User:Native Qazh/Sandbox5
Phonology
Consonants
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive/ Affricate |
voiced | b | d | d͡z̻ | ɡ | |
| voiceless | p | t | t͡s̻ | k | ||
| ejective | pʼ | tʼ | t͡s̻ʼ | kʼ | ||
| Fricative | voiced | z̻ | ʁ̟ | |||
| voiceless | s̻ | x | ||||
| Nasal | m | n | ||||
| Approximant | ʋ~w | j | ||||
| Rhotic | ɾ | |||||
Vowels
| Front | Central | back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | ɨ | u |
| Mid | ɛ | o | |
| Open | a |
Writing System
| Order | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 32 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Latin upper case | A | B | C | C' | D | E | F | G | Gh | H | I | J | K | K' | L | M | N | O | P | P' | Q | R | S | T | T' | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | Zh |
| Latin lower case | a | b | c | c' | d | e | f | g | gh | h | i | j | k | k' | l | m | n | o | p | p' | q | r | s | t | t' | u | v | w | x | y | z | zh |
| Cyrillic upper case | А | Б | Ц | Ц' | Д | Е | Ф | Г | Г' | Х | И | Ж | К | К' | Л | М | Н | О | П | П' | К | Р | С | Т | Т' | У | В | Ў | Кс | Ы | Ж | З |
| Cyrillic lower case | а | б | ц | ц' | д | е | ф | г | г' | х | и | ж | к | к' | л | м | н | о | п | п' | к | р | с | т | т' | у | в | ў | кс | ы | ж | з |
| IPA sound | a | b | t͡s̻ | t͡s̻ʼ | d | ɛ | f* | ɡ | ʁ̟ | x | i | z̻ | k | kʼ | l* | m | n | o | p | pʼ | k | ɾ | s̻ | t | tʼ | u | ʋ~w | ks | ɨ | z̻ | d͡z̻ | |
Grammar
Syntax
Tayamo is an SVO language, however the word order is generally free due to noun declensions, when the personal pronouns are used as clitics and not stressed, the word order becomes SOV, with pronouns it's only SVO when the Object is stressed.
Nouns
Case and Number
There are two numbers in Tayamo, singular and plural, historically it had a paucal number that fell out of use during middle Tayamo. Tayamo has 6 noun cases:
| Case | Signular | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Affix | Example | Question | |
| Nominative | к'а (rock), зан (bear) | мо (what), мы (who) | |
| Dative | -ў/у | к'аў (to a rock), зану (to a bear) | моў (to what), мыў (to who) |
| Genetive | -но | к'ано (of a rock), занно (of a bear) | моно (of what), мыно (whose) |
| Accusitive | -й/и | к'ай (rock), зани (bear) | мой (what), мый (who) |
| Instrumental | -г'а | к'аг'а (with a rock), занг'а (with a bear) | мог'а (with what), мыг'а (with who) |
| Locative | -да | к'ада (on a rock), занда (on a bear) | мода (where), мыда (at who) |
| Case | Plural | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Affix | Example | Question | |
| Nominative | -(а)цы | к'ацы (rocks), занцы (bears) | моцы (what), мыцы (who) |
| Dative | -(а)цу | к'ацу (to rocks), занцу (to bears) | моцу (to what), мыцу (whose) |
| Genetive | -(а)цын | к'ацын (оf rocks), занцын (оf bears) | моцын (оf what), мыцын (оf who) |
| Accusitive | -(а)ци | к'аци (rocks), занци (bears) | моци (what), мыци (who) |
| Instrumental | -(а)цыг'а | к'ацыг'а (with rocks), занцыг'а (with bears) | моцыг'а (with what), мыцыг'а (with who) |
| Locative | -(a)цыда | к'ацыда (on rocks), занцыда (on bears) | моцыда (where), мыцыда (at who) |
The definite article
Due to Thuado-Thrismaran influence, during the period of Middle Tayamo a definite article developed in the form of the та(н) particle, which is placed infront of a word (та мак'о, тан итары). Some more conservative dialects don't use the Definite article, but it's a part of the Standard language.
