User:Native Qazh/Sandbox5: Difference between revisions

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{{Infobox language
 
| name            = Tayamo
| nativename      = итол т'аямоно, т'аясы итол
|altname          = Tayamese
| states          = {{Flag|Qazhshava}}
| region          = Tayamo Archipelego
| map              =
| mapcaption      =
| ethnicity        = Tayamo people
| speakers        =
| date            =
| ref              =
| familycolor      = Language isolate
| family          = {{wp|Language isolate}}
| script          = {{wp|Cyrillic script|Cyrillic}}<br>{{wp|Latin script|Latin}}<br>Tayamese
| iso1            = [[User:Native_Qazh/Sandbox5|tm]]
| iso2            = [[User:Native_Qazh/Sandbox5|tym]]
| iso3            = [[User:Native_Qazh/Sandbox5|tym]]
| glotto          = None
| glottorefname    =
| notice = IPA
}}
=Phonology=
=Phonology=
==Consonants==
==Consonants==
Line 30: Line 9:
! colspan="2" | {{wp|alveolar consonant|Alveolar}}
! colspan="2" | {{wp|alveolar consonant|Alveolar}}
! {{wp|palatal consonant|Palatal}}
! {{wp|palatal consonant|Palatal}}
! {{wp|velar consonant|Velar}}/<br>{{wp|uvular consonant|Uvular}}
! {{wp|velar consonant|Velar}}
|-
|-
! rowspan="3" | {{wp|Plosive}}/<br>{{wp|Affricate}}
! rowspan="3" | {{wp|Plosive}}/<br>{{wp|Affricate}}
Line 37: Line 16:
| {{IPA link|d}}  
| {{IPA link|d}}  
| {{IPA link|d͡z̻}}  
| {{IPA link|d͡z̻}}  
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|  
| {{IPA link|ɡ}}  
| {{IPA link|ɡ}}  
|-
|-
Line 44: Line 23:
| {{IPA link|t}}  
| {{IPA link|t}}  
| {{IPA link|t͡s̻}}  
| {{IPA link|t͡s̻}}  
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|  
| {{IPA link|k}}  
| {{IPA link|k}}  
|-
|-
Line 51: Line 30:
| {{IPA link|tʼ}}  
| {{IPA link|tʼ}}  
| {{IPA link|t͡s̻ʼ}}  
| {{IPA link|t͡s̻ʼ}}  
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|  
| {{IPA link|kʼ}}  
| {{IPA link|kʼ}}  
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" | {{wp|Fricative}}
! rowspan="2" | {{wp|Fricative}}
! {{small|voiced}}
! {{small|voiced}}
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|  
| colspan="2" | {{IPA link|z̻}}  
| colspan="2" | {{IPA link|z̻}}  
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|  
| {{IPA link|ʁ̟}}
| {{IPA link|ʁ̟}}
|-
|-
! {{small|voiceless}}
! {{small|voiceless}}
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|  
| colspan="2" | {{IPA link|s̻}}  
| colspan="2" | {{IPA link|s̻}}  
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|  
| {{IPA link|x}}  
| {{IPA link|x}}  
|-
|-
! colspan="2" | {{wp|Sonorant}}
! colspan="2" | {{wp|Nasal}}
| {{IPA link|m}}  
| {{IPA link|m}}
| {{IPA link|n}}  
| colspan="2" | {{IPA link|n}}
| {{IPA link|l}}  
|
| {{IPA link|j}}  
|
| {{IPA link|w}}  
|-
! colspan="2" | {{wp|Approximant}}
| {{IPA link|ʋ}}~{{IPA link|w}}  
| colspan="2" |
| {{IPA link|j}}
|
|-
|-
! colspan="2" | {{wp|Rhotic consonant|Rhotic}}
! colspan="2" | {{wp|Rhotic consonant|Rhotic}}
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|  
| colspan="2" | {{IPA link|ɾ}}  
| colspan="2" |{{IPAlink|ɾ}}
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|  
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|  
|-
|-
|}
|}


