number and Person
! {{H:title|бях/was|Past}}
! rowspan="2" | Nominative
! {{H:title|бил/been|Resultative<br>participle}}
! colspan="2" | Accusitive<br>(Direct object)
! {{H:title|съм/am|Present}}
! colspan="2" | Dative<br>(Indirect object)
! {{H:title|ще бъда/will be|Future}}
! rowspan="2" | Genitive
! {{H:title|бих/would|Aorist}}
! rowspan="2" | Instrumental
! {{H:title|бъди/be!|Imperative}}
! rowspan="2" | Locative
|-
!stressed
!clitic
!stressed
!clitic
|-
|-
! rowspan="3" | Singular
! rowspan="4" |Singular
! colspan="2" | First
! colspan="2" | First
| ''рыт'а
| ''Коны
| ''рыюн
| ''Кони
| ''рын
| ''-ки
| ''я рын
| ''Кону
| ''рылун
| ''-ку
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| ''Коно
| ''Ког'а
| ''Кода
|-
! rowspan="2" | Second
! Formal
| ''Уда
| ''Уди
| rowspan="2" |''-ди
| ''Уду
| rowspan="2" |''-ду
| ''Удано
| ''Удаг'а
| ''Удада
|-
|-
! colspan="2" | Second
! Imformal
| rowspan="2" | ''рыц'а
| ''Да
| ''рыюўа
| ''Ди
| ''рыўа
| ''Ду
| ''я рыўа
| ''Дано
| ''рылуўа
| ''Даг'а
| ''рыўай
| ''Дада
|-
|-
! colspan="2" | Third
! colspan="2" | Third
| ''рыю
| ''То
| ''ры
| ''Той
| ''я ры
| ''-ти
| ''рылу
| ''Тоў
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| ''-ту
| ''Тоно
| ''Тог'а
| ''Тода
|-
|-
! rowspan="4" | Plural
! rowspan="4" | Plural
! colspan="2" | First
! colspan="2" | First
| ''рыт'ары
| ''Коныцы
| ''рыюнры
| ''Коци
| ''рынры
| ''-кыци
| ''я рынры
| ''Коцу
| ''рылунры
| ''-кыцу
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| ''Коцыно
| ''Коцыг'а
| ''Коцыда
|-
! rowspan="2" | Second
! Formal
| ''Удацы
| ''Удаци
| rowspan="2" |''-дыци
| ''Удацу
| rowspan="2" |''-дыцу
| ''Удацыно
| ''Удацыг'а
| ''Удацыда
|-
|-
! colspan="2" | Second
! Imformal
| rowspan="2" | ''рыц'ары
| ''Дацы
| ''рыюўары
| ''Даци
| ''рыўары
| ''Дацу
| ''я рыўары
| ''Дацыно
| ''рылуўары
| ''Дацыг'а
| ''рыўарый
| ''Дацыда
|-
|-
! colspan="2" | Third
! colspan="2" | Third
| ''рыюры
| ''Тоцы
| ''рыры
| ''Тоци
| ''я рыры
| ''-тыци
| ''рылуры
| ''Тоцу
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| ''-тыцу
| ''Тоцыно
| ''Тоцыг'а
| ''Тоцыда
|-
|-
|}
|}


The clitic suffixes are used to form {{wp|Polypersonal agreement|Polypersonal verbs}}.
==Adjectives and Adverbs==
{{wp|Comparison (grammar)|Comparison}} forms of [[wikipedia:Adjective|Adjectives]] and [[wikipedia:Adverb|Adverbs]]:
* '''Positive''' - Bassic form of the word: big - ''ян
* '''Negative''' - Negation of the word: '''un'''big* -  '''''ре-'''ян
* '''Comparitive''' - Form for comparison relative to something: big'''ger''' -  '''''п'а-'''ян
* '''Superlative''' - Form showing absolute relative to a group: big'''gest''' -  '''''не-'''ян
==Verbs==
===Tense, Aspect, Mood===
===Tense, Aspect, Mood===
 