In Modern Tayamo, the particle has moved into a suffix:
| syllable type | suffix | example |
|---|---|---|
| open /a, ɨ̞/ closed* /j, w/ |
-'та | кана'та (the song) мары'та (the horse) |
| open /ɛ, i, o, u/ | -'то | хоне'то (the friend) токо'то (the town) |
| closed | -'а | там'а (the fish) ўен'а (the bell) |
- Note: an apostrohpe is added before the article to help distinguish words.
Prnouns
One thing that as brought into Tayamo from the Aschari language is the polite/formal pronouns, which did not exist in the language before Aschari influence, however it is very simple when comapared to Aschari, only having 2 levels of politeness, being polite/formal and impolite/informal.
| Number and Person | Nominative | Accusitive (Direct object) |
Dative (Indirect object) |
Genitive | Instrumental | Locative | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| stressed | clitic | stressed | clitic | |||||||
| Singular | First | Коны | Кони | -ки | Кону | -ку | Коно | Ког'а | Кода | |
| Second | Formal | Уда | Уди | -ди | Уду | -ду | Удано | Удаг'а | Удада | |
| Imformal | Да | Ди | Ду | Дано | Даг'а | Дада | ||||
| Third | То | Той | -ти | Тоў | -ту | Тоно | Тог'а | Тода | ||
| Plural | First | Коныцы | Коци | -кыци | Коцу | -кыцу | Коцыно | Коцыг'а | Коцыда | |
| Second | Formal | Удацы | Удаци | -дыци | Удацу | -дыцу | Удацыно | Удацыг'а | Удацыда | |
| Imformal | Дацы | Даци | Дацу | Дацыно | Дацыг'а | Дацыда | ||||
| Third | Тоцы | Тоци | -тыци | Тоцу | -тыцу | Тоцыно | Тоцыг'а | Тоцыда | ||
The clitic suffixes are used to form Polypersonal verbs.
Adjectives and Adverbs
Comparison forms of Adjectives and Adverbs:
- Positive - Bassic form of the word: big - ян
- Negative - Negation of the word: unbig* - ре-ян
- Comparitive - Form for comparison relative to something: bigger - п'а-ян
- Superlative - Form showing absolute relative to a group: biggest - не-ян
Verbs
Tense, Aspect, Mood
The language allows pro drop, where the pronoun can be dropped from the sentance becouse it is inflicted by the verb conjugation, the pronoun can be added for the purpose to add stress to the one doing the action.
| Number & Person |
Indicative | Imperative | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Past imperfect | Past/Present perfect |
Present | Future | Past Future | |||
| Singular | First | катат'а дамт'а |
катаюно дамюно |
катано дамын |
я катано я дамно |
ят'а катано ят'а дамно |
|
| Second | катак'а дамк'а |
катаюўа дамюўа |
катаўа дамўа |
я катаўа я дамўа |
яц'а катаўа яц'а дамўа |
катай дами | |
| Third | катаю дамю |
ката дам |
я ката я дам |
яц'а ката яц'а дам |
|||
| Plural | First | катат'ахы дамт'ахы |
катаюнохы дамюнохы |
катанохы дамынохы |
я катанохы я дамнохы |
ят'а катанохы ят'а дамнохы |
|
| Second | катак'ахы дамк'ахы |
катаюўхы дамюўхы |
катаўхы дамўхы |
я катаўхы я дамўхы |
яц'а катаўхы яц'а дамўхы |
катацый дамхый | |
| Third | катаюхы дамюхы |
катахы дамхы |
я катахы я дамхы |
яц'а катахы яц'а дамхы |
|||
- ката - say, tell
- дам - drink
| Imperfective verb | Perfective verb | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| арино | юарино | i read |
| аесено | юйаесено | i nuy |
| сайно | юсайно | i write |
Verbs can be negated with the ре- suffix:
| тоўа (you give) | → | ретоўа (you don't give). |
Copula
The word order for the copula verb in standart Tayamo is SOV, due to the language being pro drop, if the pronoun isn's stressed it can be dropped, it acts as a suffix to the object, if the copua is stressed it's put infront of the word. In the western dialects the copula can be left out unless it's stressed, instead using the pronouns.