==Vowels==
==Vowels==
Line 92: Line 77:
! {{wp|Close vowel|Close}}
! {{wp|Close vowel|Close}}
| {{IPA link|i}}  
| {{IPA link|i}}  
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| {{IPA link|ɨ}}
| {{IPA link|u}}  
| {{IPA link|u}}  
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
! {{wp|Mid vowel|Mid}}
! {{wp|Mid vowel|Mid}}
| {{IPA link|ɛ}}  
| {{IPA link|ɛ}}  
| {{IPA link|ɨ̞}}
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| {{IPA link|o}}  
| {{IPA link|o}}  
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
Line 114: Line 99:
!11 !!12 !!13 !!14 !!15 !!16 !!17 !!18 !!19 !!20
!11 !!12 !!13 !!14 !!15 !!16 !!17 !!18 !!19 !!20
!21 !!22 !!23 !!24 !!25 !!26 !!27 !!28 !!29 !!30
!21 !!22 !!23 !!24 !!25 !!26 !!27 !!28 !!29 !!30
!31 !!32 !!33 !!34 !!35 !!36
!31 !!32
|-
!{{wp|Cyrillic script|Cyrillic}} upper case
|А ||Б ||style="background:#FEE7E6"|В
|Г ||Г' ||Д ||Е ||Ж ||З ||И ||Й ||К ||К' ||Л ||М ||Н ||О ||П ||П'
|Р ||С ||Т ||Т' |||У ||Ў ||style="background:#FEE7E6"|Ф
|Х ||Ц ||Ц' ||style="background:#FEE7E6"|Ч
|style="background:#FEE7E6"|Ш
|style="background:#FEE7E6"|Ъ
|Ы
|style="background:#FEE7E6"|Ь
|Ю ||Я
|-
!{{wp|Cyrillic script|Cyrillic}} lower case
|а ||б ||style="background:#FEE7E6"|в
|г ||г' ||д ||е ||ж ||з ||и ||й ||к ||к' ||л ||м ||н ||о ||п ||п'
|р ||с ||т ||т'||у ||ў ||style="background:#FEE7E6"|ф
|х ||ц ||ц' ||style="background:#FEE7E6"|ч
|style="background:#FEE7E6"|ш
|style="background:#FEE7E6"|ъ
|ы
|style="background:#FEE7E6"|ь
|ю ||я
|-
! colspan="37" |
|-
|-
!{{wp|Latin script|Latin}} upper case
!{{wp|Latin script|Latin}} upper case
|A ||B ||style="background:#FEE7E6"|V
|A ||B ||C ||C' ||D ||E ||style="background:#E8E8E8" |F ||G ||Gh ||H
|G ||Gh ||D ||E ||Z ||Zh ||I ||J ||K ||K' ||L ||M ||N ||O ||P ||P'
|I ||style="background:#E8E8E8" |J ||K ||K' ||style="background:#E8E8E8" |L ||M ||N ||O ||P ||P'
|R ||S ||T ||T' ||U ||W ||style="background:#FEE7E6"|F
|style="background:#E8E8E8" |Q ||R ||S ||T ||T' ||U ||style="background:#E8E8E8" |V ||W ||style="background:#E8E8E8" |X ||Y
|Kh ||C ||C' ||style="background:#FEE7E6"|Ch
|Z ||Zh
|style="background:#FEE7E6"|Sh
|style="background:#FEE7E6"|H
|Y ||J ||Ju ||Ja
|-
|-
!{{wp|Latin script|Latin}} lower case
!{{wp|Latin script|Latin}} lower case
|a ||b ||style="background:#FEE7E6"|v
|a ||b ||c ||c' ||d ||e ||style="background:#E8E8E8" |f ||g ||gh ||h
|g ||gh ||d ||e ||z ||zh ||i ||j ||k ||k' ||l ||m ||n ||o ||p ||p'
|i ||style="background:#E8E8E8" |j ||k ||k' ||style="background:#E8E8E8" |l ||m ||n ||o ||p ||p'
|r ||s ||t ||t' ||u ||w ||style="background:#FEE7E6"|f
|style="background:#E8E8E8" |q ||r ||s ||t ||t' ||u ||style="background:#E8E8E8" |v ||w ||style="background:#E8E8E8" |x ||y
|kh ||c ||c' ||style="background:#FEE7E6"|ch
|z ||zh
|style="background:#FEE7E6"|sh
|style="background:#FEE7E6"|h
|y ||j ||ju ||ja
|-
|-
! colspan="37" |
!{{wp|Cyrillic script|Cyrillic}} upper case
|А ||Б ||Ц ||Ц' ||Д ||Е ||style="background:#E8E8E8" |Ф ||Г ||Г' ||Х
|И ||style="background:#E8E8E8" |Ж ||К ||К' ||style="background:#E8E8E8" |Л ||М ||Н ||О ||П ||П'
|style="background:#E8E8E8" |К ||Р ||С ||Т ||Т' ||У ||style="background:#E8E8E8" |В ||Ў ||style="background:#E8E8E8" |Кс ||Ы
|Ж ||З
|-
!{{wp|Cyrillic script|Cyrillic}} lower case
|а ||б ||ц ||ц' ||д ||е ||style="background:#E8E8E8" |ф ||г ||г' ||х
|и ||style="background:#E8E8E8" |ж ||к ||к' ||style="background:#E8E8E8" |л ||м ||н ||о ||п ||п'
|style="background:#E8E8E8" |к ||р ||с ||т ||т' ||у ||style="background:#E8E8E8" |в ||ў ||style="background:#E8E8E8" |кс ||ы
|ж ||з
|-
|-
!{{wp|International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA}} sound
!{{wp|International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA}} sound
| {{IPAlink|a}}
! {{IPAlink|a}}
| {{IPAlink|b}}
! {{IPAlink|b}}
| {{IPAlink|w}}
! {{IPAlink|t͡s̻}}
| {{IPAlink|ɡ}}
! {{IPAlink|t͡s̻ʼ}}
| {{IPAlink|ʁ̟}}
! {{IPAlink|d}}
| {{IPAlink|d}}
! {{IPAlink|ɛ}}
| {{IPAlink|ɛ}}
! {{IPAlink|f}}*
| {{IPAlink|z̻}}
! {{IPAlink|ɡ}}
| {{IPAlink|d͡z̻}}
! {{IPAlink|ʁ̟}}
| {{IPAlink|i}}
! {{IPAlink|x}}
| {{IPAlink|j}}
! {{IPAlink|i}}
| {{IPAlink|k}}
! {{IPAlink|z̻}}
| {{IPAlink|kʼ}}
! {{IPAlink|k}}
| {{IPAlink|l}}
! {{IPAlink|kʼ}}
| {{IPAlink|m}}
! {{IPAlink|l}}*
| {{IPAlink|n}}
! {{IPAlink|m}}
| {{IPAlink|o}}
! {{IPAlink|n}}
| {{IPAlink|p}}
! {{IPAlink|o}}
| {{IPAlink|pʼ}}
! {{IPAlink|p}}
| {{IPAlink|ɾ}}
! {{IPAlink|pʼ}}
| {{IPAlink|s̻}}
! {{IPAlink|k}}
| {{IPAlink|t}}
! {{IPAlink|ɾ}}
| {{IPAlink|tʼ}}
! {{IPAlink|s̻}}
| {{IPAlink|u}}
! {{IPAlink|t}}
| {{IPAlink|w}}
! {{IPAlink|tʼ}}
| {{IPAlink|p}}
! {{IPAlink|u}}
| {{IPAlink|x}}
! colspan="2" | {{IPAlink|ʋ}}~{{IPAlink|w}}
| {{IPAlink|t͡s̻}}
! ks
| {{IPAlink|t͡s̻ʼ}}
! {{IPAlink|ɨ}}
| {{IPAlink|t͡s̻}}
! {{IPAlink|z̻}}
| {{IPAlink|s̻}}
! {{IPAlink|d͡z̻}}
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| {{IPAlink|ɨ̞}}
| style="background:#FEE7E6"| {{IPAlink|◌j}}
| ju
| ja
|-
|}
|}