The language allows pro drop, where the pronoun can be dropped from the sentance becouse it is inflicted by the verb conjugation, the pronoun can be added for the purpose to add stress to the one doing the action.
: ''ката'' - say, tell
: ''ма'' - see
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
Line 470: Line 399:
! rowspan="3" | Singular
! rowspan="3" | Singular
! First
! First
| ''ката'''т'а'''<br>ма'''т'а'''
| ''ката'''т'а'''<br>дам'''т'а'''
| ''ката'''юн'''<br>ма'''юн'''
| ''ката'''юно'''<br>дам'''юно'''
| ''ката'''н'''<br>ма'''н'''
| ''ката'''но'''<br>дам'''ын'''
| '''''я''' ката'''н'''<br>'''я''' ма'''н'''
| '''''я''' ката'''но'''<br>'''я''' дам'''но'''
| '''''ят'а''' ката'''н'''<br>'''ят'а''' ма'''н'''
| '''''ят'а''' ката'''но'''<br>'''ят'а''' дам'''но'''
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|-
|-
! Second
! Second
| rowspan="2" | ''ката'''к'а'''<br>ма'''к'а'''
| rowspan="2" | ''ката'''к'а'''<br>дам'''к'а'''
| ''ката'''юўа'''<br>ма'''юўа'''
| ''ката'''юўа'''<br>дам'''юўа'''
| ''ката'''ўа'''<br>ма'''ўа'''
| ''ката'''ўа'''<br>дам'''ўа'''
| '''''я''' ката'''ўа'''<br>'''я''' ма'''ўа'''
| '''''я''' ката'''ўа'''<br>'''я''' дам'''ўа'''
| '''''яц'а''' ката'''ўа'''<br>'''яц'а''' ма'''ўа'''
| '''''яц'а''' ката'''ўа'''<br>'''яц'а''' дам'''ўа'''
| ''ката'''й'''<br>ма'''й'''
| ''ката'''й'''<br>дам'''и'''
|-
|-
! Third
! Third
| ''ката'''ю'''<br>ма'''ю'''
| ''ката'''ю'''<br>дам'''ю'''
| ''ката<br>ма
| ''ката<br>дам
| '''''я''' ката<br>'''я''' ма
| '''''я''' ката<br>'''я''' дам
| '''''яц'а''' ката<br>'''яц'а''' ма
| '''''яц'а''' ката<br>'''яц'а''' дам
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|-
|-
! rowspan="4" | Plural
! rowspan="4" | Plural
! First
! First
| ''ката'''т'ацы'''<br>ма'''т'ацы'''
| ''ката'''т'ахы'''<br>дам'''т'ахы'''
| ''ката'''юнцы'''<br>ма'''юнцы'''
| ''ката'''юнохы'''<br>дам'''юнохы'''
| ''ката'''нцы'''<br>ма'''нцы'''
| ''ката'''нохы'''<br>дам'''ынохы'''
| '''''я''' ката'''нцы'''<br>'''я''' ма'''нцы'''
| '''''я''' ката'''нохы'''<br>'''я''' дам'''нохы'''
| '''''ят'а''' ката'''нцы'''<br>'''ят'а''' ма'''нцы'''
| '''''ят'а''' ката'''нохы'''<br>'''ят'а''' дам'''нохы'''
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|-
|-
! Second
! Second
| rowspan="2" | ''ката'''к'ацы'''<br>ма'''к'ацы'''
| rowspan="2" | ''ката'''к'ахы'''<br>дам'''к'ахы'''
| ''ката'''юўцы'''<br>ма'''юўцы'''
| ''ката'''юўхы'''<br>дам'''юўхы'''
| ''ката'''ўцы'''<br>ма'''ўцы'''
| ''ката'''ўхы'''<br>дам'''ўхы'''
| '''''я''' ката'''ўцы'''<br>'''я''' ма'''ўцы'''
| '''''я''' ката'''ўхы'''<br>'''я''' дам'''ўхы'''
| '''''яц'а''' ката'''ўцы'''<br>'''яц'а''' ма'''ўцы'''
| '''''яц'а''' ката'''ўхы'''<br>'''яц'а''' дам'''ўхы'''
| ''ката'''цый'''<br>ма'''цый'''
| ''ката'''цый'''<br>дам'''хый'''
|-
|-
! Third
! Third
| ''ката'''юцы'''<br>ма'''юцы'''
| ''ката'''юхы'''<br>дам'''юхы'''
| ''ката'''цы'''<br>ма'''цы'''
| ''ката'''хы'''<br>дам'''хы'''
| '''''я''' ката'''цы'''<br>'''я''' ма'''цы'''
| '''''я''' ката'''хы'''<br>'''я''' дам'''хы'''
| '''''яц'а''' ката'''цы'''<br>'''яц'а''' ма'''цы'''
| '''''яц'а''' ката'''хы'''<br>'''яц'а''' дам'''хы'''
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|-
|-
|}
|}
:ката - say, tell
:дам - drink


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
! Initial imperfective verb
! Imperfective verb
! Perfective verb
! Perfective verb
! Meaning
! Meaning
|-
|-
| ''арин
| ''арино
| ''жан арин
| '''ю'''арино
| i read
| i read
|-
|-
| ''ахен
| ''аесено
| ''жан ахен
| '''юй'''аесено
| i fly
| i nuy
|-
|-
| ''сайн
| ''сайно
| ''жа сайн
| '''ю'''сайно
| i write
| i write
|-
|-
| ''ц'ан
|}
| ''жа ц'ан
 
| i shoot
 
Verbs can be negated with the '''ре-''' suffix:
{| class="wikitable"
|тоўа (you give)|| →|| ретоўа (you don't give).
|}
 
===Copula===
The word order for the copula verb in standart Tayamo is SOV, due to the language being pro drop, if the pronoun isn's stressed it can be dropped, it acts as a suffix to the object, if the copua is stressed it's put infront of the word. In the western dialects the copula can be left out unless it's stressed, instead using the pronouns.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="3" | Number &<br>Person
! {{H:title|бях/was|Past}}
! {{H:title|бил/been|Resultative<br>participle}}
! {{H:title|съм/am|Present}}
! {{H:title|ще бъда/will be|Future}}
! {{H:title|бих/would|Aorist}}
! {{H:title|бъди/be!|Imperative}}
|-
! rowspan="3" | Singular
! colspan="2" | First
| ''-дет'а
| ''-деюно
| ''-дено
| ''-ядено
| ''-деруно
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|-
! colspan="2" | Second
| rowspan="2" | ''-дец'а
| ''-деюўа
| ''-деўа
| ''-ядеўа
| ''-деруўа
| ''-дей
|-
! colspan="2" | Third
| ''-дею
| ''-де
| ''-яде
| ''-деру
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|-
! rowspan="4" | Plural
! colspan="2" | First
| ''-дет'ахы
| ''-деюнохы
| ''-денохы
| ''-яденохы
| ''-дерунохы
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|-
! colspan="2" | Second
| rowspan="2" | ''-дец'ахы
| ''-деюўахы
| ''-деўахы
| ''-ядеўахы
| ''-деруўахы
| ''-дехый
|-
! colspan="2" | Third
| ''-деюхы
| ''-дехы
| ''-ядехы
| ''-дерухы
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|-
|}
 