| Number & Person |
Past | Resultative participle |
Present | Future | Aorist | Imperative | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | First | -дет'а | -деюно | -дено | -ядено | -деруно | ||
| Second | -дец'а | -деюўа | -деўа | -ядеўа | -деруўа | -дей | ||
| Third | -дею | -де | -яде | -деру | ||||
| Plural | First | -дет'ахы | -деюнохы | -денохы | -яденохы | -дерунохы | ||
| Second | -дец'ахы | -деюўахы | -деўахы | -ядеўахы | -деруўахы | -дехый | ||
| Third | -деюхы | -дехы | -ядехы | -дерухы | ||||
| I'm (a) tayamo | Т'аямодено |
| I am (a) tayamo | Коны т'аямодено |
| I am (a) tayamo | Коны дено т'аямо |
Questions
particle: йо
Derivation
| Affix | Used to create: | Example(s) |
|---|---|---|
| -жы | agents from verbs/nouns | сай (to write) → сайжы (writer) |
| -е | verbs from nouns | п'ана (fire) → п'анае (to burn) |
| -ма | nouns from verbs | ма (see) → мама (vision) |
| -сыте | collective nouns | еякы (boat) → еякысыте (fleet) |
| -сы | adjectives | жана (forgive) → жанасы (forgiving) |
| -ки | adverbs | бежы (fast) → бежыки (fastly) |
| -сырег'а | adjectives indicating the lack of something | т'аў (home) → т'аўсырег'а (homeless) |
| -ма | nouns from adjectives | пой (cute) → пойма (cute thing) |
| -ной | diminutives of nouns | маке (dog) → макеной (doggie) |
| -дай | augmentatives of nouns | еякы (boat) → еякыдай (ship) |
| -ра | locations | ахе (to fly) → ахера (airport) |
| -мо | inhabitants | токо (town) → токомо (citizen, resident) |
| -пе | decendents (names and nicknames) | руян (rain) → руянпе (of (the) rain*) |
| -то | relative | саймо (why) → саймото (becouse) мы (who) → мыто (whoever) |
Numerals
Tayamo is a Decimal (Base-10) language. There are two ways to form numerals in Tayamo, the Old way, which is how numbers were build in the original Tayamo language, the second, New way, which came from the Thuado-Thrismaran ways, it exists due to their influence on the language. In Modern Tayamo the Old way is used mainly with smaller numbers like 1-99, and in literary scenarios, while the New way is used with large numbers like the hunderds, thousands and millions and in colloquial situations.
In the Old way, numbers are build agglutinatively: 6 - 1-on-5, 11 - 1-on-10, 20 - 2_10, 21 - 1-on-2_10 and so on. While in the new way, numbers above 20 are build with the conjunctioн га (and): 21 - 20-and-1, 31 - 30-and-1, 101 - 100-and-1, 121 - 100-20-and-1, and so on.
Cardinal numbers
All cardinal numerals end in the cardinal suffix -цы, this is a particle left over from the original Tayamo language, the suffix has disapeared in the western dialects.
List of Tayamo cardinal numbers:
| № | Old way | New way | № | Old way | New way | № | Old way | New way | № | Old way | New way |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | нулыцы | 21 | тиминедацы | мине-га-тицы | 600 | тикадапайцы | |||||
| 1 | тицы | 11 | тинедацы | 26 | тикадаминедацы | мине-га-тикадацы | 1 000 | цанцы | |||
| 2 | мицы | 12 | минедацы | 30 | ренецы | 1 001 | тицандацы | цан-га-тицы | |||
| 3 | рецы | 13 | ренедацы | 40 | юнецы | 2 000 | мицанцы | ||||
| 4 | юцы | 14 | юнедацы | 50 | канецы | 6 000 | тикадацанцы | ||||
| 5 | кацы | 15 | канедацы | 60 | тикаданецы | 10 000 | ўанцы | ||||
| 6 | тикадацы | 16 | тикаданедацы | 100 | пайцы | 10 001 | тиўандацы | ўан-га-тицы | |||
| 7 | микадацы | 17 | микаданедацы | 101 | типайдацы | пай-га-тицы | 20 000 | миўанцы | |||
| 8 | рекадацы | 18 | рекаданедацы | 110 | непайдацы | пай-га-нецы | 60 000 | тикадаўанцы | |||
| 9 | юкадацы | 19 | юкаданедацы | 111 | тинедапайдацы | пай-га-тинедацы | 1 000 000 (100x10 000) |
пайўанцы | |||
| 10 | (не)нецы | 20 | минецы | 200 | нипайцы | ||||||
Ordinal numbers
In Tayamo the circumfix г'а-...-и/й produces ordinal numbers, the cardinal suffix -цы is dropped.