=Grammar=
=Grammar=
==Syntax==
==Syntax==
  SVO
Tayamo is an SVO language, however the word order is generally free due to noun declensions, when the personal pronouns are used as clitics and not stressed, the word order becomes SOV, with pronouns it's only SVO when the Object is stressed.
  noun like adjectives
==Nouns==
  possessee - possessor
===Case and Number===
  adjective - noun
There are two numbers in Tayamo, singular and plural, historically it had a paucal number that fell out of use during middle Tayamo.
  prepossitions
Tayamo has 6 noun cases:
 
  syllable structure: (C)V(S)
  C - consonant
  V - vowwel
  S - sonorant


==Pronouns==
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" | Case
! colspan="3" | Signular
|-
! Affix
! Example
! Question
|-
! Nominative
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| ''к'а'' (rock), ''зан'' (bear)
| ''мо'' (what), ''мы'' (who)
|-
! Dative
| ''-ў/у''
| ''к'а'''ў''''' (to a rock), ''зан'''у''''' (to a bear)
| ''мо'''ў''''' (to what), ''мы'''ў''''' (to who)
|-
! Genetive
| ''-но''
| ''к'а'''но''''' (of a rock), ''зан'''но''''' (of a bear)
| ''мо'''но''''' (of what), ''мы'''но''''' (whose)
|-
! Accusitive
| ''-й/и''
| ''к'а'''й''''' (rock), ''зан'''и''''' (bear)
| ''мо'''й''''' (what), ''мы'''й''''' (who)
|-
! Instrumental
| ''-г'а''
| ''к'а'''г'а''''' (with a rock), ''зан'''г'а''''' (with a bear)
| ''мо'''г'а''''' (with what), ''мы'''г'а''''' (with who)
|-
! Locative
| ''-да''
| ''к'а'''да''''' (on a rock), ''зан'''да''''' (on a bear)
| ''мо'''да''''' (where), ''мы'''да''''' (at who)
|-
|}


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" | Case
! colspan="3" | Plural
|-
! Affix
! Example
! Question
|-
! Nominative
| ''-(а)цы''
| ''к'а'''цы''''' (rocks), ''зан'''цы''''' (bears)
| ''мо'''цы''''' (what), ''мы'''цы''''' (who)
|-
|-
! colspan="3" | Number & Person
! Dative
! {{H:title|Nominative|Nom}}
| ''-(а)цу''
! {{H:title|Dative|Dat}}
| ''к'а'''цу''''' (to rocks), ''зан'''цу''''' (to bears)
! {{H:title|Genitive|Gen}}
| ''мо'''цу''''' (to what), ''мы'''цу''''' (whose)
! {{H:title|Accusitive|Acc}}
|-
! {{H:title|Instrumental|Ins}}
! Genetive
! {{H:title|Locative|Loc}}
| ''-(а)цын''
| ''к'а'''цын''''' (оf rocks), ''зан'''цын''''' (оf bears)
| ''мо'''цын''''' (оf what), ''мы'''цын''''' (оf who)
|-
|-
! rowspan="4" | Singular
! Accusitive
! colspan="2" | First
| ''-(а)ци''
| ''Коны
| ''к'а'''ци''''' (rocks), ''зан'''ци''''' (bears)
| ''Ку
| ''мо'''ци''''' (what), ''мы'''ци''''' (who)
| ''Коно
| ''Ки
| ''Ког'а
| ''Кода
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" | Second
! Instrumental
! Formal
| ''-(а)цыг'а''
| ''Уда
| ''к'а'''цыг'а''''' (with rocks), ''зан'''цыг'а''''' (with bears)
| ''Уду
| ''мо'''цыг'а''''' (with what), ''мы'''цыг'а''''' (with who)
| ''Удано
| ''Уди
| ''Удаг'а
| ''Удада
|-
|-
! Imformal
! Locative
| ''Да
| ''-(a)цыда''
| ''Ду
| ''к'а'''цыда''''' (on rocks), ''зан'''цыда''''' (on bears)
| ''Дано
| ''мо'''цыда''''' (where), ''мы'''цыда''''' (at who)
| ''Ди
| ''Даг'а
| ''Дада
|-
|-
! colspan="2" | Third
|}
| ''То
 
| ''Тоў
===The definite article===
| ''Тоно
Due to [[Thuado-Thrismaran languages|Thuado-Thrismaran]] influence, during the period of Middle Tayamo a definite article developed in the form of the '''та(н)''' particle, which is placed infront of a word ('''та''' мак'о, '''тан''' итары). Some more conservative dialects don't use the Definite article, but it's a part of the Standard language.
| ''Той
 