{| class="wikitable"
| I'm (a) tayamo||Т'аямо'''дено'''
|-
| '''{{underline|I}}''' am (a) tayamo|| '''Коны''' т'аямодено
|-
|-
| I '''{{underline|am}}''' (a) tayamo|| Коны '''дено''' т'аямо
|}
|}


Line 555: Line 558:
| ''сай'' (to write) → ''сай'''жы''''' (writer)
| ''сай'' (to write) → ''сай'''жы''''' (writer)
|-
|-
| -''(й)е''
| -''е''
|verbs from nouns
|verbs from nouns
| ''п'ал'' (fire) → ''п'ал'''е''''' (to burn)
| ''п'ана'' (fire) → ''п'ана'''е''''' (to burn)
|-
|-
| -''(ы)л''
| -''ма''
|nouns from verbs
|nouns from verbs
| ''ма'' (see) → ''ма'''л''''' (vision)
| ''ма'' (see) → ''ма'''ма''''' (vision)
|-
|-
| -''сыте''
| -''сыте''
Line 569: Line 572:
| -''сы''
| -''сы''
|[[wikipedia:adjective|adjectives]]
|[[wikipedia:adjective|adjectives]]
| ''п'ал'' (fire) → ''п'ал'''''сы''' (fiery)
| ''жана'' (forgive) → ''жана'''''сы''' (forgiving)
|-
|-
| -''ки''
| -''ки''
|[[wikipedia:adverb|adverbs]]
|[[wikipedia:adverb|adverbs]]
| ''безы'' (fast) → '' безы'''ки''''' (fastly)
| ''бежы'' (fast) → '' бежы'''ки''''' (fastly)
|-
|-
|  -''сырег'а''
|  -''сырег'а''
Line 587: Line 590:
| ''маке'' (dog) → ''маке'''ной''''' (doggie)
| ''маке'' (dog) → ''маке'''ной''''' (doggie)
|-
|-
| -''ян''
| -''дай''
|[[wikipedia:augmentative|augmentatives]] of nouns
|[[wikipedia:augmentative|augmentatives]] of nouns
| ''еякы'' (boat) → ''еякы'''ян''''' (ship)
| ''еякы'' (boat) → ''еякы'''дай''''' (ship)
|-
|-
| -''у/ўро''
| -''ра''
|locations
|locations
| ''ахе'' (to fly) → ''ахе'''ўро''''' (airport)
| ''ахе'' (to fly) → ''ахе'''ра''''' (airport)
|-
|-
| -''мо''
| -''мо''
Line 599: Line 602:
| ''токо'' (town) → ''токо'''мо''''' (citizen, resident)
| ''токо'' (town) → ''токо'''мо''''' (citizen, resident)
|-
|-
| -''зе''
| -''пе''
|decendents (people of nouns/[[wikipedia:adjective|adjectives]])
|decendents (names and nicknames)
| ''каму'' (whale) → ''каму'''зе''''' (of whales*)
| ''руян'' (rain) → ''руян'''пе''''' (of (the) rain*)
|-
|-
| -''ре''
| -''то''
|relative
|relative
| ''саймо'' (why) → ''саймо'''ре''''' (becouse)
| ''саймо'' (why) → ''саймо'''то''''' (becouse)<br> ''мы'' (who) → ''мы'''то''''' (whoever)
|-
|-
|}
|}


=Language Sample=
=Numerals=
Tayamo is a {{wp|Decimal system|Decimal (Base-10)}} language. There are two ways to form numerals in Tayamo, the Old way, which is how numbers were build in the original Tayamo language, the second, New way, which came from the [[Thuado-Thrismaran languages|Thuado-Thrismaran]] ways, it exists due to their influence on the language.
In Modern Tayamo the Old way is used mainly with smaller numbers like 1-99, and in literary scenarios, while the New way is used with large numbers like the hunderds, thousands and millions and in colloquial situations.


=Alpha-syllabary wip=
In the Old way, numbers are build agglutinatively: 6 - 1-on-5, 11 - 1-on-10, 20 - 2_10, 21 - 1-on-2_10 and so on.
While in the new way, numbers above 20 are build with the conjunctioн '''га''' (and): 21 - 20-and-1, 31 - 30-and-1, 101 - 100-and-1, 121 - 100-20-and-1, and so on.