List of Tayamo ordinal numbers:
| № | Old way | New way | № | Old way | New way | № | Old way | New way | № | Old way | New way | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st | г'атий | 11th | г'атинедай | 21st | г'атиминедай | г'амине-га-тий | 1 001st | г'атицандай | г'ацан-га-тий | |||
| 2nd | г'амий | 12th | г'аминедай | 26th | г'атикадаминедай | г'амине-га-тикадай | 2 000th | г'амицани | ||||
| 3d | г'арей | 13th | г'аренедай | 60th | г'атикаданей | 6 000th | г'атикадацани | |||||
| 4th | г'аюй | 14th | г'аюнедай | 100th | г'апайи | 10 000th | г'аўани | |||||
| 5th | г'акай | 15th | г'аканедай | 101st | г'атипайдай | г'апай-га-тий | 10 0001st | г'атиўандай | г'аўан-га-тий | |||
| 6th | г'атикадай | 16th | г'атикаданедай | 110th | г'анепайдай | г'апай-га-ней | 20 000th | г'амиўани | ||||
| 7th | г'амикадай | 17th | г'амикаданедай | 111th | г'атинедапайдай | г'апай-га-тинедай | 60 000th | г'атикадаўани | ||||
| 8th | г'арекадай | 18th | г'арекаданедай | 200th | г'амипайи | 1 000 000th (100x10 000th) |
г'апайўани | |||||
| 9th | г'аюкадай | 19th | г'аюкаданедай | 600th | г'атикадапайи | |||||||
| 10th | г'аней | 20th | г'аминей | 1 000th | г'ацани | |||||||
Fractional numbers
In Tayamo the prefix ра- produces ordinal numbers, the cardinal suffix -цы is dropped.
List of Tayamo Fractional numbers:
| № | Old way | New way | № | Old way | New way | № | Old way | New way | № | Old way | New way | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Whole | тира | 1/11 | ратинеда | 1/21 | ратиминеда | рамине-га-ти | 1/1 001 | ратицанда | рацан-га-ти | |||
| Half | апо | 1/12 | раминеда | 1/26 | ратикадаминеда | рамине-га-тикада | 1/2 000 | рамицан | ||||
| 1/3 | раре | 1/13 | раренеда | 1/60 | ратикадане | 1/6 000 | ратикадацан | |||||
| 1/4 | раю | 1/14 | раюнеда | 1/100 | рапай | 1/10 000 | раўан | |||||
| 1/5 | рака | 1/15 | раканеда | 1/101 | ратипайда | рапай-га-ти | 1/10 0001 | ратиўанда | раўан-га-ти | |||
| 1/6 | ратикада | 1/16 | ратикаданеда | 1/110 | ранепайда | рапай-га-не | 1/20 000 | рамиўан | ||||
| 1/7 | рамикада | 1/17 | рамикаданеда | 1/111 | ратинедапайда | рапай-га-тинеда | 1/60 000 | ратикадаўан | ||||
| 1/8 | рарекада | 1/18 | рарекаданеда | 1/200 | рамипай | 1/1 000 000 (100x10 000) |
рапайўан | |||||
| 1/9 | раюкада | 1/19 | раюкаданеда | 1/600 | ратикадапай | |||||||
| 1/10 | ране | 1/20 | рамине | 1/1 000 | рацан | |||||||