| ''Тода
In Modern Tayamo, the particle has moved into a suffix:
| ''Тог'а
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
! rowspan="4" | Plural
! syllable type
! colspan="2" | First
! suffix
| ''Коныцы
! example
| ''Коныцу
| ''Коныцыно
| ''Коныци
| ''Коныцыда
| ''Коныцыг'а
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" | Second
| open /a, ɨ̞/<br>closed* /j, w/
! Formal
| ''-'та
| ''Удацы
| ''кана''''та''' (the song)<br>мары''''та''' (the horse)
| ''Удацу
| ''Удацыно
| ''Удаци
| ''Удацыда
| ''Удацыг'а
|-
|-
! Imformal
| open /ɛ, i, o, u/
| ''Дацы
| ''-'то
| ''Дацу
| ''хоне''''то''' (the friend)<br>токо''''то''' (the town)
| ''Дацыно
| ''Даци
| ''Дацыда
| ''Дацыг'а
|-
|-
! colspan="2" | Third
| closed
| ''Тоцы
| ''-'а
| ''Тоцу
| ''там''''а''' (the fish)<br>ўен''''а''' (the bell)
| ''Тоцыно
| ''Тоци
| ''Тоцыды
| ''Тоцыг'а
|-
|-
|}
|}
*Note: an apostrohpe is added before the article to help distinguish words.
==Prnouns==
One thing that as brought into Tayamo from the [[Aschari|Aschari language]] is the polite/formal pronouns, which did not exist in the language before Aschari influence, however it is very simple when comapared to [[Aschari]], only having 2 levels of politeness, being polite/formal and impolite/informal.


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
Line 302: Line 282:
! colspan="2" | Dative<br>(Indirect object)
! colspan="2" | Dative<br>(Indirect object)
! rowspan="2" | Genitive
! rowspan="2" | Genitive
! rowspan="2" | Innesive
! rowspan="2" | Instrumental
! rowspan="2" | Locative  
! rowspan="2" | Locative  
|-
|-
Line 353: Line 333:
! colspan="2" | First
! colspan="2" | First
| ''Коныцы
| ''Коныцы
| ''Коныци
| ''Коци
| ''-кыци
| ''-кыци
| ''Коныцу
| ''Коцу
| ''-кыцу
| ''-кыцу
| ''Коныцыно
| ''Коцыно
| ''Коныцыг'а
| ''Коцыг'а
| ''Коныцыда
| ''Коцыда
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" | Second
! rowspan="2" | Second
Line 392: Line 372:
|}
|}


==Nouns==
The clitic suffixes are used to form {{wp|Polypersonal agreement|Polypersonal verbs}}.
===Definitiness===
definite article goes before the noun, middle tayamo: '''та(н)'''
 
modern tayamo:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! syllable type
! suffix
! example
|-
| open /a, ɨ̞/
| -та
| кана'''та'''<br>мары'''та'''
|-
| open /ɛ, i, o, u/
| -то
| хоне'''то'''<br>токо'''то'''
|-
| closed
| -ы
| там'''ы'''<br>ўен'''ы'''
|-
|}
 
===Case and Number===
 
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" | Case
! colspan="3" | Signular
|-
! Affix
! Example
! Question
|-
! Nominative
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| ''к'а'' (rock), ''зан'' (bear)
| ''мо'' (what), ''мы'' (who)
|-
! Dative
| ''-ху/у''
| ''к'а'''ў''''' (to a rock), ''зан'''у''''' (to a bear)
| ''мо'''ў''''' (to what), ''мы'''ў''''' (to who)
|-
! Genetive
| ''-но''
| ''к'а'''но''''' (of a rock), ''зан'''но''''' (of a bear)
| ''мо'''но''''' (of what), ''мы'''но''''' (whose)
|-
! Accusitive
| ''-й/и''
| ''к'а'''й''''' (rock), ''зан'''и''''' (bear)
| ''мо'''й''''' (what), ''мы'''й''''' (who)
|-
! Instrumental
| ''-г'а''
| ''к'а'''г'а''''' (with a rock), ''зан'''г'а''''' (with a bear)
| ''мо'''г'а''''' (with what), ''мы'''г'а''''' (with who)
|-
! Locative
| ''-да''
| ''к'а'''да''''' (on a rock), ''зан'''да''''' (on a bear)
| ''мо'''да''''' (where), ''мы'''да''''' (at who)
|-
|}
 
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" | Case
! colspan="3" | Plural
|-
! Affix
! Example
! Question
|-
! Nominative
| ''-(а)цы''
| ''к'а'''цы''''' (rocks), ''зан'''цы''''' (bears)
| ''мо'''цы''''' (what), ''мы'''цы''''' (who)
|-
! Dative
| ''-(а)цу''
| ''к'а'''цу''''' (to rocks), ''зан'''цу''''' (to bears)
| ''мо'''цу''''' (to what), ''мы'''цу''''' (whose)
|-
! Genetive
| ''-(а)цын''
| ''к'а'''цын''''' (оf rocks), ''зан'''цын''''' (оf bears)
| ''мо'''цын''''' (оf what), ''мы'''цын''''' (оf who)
|-
! Accusitive
| ''-(а)ци''
| ''к'а'''ци''''' (rocks), ''зан'''ци''''' (bears)
| ''мо'''ци''''' (what), ''мы'''ци''''' (who)
|-
! Instrumental
| ''-(а)цыг'а''
| ''к'а'''цыг'а''''' (with rocks), ''зан'''цыг'а''''' (with bears)
| ''мо'''цыг'а''''' (with what), ''мы'''цыг'а''''' (with who)
|-
! Locative
| ''-(a)цыда''
| ''к'а'''цыда''''' (on rocks), ''зан'''цыда''''' (on bears)
| ''мо'''цыда''''' (where), ''мы'''цыда''''' (at who)
|-
|}


==Adjectives and Adverbs==
==Adjectives and Adverbs==
{{wp|Comparison (grammar)|Comparison}} forms of [[wikipedia:Adjective|Adjectives]] and [[wikipedia:Adverb|Adverbs]]:
{{wp|Comparison (grammar)|Comparison}} forms of [[wikipedia:Adjective|Adjectives]] and [[wikipedia:Adverb|Adverbs]]:


* '''Positive''' - Bassic form of the word: big - ''кай
* '''Positive''' - Bassic form of the word: big - ''ян
* '''Negative''' - Negation of the word: '''un'''big* -  '''''ре-'''кай
* '''Negative''' - Negation of the word: '''un'''big* -  '''''ре-'''ян
* '''Comparitive''' - Form for comparison relative to something: big'''ger''' -  '''''п'а-'''кай
* '''Comparitive''' - Form for comparison relative to something: big'''ger''' -  '''''п'а-'''ян
* '''Superlative''' - Form showing absolute relative to a group: big'''gest''' -  '''''не-'''кай
* '''Superlative''' - Form showing absolute relative to a group: big'''gest''' -  '''''не-'''ян


==Verbs==
==Verbs==
===Copula===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="3" | Number &<br>Person
! {{H:title|бях/was|Past}}
! {{H:title|бил/been|Resultative<br>participle}}
! {{H:title|съм/am|Present}}
! {{H:title|ще бъда/will be|Future}}
! {{H:title|бих/would|Aorist}}
! {{H:title|бъди/be!|Imperative}}
|-
! rowspan="3" | Singular
! colspan="2" | First
| ''рыт'а
| ''рыюн
| ''рын
| ''я рын
| ''рылун
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|-
! colspan="2" | Second
| rowspan="2" | ''рыц'а
| ''рыюўа
| ''рыўа
| ''я рыўа
| ''рылуўа
| ''рыўай
|-
! colspan="2" | Third
| ''рыю
| ''ры
| ''я ры
| ''рылу
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|-
! rowspan="4" | Plural
! colspan="2" | First
| ''рыт'ары
| ''рыюнры
| ''рынры
| ''я рынры
| ''рылунры
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|-
! colspan="2" | Second
| rowspan="2" | ''рыц'ары
| ''рыюўары
| ''рыўары
| ''я рыўары
| ''рылуўары
| ''рыўарый
|-
! colspan="2" | Third
| ''рыюры
| ''рыры
| ''я рыры
| ''рылуры
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|-
|}
===Tense, Aspect, Mood===
===Tense, Aspect, Mood===
 
The language allows pro drop, where the pronoun can be dropped from the sentance becouse it is inflicted by the verb conjugation, the pronoun can be added for the purpose to add stress to the one doing the action.
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
Line 587: Line 400:
! First
! First
| ''ката'''т'а'''<br>дам'''т'а'''
| ''ката'''т'а'''<br>дам'''т'а'''
| ''ката'''юн'''<br>дам'''юн'''
| ''ката'''юно'''<br>дам'''юно'''
| ''ката'''н'''<br>дам'''ын'''
| ''ката'''но'''<br>дам'''ын'''
| '''''я''' ката'''н'''<br>'''я''' дам'''ын'''
| '''''я''' ката'''но'''<br>'''я''' дам'''но'''
| '''''ят'а''' ката'''н'''<br>'''ят'а''' дам'''ын'''
| '''''ят'а''' ката'''но'''<br>'''ят'а''' дам'''но'''
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|-
|-
Line 610: Line 423:
! rowspan="4" | Plural
! rowspan="4" | Plural
! First
! First
| ''ката'''т'ацы'''<br>дам'''т'ацы'''
| ''ката'''т'ахы'''<br>дам'''т'ахы'''
| ''ката'''юнцы'''<br>дам'''юнцы'''
| ''ката'''юнохы'''<br>дам'''юнохы'''
| ''ката'''нцы'''<br>дам'''ынцы'''
| ''ката'''нохы'''<br>дам'''ынохы'''
| '''''я''' ката'''нцы'''<br>'''я''' дам'''ынцы'''
| '''''я''' ката'''нохы'''<br>'''я''' дам'''нохы'''
| '''''ят'а''' ката'''нцы'''<br>'''ят'а''' дам'''ынцы'''
| '''''ят'а''' ката'''нохы'''<br>'''ят'а''' дам'''нохы'''
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|-
|-
! Second
! Second
| rowspan="2" | ''ката'''к'ацы'''<br>дам'''к'ацы'''
| rowspan="2" | ''ката'''к'ахы'''<br>дам'''к'ахы'''
| ''ката'''юўцы'''<br>дам'''юўцы'''
| ''ката'''юўхы'''<br>дам'''юўхы'''
| ''ката'''ўцы'''<br>дам'''ўцы'''
| ''ката'''ўхы'''<br>дам'''ўхы'''
| '''''я''' ката'''ўцы'''<br>'''я''' дам'''ўцы'''
| '''''я''' ката'''ўхы'''<br>'''я''' дам'''ўхы'''
| '''''яц'а''' ката'''ўцы'''<br>'''яц'а''' дам'''ўцы'''
| '''''яц'а''' ката'''ўхы'''<br>'''яц'а''' дам'''ўхы'''
| ''ката'''цый'''<br>дам'''цый'''
| ''ката'''цый'''<br>дам'''хый'''
|-
|-
! Third
! Third
| ''ката'''юцы'''<br>дам'''юцы'''
| ''ката'''юхы'''<br>дам'''юхы'''
| ''ката'''цы'''<br>дам'''цы'''
| ''ката'''хы'''<br>дам'''хы'''
| '''''я''' ката'''цы'''<br>'''я''' дам'''цы'''
| '''''я''' ката'''хы'''<br>'''я''' дам'''хы'''
| '''''яц'а''' ката'''цы'''<br>'''яц'а''' дам'''цы'''
| '''''яц'а''' ката'''хы'''<br>'''яц'а''' дам'''хы'''
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|-
|-
Line 642: Line 455:
! Meaning
! Meaning
|-
|-
| ''арин
| ''арино
| ''жанарин
| '''ю'''арино
| i read
| i read
|-
|-
| ''ахен
| ''аесено
| ''жанахен
| '''юй'''аесено
| i fly
| i nuy
|-
|-
| ''сайн
| ''сайно
| ''жасайн
| '''ю'''сайно
| i write
| i write
|-
|-
| ''ц'ан
|}
| ''жац'ан
 
| i shoot
 
Verbs can be negated with the '''ре-''' suffix:
{| class="wikitable"
|тоўа (you give)|| →|| ретоўа (you don't give).
|}
 