==Cardinal numbers==
All cardinal numerals end in the cardinal suffix '''-цы''', this is a particle left over from the original Tayamo language, the suffix has disapeared in the western dialects.
List of Tayamo cardinal numbers:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |  
! №
! colspan="6" | onset-nucleus
! Old way
! rowspan="2" | coda
! New way
! rowspan="2" | №
! rowspan="2" | Old way
! rowspan="2" | New way
! №
! Old way
! New way
! №
! Old way
! New way
|-
|-
! a
! 0
! y
| colspan="2" |''нулыцы
! o
! 21
! u
| ''тиминедацы
! e
| ''мине-га-тицы
! i
! 600
| colspan="2" |''тикадапайцы
|-
|-
! Ø
! 1
|  
| colspan="2" |''тицы
|  
! 11
|
| colspan="2" |''тинедацы
|  
! 26
|  
| ''тикадаминедацы
|
| ''мине-га-тикадацы
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
! 1 000
| colspan="2" |''цанцы
|-
|-
! p
! 2
|  
| colspan="2" |''мицы
|  
! 12
|
| colspan="2" |''минедацы
|  
! 30
|  
| colspan="2" |''ренецы
|
! 1 001
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|''тицандацы
|''цан-га-тицы
|-
|-
! p'
! 3
|  
| colspan="2" |''рецы
|  
! 13
|
| colspan="2" |''ренедацы
|  
! 40
|  
| colspan="2" |''юнецы
|
! 2 000
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| colspan="2" |''мицанцы
|-
|-
! b
! 4
|  
| colspan="2" |''юцы
|  
! 14
|
| colspan="2" |''юнедацы
|  
! 50
|  
| colspan="2" |''канецы
|
! 6 000
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| colspan="2" |''тикадацанцы
|-
|-
! t
! 5
|  
| colspan="2" |''кацы
|  
! 15
|
| colspan="2" |''канедацы
|  
! 60
|  
| colspan="2" |''тикаданецы
|
! 10 000
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| colspan="2" |''ўанцы
|-
|-
! t'
! 6
|  
| colspan="2" |''тикадацы
|  
! 16
|
| colspan="2" |''тикаданедацы
|  
! 100
|  
| colspan="2" |''пайцы
|
! 10 001
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|''тиўандацы
|''ўан-га-тицы
|-
|-
! d
! 7
|  
| colspan="2" |''микадацы
|  
! 17
|
| colspan="2" |''микаданедацы
|  
! 101
|  
|''типайдацы
|
|''пай-га-тицы
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
! 20 000
| colspan="2" |''миўанцы
|-
|-
! k
! 8
|  
| colspan="2" |''рекадацы
|  
! 18
|
| colspan="2" |''рекаданедацы
|  
! 110
|  
|''непайдацы
|
|''пай-га-нецы
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
! 60 000
| colspan="2" |''тикадаўанцы
|-
|-
! k'
! 9
|  
| colspan="2" |''юкадацы
|  
! 19
|
| colspan="2" |''юкаданедацы
|  
! 111
|  
|''тинедапайдацы
|  
|''пай-га-тинедацы
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
! rowspan="2" | 1 000 000<br>(100x10 000)
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" | ''пайўанцы
|-
|-
! g
! 10
|  
| colspan="2" |''(не)нецы
|  
! 20
|
| colspan="2" |''минецы
|  
! 200
|  
| colspan="2" |''нипайцы
|
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|-
|-
! c
|}
|  
 
|
==Ordinal numbers==
|
In Tayamo the circumfix '''г'а-...-и/й''' produces ordinal numbers, the cardinal suffix '''-цы''' is dropped.
|
 
|
List of Tayamo ordinal numbers:
|
{| class="wikitable"
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|-
|-
! c'
! №
|
! Old way
|
! New way
|
! №
|
! Old way
|
! New way
|
! №
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
! Old way
! New way
! №
! Old way
! New way
|-
|-
! zh
! 1st
|  
| colspan="2" |''г'атий
|  
! 11th
|  
| colspan="2" |''г'атинедай
|  
! 21st
|
|''г'атиминедай
|  
|''г'амине-га-тий
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
! 1 001st
|''г'атицандай
|''г'ацан-га-тий
|-
|-
! s
! 2nd
|  
| colspan="2" |''г'амий
|  
! 12th
|
| colspan="2" |''г'аминедай
|  
! 26th
|  
|''г'атикадаминедай
|
|''г'амине-га-тикадай
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
! 2 000th
| colspan="2" |''г'амицани
|-
|-
! z
! 3d
|  
| colspan="2" |''г'арей
|  
! 13th
|
| colspan="2" |''г'аренедай
|  
! 60th
|  
| colspan="2" |''г'атикаданей
|
! 6 000th
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| colspan="2" |''г'атикадацани
|-
|-
! kh
! 4th
|  
| colspan="2" |''г'аюй
|  
! 14th
|
| colspan="2" |''г'аюнедай
|  
! 100th
|  
| colspan="2" |''г'апайи
|
! 10 000th
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| colspan="2" |''г'аўани
|-
|-
! gh
! 5th
|  
| colspan="2" |''г'акай
|  
! 15th
|  
| colspan="2" |''г'аканедай
|  
! 101st
|
|''г'атипайдай
|  
|''г'апай-га-тий
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
! 10 0001st
|''г'атиўандай
|''г'аўан-га-тий
|-
|-
! m
! 6th
|  
| colspan="2" |''г'атикадай
|  
! 16th
|  
| colspan="2" |''г'атикаданедай
|  
! 110th
|
|''г'анепайдай
|  
|''г'апай-га-ней
|  
! 20 000th
| colspan="2" |''г'амиўани
|-
|-
! n
! 7th
|  
| colspan="2" |''г'амикадай
|  
! 17th
|  
| colspan="2" |''г'амикаданедай
|  
! 111th
|
|''г'атинедапайдай
|  
|''г'апай-га-тинедай
|  
! 60 000th
| colspan="2" |''г'атикадаўани
|-
|-
! l
! 8th
|  
| colspan="2" |''г'арекадай
|  
! 18th
|  
| colspan="2" |''г'арекаданедай
|  
! 200th
|  
| colspan="2" |''г'амипайи
|  
! rowspan="3" | 1 000 000th<br>(100x10 000th)
|  
| colspan="3" rowspan="3" | ''г'апайўани
|-
|-
! j
! 9th
|  
| colspan="2" |''г'аюкадай
|
! 19th
|  
| colspan="2" |''г'аюкаданедай
|  
! 600th
|
| colspan="2" | ''г'атикадапайи
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|
|-
|-
! w
! 10th
|  
| colspan="2" |''г'аней
|  
! 20th
|
| colspan="2" |''г'аминей
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
! 1 000th
|
| colspan="2" |''г'ацани
|
|
|-
! r
|
|
|
|
|
|
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|-
|-
|}
|}


=Aschari script wip=
==Fractional numbers==
In Tayamo the prefix '''ра-''' produces ordinal numbers, the cardinal suffix '''-цы''' is dropped.


List of Tayamo Fractional numbers:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! №
! colspan="6" | onset-nucleus
! Old way
! rowspan="2" | coda
! New way
! №
! Old way
! New way
! №
! Old way
! New way
! №
! Old way
! New way
|-
|-
! a
! Whole
! y
| colspan="2" |''тира
! o
! 1/11
! u
| colspan="2" |''ратинеда
! e
! 1/21
! i
|''ратиминеда
|''рамине-га-ти
! 1/1 001
|''ратицанда
|''рацан-га-ти
|-
|-
! Ø
! Half
| ꦄ
| colspan="2" |''апо
| ꦄꦼ
! 1/12
| ꦎ
| colspan="2" |''раминеда
| ꦈ
! 1/26
| ꦌ
|''ратикадаминеда
| ꦆ
|''рамине-га-тикада
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
! 1/2 000
| colspan="2" |''рамицан
|-
|-
! p
! 1/3
| ꦥ
| colspan="2" |''раре
| ꦥꦼ
! 1/13
| ꦥꦺꦴ
| colspan="2" |''раренеда
| ꦥꦸ
! 1/60
| ꦥꦺ
| colspan="2" |''ратикадане
| ꦥꦶ
! 1/6 000
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| colspan="2" |''ратикадацан
|-
|-
! p'
! 1/4
| ꦦ
| colspan="2" |''раю
| ꦦꦼ
! 1/14
| ꦦꦺꦴ
| colspan="2" |''раюнеда
| ꦦꦸ
! 1/100
| ꦦꦺ
| colspan="2" |''рапай
| ꦦꦶ
! 1/10 000
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| colspan="2" |''раўан
|-
|-
! b
! 1/5
| ꦧ
| colspan="2" |''рака
| ꦧꦼ
! 1/15
| ꦧꦺꦴ
| colspan="2" |''раканеда
| ꦧꦸ
! 1/101
| ꦧꦺ
|''ратипайда
| ꦧꦶ
|''рапай-га-ти
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
! 1/10 0001
|''ратиўанда
|''раўан-га-ти
|-
|-
! t
! 1/6
| ꦠ
| colspan="2" |''ратикада
| ꦠꦼ
! 1/16
| ꦠꦺꦴ
| colspan="2" |''ратикаданеда
| ꦠꦸ
! 1/110
| ꦠꦺ
|''ранепайда
| ꦠꦶ
|''рапай-га-не
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
! 1/20 000
| colspan="2" |''рамиўан
|-
|-
! t'
! 1/7
| ꦡ
| colspan="2" |''рамикада
| ꦡꦼ
! 1/17
| ꦡꦺꦴ
| colspan="2" |''рамикаданеда
| ꦡꦸ
! 1/111
| ꦡꦺ
|''ратинедапайда
| ꦡꦶ
|''рапай-га-тинеда
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
! 1/60 000
| colspan="2" |''ратикадаўан
|-
|-
! d
! 1/8
| ꦢ
| colspan="2" |''рарекада
| ꦢꦼ
! 1/18
| ꦢꦺꦴ
| colspan="2" |''рарекаданеда
| ꦢꦸ
! 1/200
| ꦢꦺ
| colspan="2" |''рамипай
| ꦢꦶ
! rowspan="3" | 1/1 000 000<br>(100x10 000)
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| colspan="3" rowspan="3" | ''рапайўан
|-
|-
! k
! 1/9
| ꦏ
| colspan="2" |''раюкада
| ꦏꦼ
! 1/19
| ꦏꦺꦴ
| colspan="2" |''раюкаданеда
| ꦏꦸ
! 1/600
| ꦏꦺ
| colspan="2" | ''ратикадапай
| ꦏꦶ
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|-
|-
! k'
! 1/10
| ꦑ
| colspan="2" |''ране
| ꦑꦼ
! 1/20
| ꦑꦺꦴ
| colspan="2" |''рамине
| ꦑꦸ
! 1/1 000
| ꦑꦺ
| colspan="2" |''рацан
| ꦑꦶ
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|-
! g
| ꦒ
| ꦒꦼ
| ꦒꦺꦴ
| ꦒꦸ
| ꦒꦺ
| ꦒꦶ
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|-
! c
| ꦕ
| ꦕꦼ
| ꦕꦺꦴ
| ꦕꦸ
| ꦕꦺ
| ꦕꦶ
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|-
! c'
| ꦖ
| ꦖꦼ
| ꦖꦺꦴ
| ꦖꦸ
| ꦖꦺ
| ꦖꦶ
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|-
! zh
| ꦗ
| ꦗꦼ
| ꦗꦺꦴ
| ꦗꦸ
| ꦗꦺ
| ꦗꦶ
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|-
! s
| ꦱ
| ꦱꦼ
| ꦱꦺꦴ
| ꦱꦸ
| ꦱꦺ
| ꦱꦶ
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|-
! z
| ꦯ
| ꦯꦼ
| ꦯꦺꦴ
| ꦯꦸ
| ꦯꦺ
| ꦯꦶ
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|-
! kh
| ꦲ
| ꦲꦼ
| ꦲꦺꦴ
| ꦲꦸ
| ꦲꦺ
| ꦲꦶ
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|-
! gh
| ꦓ
| ꦓꦼ
| ꦓꦺꦴ
| ꦓꦸ
| ꦓꦺ
| ꦓꦶ
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|-
! m
| ꦩ
| ꦩꦼ
| ꦩꦺꦴ
| ꦩꦸ
| ꦩꦺ
| ꦩꦶ
| ꦩ꧀
|-
! n
| ꦤ
| ꦤꦼ
| ꦤꦺꦴ
| ꦤꦸ
| ꦤꦺ
| ꦤꦶ
| ꦤ꧀
|-
! l
| ꦭ
| ꦭꦼ
| ꦭꦺꦴ
| ꦭꦸ
| ꦭꦺ
| ꦭꦶ
| ꦭ꧀
|-
! j
| ꦪ
| ꦪꦼ
| ꦪꦺꦴ
| ꦪꦸ
| ꦪꦺ
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| ꦪ꧀
|-
! w
| ꦮ
| ꦮꦼ
| ꦮꦺꦴ
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| ꦮꦺ
| ꦮꦶ
| ꦮ꧀
|-
! r
| ꦫ
| ꦫꦼ
| ꦫꦺꦴ
| ꦫꦸ
| ꦫꦺ
| ꦫꦶ
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|-
|-
|}
|}
=end=
[[Category: Tayamo]]