===Copula===
The word order for the copula verb in standart Tayamo is SOV, due to the language being pro drop, if the pronoun isn's stressed it can be dropped, it acts as a suffix to the object, if the copua is stressed it's put infront of the word. In the western dialects the copula can be left out unless it's stressed, instead using the pronouns.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="3" | Number &<br>Person
! {{H:title|бях/was|Past}}
! {{H:title|бил/been|Resultative<br>participle}}
! {{H:title|съм/am|Present}}
! {{H:title|ще бъда/will be|Future}}
! {{H:title|бих/would|Aorist}}
! {{H:title|бъди/be!|Imperative}}
|-
! rowspan="3" | Singular
! colspan="2" | First
| ''-дет'а
| ''-деюно
| ''-дено
| ''-ядено
| ''-деруно
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|-
! colspan="2" | Second
| rowspan="2" | ''-дец'а
| ''-деюўа
| ''-деўа
| ''-ядеўа
| ''-деруўа
| ''-дей
|-
! colspan="2" | Third
| ''-дею
| ''-де
| ''-яде
| ''-деру
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|-
|-
! rowspan="4" | Plural
! colspan="2" | First
| ''-дет'ахы
| ''-деюнохы
| ''-денохы
| ''-яденохы
| ''-дерунохы
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|-
! colspan="2" | Second
| rowspan="2" | ''-дец'ахы
| ''-деюўахы
| ''-деўахы
| ''-ядеўахы
| ''-деруўахы
| ''-дехый
|-
! colspan="2" | Third
| ''-деюхы
| ''-дехы
| ''-ядехы
| ''-дерухы
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|-
|}
{| class="wikitable"
| I'm (a) tayamo||Т'аямо'''дено'''
|-
| '''{{underline|I}}''' am (a) tayamo|| '''Коны''' т'аямодено
|-
| I '''{{underline|am}}''' (a) tayamo|| Коны '''дено''' т'аямо
|}
|}


Line 673: Line 558:
| ''сай'' (to write) → ''сай'''жы''''' (writer)
| ''сай'' (to write) → ''сай'''жы''''' (writer)
|-
|-
| -''(й)е''
| -''е''
|verbs from nouns
|verbs from nouns
| ''п'ал'' (fire) → ''п'ал'''е''''' (to burn)
| ''п'ана'' (fire) → ''п'ана'''е''''' (to burn)
|-
|-
| -''ма''
| -''ма''
Line 687: Line 572:
| -''сы''
| -''сы''
|[[wikipedia:adjective|adjectives]]
|[[wikipedia:adjective|adjectives]]
| ''п'ал'' (fire) → ''п'ал'''''сы''' (fiery)
| ''жана'' (forgive) → ''жана'''''сы''' (forgiving)
|-
|-
| -''ки''
| -''ки''
|[[wikipedia:adverb|adverbs]]
|[[wikipedia:adverb|adverbs]]
| ''безы'' (fast) → '' безы'''ки''''' (fastly)
| ''бежы'' (fast) → '' бежы'''ки''''' (fastly)
|-
|-
|  -''сырег'а''
|  -''сырег'а''
Line 705: Line 590:
| ''маке'' (dog) → ''маке'''ной''''' (doggie)
| ''маке'' (dog) → ''маке'''ной''''' (doggie)
|-
|-
| -''ян''
| -''дай''
|[[wikipedia:augmentative|augmentatives]] of nouns
|[[wikipedia:augmentative|augmentatives]] of nouns
| ''еякы'' (boat) → ''еякы'''ян''''' (ship)
| ''еякы'' (boat) → ''еякы'''дай''''' (ship)
|-
|-
| -''ра''
| -''ра''
Line 717: Line 602:
| ''токо'' (town) → ''токо'''мо''''' (citizen, resident)
| ''токо'' (town) → ''токо'''мо''''' (citizen, resident)
|-
|-
| -''зе''
| -''пе''
|decendents (people of nouns/[[wikipedia:adjective|adjectives]])
|decendents (names and nicknames)
| ''каму'' (whale) → ''каму'''зе''''' (of whales*)
| ''руян'' (rain) → ''руян'''пе''''' (of (the) rain*)
|-
|-
| -''то''
| -''то''
Line 728: Line 613:


=Numerals=
=Numerals=
===Cardinal===
Tayamo is a {{wp|Decimal system|Decimal (Base-10)}} language. There are two ways to form numerals in Tayamo, the Old way, which is how numbers were build in the original Tayamo language, the second, New way, which came from the [[Thuado-Thrismaran languages|Thuado-Thrismaran]] ways, it exists due to their influence on the language.
In Modern Tayamo the Old way is used mainly with smaller numbers like 1-99, and in literary scenarios, while the New way is used with large numbers like the hunderds, thousands and millions and in colloquial situations.
 
In the Old way, numbers are build agglutinatively: 6 - 1-on-5, 11 - 1-on-10, 20 - 2_10, 21 - 1-on-2_10 and so on.
While in the new way, numbers above 20 are build with the conjunctioн '''га''' (and): 21 - 20-and-1, 31 - 30-and-1, 101 - 100-and-1, 121 - 100-20-and-1, and so on.
 