Latest revision as of 16:44, 6 March 2022

Phonology

Consonants

Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar
Plosive/
Affricate 		voiced b d d͡z̻ ɡ
voiceless p t t͡s̻ k
ejective pʼ tʼ t͡s̻ʼ kʼ
Fricative voiced z̻ ʁ̟
voiceless s̻ x
Nasal m n
Approximant ʋ~w j
Rhotic ɾ


Vowels

Front Central back
Close i ɨ u
Mid ɛ o
Open a

Writing System

Order 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32
Latin upper case A B C C' D E F G Gh H I J K K' L M N O P P' Q R S T T' U V W X Y Z Zh
Latin lower case a b c c' d e f g gh h i j k k' l m n o p p' q r s t t' u v w x y z zh
Cyrillic upper case А Б Ц Ц' Д Е Ф Г Г' Х И Ж К К' Л М Н О П П' К Р С Т Т' У В Ў Кс Ы Ж З
Cyrillic lower case а б ц ц' д е ф г г' х и ж к к' л м н о п п' к р с т т' у в ў кс ы ж з
IPA sound a b t͡s̻ t͡s̻ʼ d ɛ f* ɡ ʁ̟ x i z̻ k kʼ l* m n o p pʼ k ɾ s̻ t tʼ u ʋ~w ks ɨ z̻ d͡z̻

Grammar

Syntax

Tayamo is an SVO language, however the word order is generally free due to noun declensions, when the personal pronouns are used as clitics and not stressed, the word order becomes SOV, with pronouns it's only SVO when the Object is stressed.

Nouns

Case and Number

There are two numbers in Tayamo, singular and plural, historically it had a paucal number that fell out of use during middle Tayamo. Tayamo has 6 noun cases:

Case Signular
Affix Example Question
Nominative к'а (rock), зан (bear) мо (what), мы (who)
Dative -ў/у к'аў (to a rock), зану (to a bear) моў (to what), мыў (to who)
Genetive -но к'ано (of a rock), занно (of a bear) моно (of what), мыно (whose)
Accusitive -й/и к'ай (rock), зани (bear) мой (what), мый (who)
Instrumental -г'а к'аг'а (with a rock), занг'а (with a bear) мог'а (with what), мыг'а (with who)
Locative -да к'ада (on a rock), занда (on a bear) мода (where), мыда (at who)
Case Plural
Affix Example Question
Nominative -(а)цы к'ацы (rocks), занцы (bears) моцы (what), мыцы (who)
Dative -(а)цу к'ацу (to rocks), занцу (to bears) моцу (to what), мыцу (whose)
Genetive -(а)цын к'ацын (оf rocks), занцын (оf bears) моцын (оf what), мыцын (оf who)
Accusitive -(а)ци к'аци (rocks), занци (bears) моци (what), мыци (who)
Instrumental -(а)цыг'а к'ацыг'а (with rocks), занцыг'а (with bears) моцыг'а (with what), мыцыг'а (with who)
Locative -(a)цыда к'ацыда (on rocks), занцыда (on bears) моцыда (where), мыцыда (at who)

The definite article

Due to Thuado-Thrismaran influence, during the period of Middle Tayamo a definite article developed in the form of the та(н) particle, which is placed infront of a word (та мак'о, тан итары). Some more conservative dialects don't use the Definite article, but it's a part of the Standard language.

In Modern Tayamo, the particle has moved into a suffix:

syllable type suffix example
open /a, ɨ̞/
closed* /j, w/ 		-'та кана'та (the song)
мары'та (the horse)
open /ɛ, i, o, u/ -'то хоне'то (the friend)
токо'то (the town)
closed -'а там'а (the fish)
ўен'а (the bell)
  • Note: an apostrohpe is added before the article to help distinguish words.

Prnouns

One thing that as brought into Tayamo from the Aschari language is the polite/formal pronouns, which did not exist in the language before Aschari influence, however it is very simple when comapared to Aschari, only having 2 levels of politeness, being polite/formal and impolite/informal.

Number and Person Nominative Accusitive
(Direct object) 		Dative
(Indirect object) 		Genitive Instrumental Locative
stressed clitic stressed clitic
Singular First Коны Кони -ки Кону -ку Коно Ког'а Кода
Second Formal Уда Уди -ди Уду -ду Удано Удаг'а Удада
Imformal Да Ди Ду Дано Даг'а Дада
Third То Той -ти Тоў -ту Тоно Тог'а Тода
Plural First Коныцы Коци -кыци Коцу -кыцу Коцыно Коцыг'а Коцыда
Second Formal Удацы Удаци -дыци Удацу -дыцу Удацыно Удацыг'а Удацыда
Imformal Дацы Даци Дацу Дацыно Дацыг'а Дацыда
Third Тоцы Тоци -тыци Тоцу -тыцу Тоцыно Тоцыг'а Тоцыда

The clitic suffixes are used to form Polypersonal verbs.

Adjectives and Adverbs

Comparison forms of Adjectives and Adverbs:

  • Positive - Bassic form of the word: big - ян
  • Negative - Negation of the word: unbig* - ре-ян
  • Comparitive - Form for comparison relative to something: bigger - п'а-ян
  • Superlative - Form showing absolute relative to a group: biggest - не-ян

Verbs

Tense, Aspect, Mood

The language allows pro drop, where the pronoun can be dropped from the sentance becouse it is inflicted by the verb conjugation, the pronoun can be added for the purpose to add stress to the one doing the action.

Number &
Person 		Indicative Imperative
Past imperfect Past/Present
perfect 		Present Future Past Future
Singular First катат'а
дамт'а 		катаюно
дамюно 		катано
дамын 		я катано
я дамно 		ят'а катано
ят'а дамно
Second катак'а
дамк'а 		катаюўа
дамюўа 		катаўа
дамўа 		я катаўа
я дамўа 		яц'а катаўа
яц'а дамўа 		катай
дами
Third катаю
дамю 		ката
дам 		я ката
я дам 		яц'а ката
яц'а дам
Plural First катат'ахы
дамт'ахы 		катаюнохы
дамюнохы 		катанохы
дамынохы 		я катанохы
я дамнохы 		ят'а катанохы
ят'а дамнохы
Second катак'ахы
дамк'ахы 		катаюўхы
дамюўхы 		катаўхы
дамўхы 		я катаўхы
я дамўхы 		яц'а катаўхы
яц'а дамўхы 		катацый
дамхый
Third катаюхы
дамюхы 		катахы
дамхы 		я катахы
я дамхы 		яц'а катахы
яц'а дамхы
ката - say, tell
дам - drink
Imperfective verb Perfective verb Meaning
арино юарино i read
аесено юйаесено i nuy
сайно юсайно i write


Verbs can be negated with the ре- suffix:

тоўа (you give) → ретоўа (you don't give).

Copula

The word order for the copula verb in standart Tayamo is SOV, due to the language being pro drop, if the pronoun isn's stressed it can be dropped, it acts as a suffix to the object, if the copua is stressed it's put infront of the word. In the western dialects the copula can be left out unless it's stressed, instead using the pronouns.

Number &
Person 		Past Resultative
participle 		Present Future Aorist Imperative
Singular First -дет'а -деюно -дено -ядено -деруно
Second -дец'а -деюўа -деўа -ядеўа -деруўа -дей
Third -дею -де -яде -деру
Plural First -дет'ахы -деюнохы -денохы -яденохы -дерунохы
Second -дец'ахы -деюўахы -деўахы -ядеўахы -деруўахы -дехый
Third -деюхы -дехы -ядехы -дерухы
I'm (a) tayamo Т'аямодено
I am (a) tayamo Коны т'аямодено
I am (a) tayamo Коны дено т'аямо

Questions

particle: йо

Derivation

Affix Used to create: Example(s)
-жы agents from verbs/nouns сай (to write) → сайжы (writer)
-е verbs from nouns п'ана (fire) → п'анае (to burn)
-ма nouns from verbs ма (see) → мама (vision)
-сыте collective nouns еякы (boat) → еякысыте (fleet)
-сы adjectives жана (forgive) → жанасы (forgiving)
-ки adverbs бежы (fast) → бежыки (fastly)
-сырег'а adjectives indicating the lack of something т'аў (home) → т'аўсырег'а (homeless)
-ма nouns from adjectives пой (cute) → пойма (cute thing)
-ной diminutives of nouns маке (dog) → макеной (doggie)
-дай augmentatives of nouns еякы (boat) → еякыдай (ship)
-ра locations ахе (to fly) → ахера (airport)
-мо inhabitants токо (town) → токомо (citizen, resident)
-пе decendents (names and nicknames) руян (rain) → руянпе (of (the) rain*)
-то relative саймо (why) → саймото (becouse)
мы (who) → мыто (whoever)