 
==Cardinal numbers==
All cardinal numerals end in the cardinal suffix '''-цы''', this is a particle left over from the original Tayamo language, the suffix has disapeared in the western dialects.
 
List of Tayamo cardinal numbers:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
Line 745: Line 640:
|-
|-
! 0
! 0
| colspan="2" |''нулцы
| colspan="2" |''нулыцы
! 21
! 21
| ''тиминедацы
| ''тиминедацы
Line 788: Line 683:
| colspan="2" |''канецы
| colspan="2" |''канецы
! 6 000
! 6 000
| colspan="2" |''тикадацы
| colspan="2" |''тикадацанцы
|-
|-
! 5
! 5
Line 848: Line 743:
|}
|}


===Ordinal===
==Ordinal numbers==
In Tayamo the circumfix '''г'а-...-и/й''' produces ordinal numbers, the cardinal suffix '''-цы''' is dropped.
 
List of Tayamo ordinal numbers:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
Line 864: Line 762:
! New way
! New way
|-
|-
! 1
! 1st
| colspan="2" |''г'атий
| colspan="2" |''г'атий
! 11
! 11th
| colspan="2" |''г'атинедай
| colspan="2" |''г'атинедай
! 21
! 21st
|''г'атиминедай
|''г'атиминедай
|''г'амине-га-тий
|''г'амине-га-тий
! 1 001
! 1 001st
|''г'атицандай
|''г'атицандай
|''г'ацан-га-тий
|''г'ацан-га-тий
|-
|-
! 2
! 2nd
| colspan="2" |''г'амий
| colspan="2" |''г'амий
! 12
! 12th
| colspan="2" |''г'аминедай
| colspan="2" |''г'аминедай
! 26
! 26th
|''г'атикадаминедай
|''г'атикадаминедай
|''г'амине-га-тикадай
|''г'амине-га-тикадай
! 2 000
! 2 000th
| colspan="2" |''г'амицани
| colspan="2" |''г'амицани
|-
|-
! 3
! 3d
| colspan="2" |''г'арей
| colspan="2" |''г'арей
! 13
! 13th
| colspan="2" |''г'аренедай
| colspan="2" |''г'аренедай
! 60
! 60th
| colspan="2" |''г'атикаданей
| colspan="2" |''г'атикаданей
! 6 000
! 6 000th
| colspan="2" |''г'атикадацани
| colspan="2" |''г'атикадацани
|-
|-
! 4
! 4th
| colspan="2" |''г'аюй
| colspan="2" |''г'аюй
! 14
! 14th
| colspan="2" |''г'аюнедай
| colspan="2" |''г'аюнедай
! 100
! 100th
| colspan="2" |''г'апайи
| colspan="2" |''г'апайи
! 10 000
! 10 000th
| colspan="2" |''г'аўани
| colspan="2" |''г'аўани
|-
|-
! 5
! 5th
| colspan="2" |''г'акай
| colspan="2" |''г'акай
! 15
! 15th
| colspan="2" |''г'аканедай
| colspan="2" |''г'аканедай
! 101
! 101st
|''г'атипайдай
|''г'атипайдай
|''г'апай-га-тий
|''г'апай-га-тий
! 10 0001
! 10 0001st
|''г'атиўандай
|''г'атиўандай
|''г'аўан-га-тий
|''г'аўан-га-тий
|-
|-
! 6
! 6th
| colspan="2" |''г'атикадай
| colspan="2" |''г'атикадай
! 16
! 16th
| colspan="2" |''г'атикаданедай
| colspan="2" |''г'атикаданедай
! 110
! 110th
|''г'анепайдай
|''г'анепайдай
|''г'апай-га-ней
|''г'апай-га-ней
! 20 000
! 20 000th
| colspan="2" |''г'амиўани
| colspan="2" |''г'амиўани
|-
|-
! 7
! 7th
| colspan="2" |''г'амикадай
| colspan="2" |''г'амикадай
! 17
! 17th
| colspan="2" |''г'амикаданедай
| colspan="2" |''г'амикаданедай
! 111
! 111th
|''г'атинедапайдай
|''г'атинедапайдай
|''г'апай-га-тинедай
|''г'апай-га-тинедай
! 60 000
! 60 000th
| colspan="2" |''г'атикадаўани
| colspan="2" |''г'атикадаўани
|-
|-
! 8
! 8th
| colspan="2" |''г'арекадай
| colspan="2" |''г'арекадай
! 18
! 18th
| colspan="2" |''г'арекаданедай
| colspan="2" |''г'арекаданедай
! 200
! 200th
| colspan="2" |''г'амипайи
| colspan="2" |''г'амипайи
! rowspan="3" |  1 000 000<br>(100x10 000)
! rowspan="3" |  1 000 000th<br>(100x10 000th)
| colspan="3" rowspan="3" | ''г'апайўани
| colspan="3" rowspan="3" | ''г'апайўани
|-
|-
! 9
! 9th
| colspan="2" |''г'аюкадай
| colspan="2" |''г'аюкадай
! 19
! 19th
| colspan="2" |''г'аюкаданедай
| colspan="2" |''г'аюкаданедай
! 600
! 600th
| colspan="2" | ''г'атикадапайи
| colspan="2" | ''г'атикадапайи
|-
|-
! 10
! 10th
| colspan="2" |''г'аней
| colspan="2" |''г'аней
! 20
! 20th
| colspan="2" |''г'аминей
| colspan="2" |''г'аминей
! 1 000
! 1 000th
| colspan="2" |''г'ацани
| colspan="2" |''г'ацани
|-
|-
|}
|}


==Fractional numbers==
In Tayamo the prefix '''ра-''' produces ordinal numbers, the cardinal suffix '''-цы''' is dropped.