Numerals

Tayamo is a Decimal (Base-10) language. There are two ways to form numerals in Tayamo, the Old way, which is how numbers were build in the original Tayamo language, the second, New way, which came from the Thuado-Thrismaran ways, it exists due to their influence on the language. In Modern Tayamo the Old way is used mainly with smaller numbers like 1-99, and in literary scenarios, while the New way is used with large numbers like the hunderds, thousands and millions and in colloquial situations.

In the Old way, numbers are build agglutinatively: 6 - 1-on-5, 11 - 1-on-10, 20 - 2_10, 21 - 1-on-2_10 and so on. While in the new way, numbers above 20 are build with the conjunctioн га (and): 21 - 20-and-1, 31 - 30-and-1, 101 - 100-and-1, 121 - 100-20-and-1, and so on.


Cardinal numbers

All cardinal numerals end in the cardinal suffix -цы, this is a particle left over from the original Tayamo language, the suffix has disapeared in the western dialects.

List of Tayamo cardinal numbers:

№ Old way New way № Old way New way № Old way New way № Old way New way
0 нулыцы 21 тиминедацы мине-га-тицы 600 тикадапайцы
1 тицы 11 тинедацы 26 тикадаминедацы мине-га-тикадацы 1 000 цанцы
2 мицы 12 минедацы 30 ренецы 1 001 тицандацы цан-га-тицы
3 рецы 13 ренедацы 40 юнецы 2 000 мицанцы
4 юцы 14 юнедацы 50 канецы 6 000 тикадацанцы
5 кацы 15 канедацы 60 тикаданецы 10 000 ўанцы
6 тикадацы 16 тикаданедацы 100 пайцы 10 001 тиўандацы ўан-га-тицы
7 микадацы 17 микаданедацы 101 типайдацы пай-га-тицы 20 000 миўанцы
8 рекадацы 18 рекаданедацы 110 непайдацы пай-га-нецы 60 000 тикадаўанцы
9 юкадацы 19 юкаданедацы 111 тинедапайдацы пай-га-тинедацы 1 000 000
(100x10 000) 		пайўанцы
10 (не)нецы 20 минецы 200 нипайцы

Ordinal numbers

In Tayamo the circumfix г'а-...-и/й produces ordinal numbers, the cardinal suffix -цы is dropped.

List of Tayamo ordinal numbers:

№ Old way New way № Old way New way № Old way New way № Old way New way
1st г'атий 11th г'атинедай 21st г'атиминедай г'амине-га-тий 1 001st г'атицандай г'ацан-га-тий
2nd г'амий 12th г'аминедай 26th г'атикадаминедай г'амине-га-тикадай 2 000th г'амицани
3d г'арей 13th г'аренедай 60th г'атикаданей 6 000th г'атикадацани
4th г'аюй 14th г'аюнедай 100th г'апайи 10 000th г'аўани
5th г'акай 15th г'аканедай 101st г'атипайдай г'апай-га-тий 10 0001st г'атиўандай г'аўан-га-тий
6th г'атикадай 16th г'атикаданедай 110th г'анепайдай г'апай-га-ней 20 000th г'амиўани
7th г'амикадай 17th г'амикаданедай 111th г'атинедапайдай г'апай-га-тинедай 60 000th г'атикадаўани
8th г'арекадай 18th г'арекаданедай 200th г'амипайи 1 000 000th
(100x10 000th) 		г'апайўани
9th г'аюкадай 19th г'аюкаданедай 600th г'атикадапайи
10th г'аней 20th г'аминей 1 000th г'ацани

Fractional numbers

In Tayamo the prefix ра- produces ordinal numbers, the cardinal suffix -цы is dropped.

List of Tayamo Fractional numbers:

№ Old way New way № Old way New way № Old way New way № Old way New way
Whole тира 1/11 ратинеда 1/21 ратиминеда рамине-га-ти 1/1 001 ратицанда рацан-га-ти
Half апо 1/12 раминеда 1/26 ратикадаминеда рамине-га-тикада 1/2 000 рамицан
1/3 раре 1/13 раренеда 1/60 ратикадане 1/6 000 ратикадацан
1/4 раю 1/14 раюнеда 1/100 рапай 1/10 000 раўан
1/5 рака 1/15 раканеда 1/101 ратипайда рапай-га-ти 1/10 0001 ратиўанда раўан-га-ти
1/6 ратикада 1/16 ратикаданеда 1/110 ранепайда рапай-га-не 1/20 000 рамиўан
1/7 рамикада 1/17 рамикаданеда 1/111 ратинедапайда рапай-га-тинеда 1/60 000 ратикадаўан
1/8 рарекада 1/18 рарекаданеда 1/200 рамипай 1/1 000 000
(100x10 000) 		рапайўан
1/9 раюкада 1/19 раюкаданеда 1/600 ратикадапай
1/10 ране 1/20 рамине 1/1 000 рацан

end

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