===Fractional===
List of Tayamo Fractional numbers:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
Line 976: Line 876:
! New way
! New way
|-
|-
! 1
! Whole
| colspan="2" |''рати
| colspan="2" |''тира
! 11
! 1/11
| colspan="2" |''ратинеда
| colspan="2" |''ратинеда
! 21
! 1/21
|''ратиминеда
|''ратиминеда
|''рамине-га-ти
|''рамине-га-ти
! 1 001
! 1/1 001
|''ратицанда
|''ратицанда
|''рацан-га-ти
|''рацан-га-ти
|-
|-
! 2
! Half
| colspan="2" |''рами
| colspan="2" |''апо
! 12
! 1/12
| colspan="2" |''раминеда
| colspan="2" |''раминеда
! 26
! 1/26
|''ратикадаминеда
|''ратикадаминеда
|''рамине-га-тикада
|''рамине-га-тикада
! 2 000
! 1/2 000
| colspan="2" |''рамицан
| colspan="2" |''рамицан
|-
|-
! 3
! 1/3
| colspan="2" |''раре
| colspan="2" |''раре
! 13
! 1/13
| colspan="2" |''раренеда
| colspan="2" |''раренеда
! 60
! 1/60
| colspan="2" |''ратикадане
| colspan="2" |''ратикадане
! 6 000
! 1/6 000
| colspan="2" |''ратикадацан
| colspan="2" |''ратикадацан
|-
|-
! 4
! 1/4
| colspan="2" |''раю
| colspan="2" |''раю
! 14
! 1/14
| colspan="2" |''раюнеда
| colspan="2" |''раюнеда
! 100
! 1/100
| colspan="2" |''рапай
| colspan="2" |''рапай
! 10 000
! 1/10 000
| colspan="2" |''раўан
| colspan="2" |''раўан
|-
|-
! 5
! 1/5
| colspan="2" |''рака
| colspan="2" |''рака
! 15
! 1/15
| colspan="2" |''раканеда
| colspan="2" |''раканеда
! 101
! 1/101
|''ратипайда
|''ратипайда
|''рапай-га-ти
|''рапай-га-ти
! 10 0001
! 1/10 0001
|''ратиўанда
|''ратиўанда
|''раўан-га-ти
|''раўан-га-ти
|-
|-
! 6
! 1/6
| colspan="2" |''ратикада
| colspan="2" |''ратикада
! 16
! 1/16
| colspan="2" |''ратикаданеда
| colspan="2" |''ратикаданеда
! 110
! 1/110
|''ранепайда
|''ранепайда
|''рапай-га-не
|''рапай-га-не
! 20 000
! 1/20 000
| colspan="2" |''рамиўан
| colspan="2" |''рамиўан
|-
|-
! 7
! 1/7
| colspan="2" |''рамикада
| colspan="2" |''рамикада
! 17
! 1/17
| colspan="2" |''рамикаданеда
| colspan="2" |''рамикаданеда
! 111
! 1/111
|''ратинедапайда
|''ратинедапайда
|''рапай-га-тинеда
|''рапай-га-тинеда
! 60 000
! 1/60 000
| colspan="2" |''ратикадаўан
| colspan="2" |''ратикадаўан
|-
|-
! 8
! 1/8
| colspan="2" |''рарекада
| colspan="2" |''рарекада
! 18
! 1/18
| colspan="2" |''рарекаданеда
| colspan="2" |''рарекаданеда
! 200
! 1/200
| colspan="2" |''рамипай
| colspan="2" |''рамипай
! rowspan="3" |  1 000 000<br>(100x10 000)
! rowspan="3" |  1/1 000 000<br>(100x10 000)
| colspan="3" rowspan="3" | ''рапайўан
| colspan="3" rowspan="3" | ''рапайўан
|-
|-
! 9
! 1/9
| colspan="2" |''раюкада
| colspan="2" |''раюкада
! 19
! 1/19
| colspan="2" |''раюкаданеда
| colspan="2" |''раюкаданеда
! 600
! 1/600
| colspan="2" | ''ратикадапай
| colspan="2" | ''ратикадапай
|-
|-
! 10
! 1/10
| colspan="2" |''ране
| colspan="2" |''ране
! 20
! 1/20
| colspan="2" |''рамине
| colspan="2" |''рамине
! 1 000
! 1/1 000
| colspan="2" |''рацан
| colspan="2" |''рацан
|-
|}
=Alpha-syllabary wip=
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="6" | onset-nucleus
! rowspan="2" | coda
|-
! a
! y
! o
! u
! e
! i
|-
! Ø
|
|
|
|
|
|
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|-
! p
|
|
|
|
|
|
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|-
! p'
|
|
|
|
|
|
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|-
! b
|
|
|
|
|
|
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|-
! t
|
|
|
|
|
|
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|-
! t'
|
|
|
|
|
|
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|-
! d
|
|
|
|
|
|
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|-
! k
|
|
|
|
|
|
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|-
! k'
|
|
|
|
|
|
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|-
! g
|
|
|
|
|
|
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|-
! c
|
|
|
|
|
|
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|-
! c'
|
|
|
|
|
|
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|-
! zh
|
|
|
|
|
|
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|-
! s
|
|
|
|
|
|
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|-
! z
|
|
|
|
|
|
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|-
! kh
|
|
|
|
|
|
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|-
! gh
|
|
|
|
|
|
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|-
! m
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! n
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! l
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! j
|
|
|
|
|
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|
|-
! w
|
|
|
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|
|
|
|-
! r
|
|
|
|
|
|
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|-
|}
=Aschari script wip=
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="6" | onset-nucleus
! rowspan="2" | coda
|-
! a
! y
! o
! u
! e
! i
|-
! Ø
| ꦄ
| ꦄꦼ
| ꦎ
| ꦈ
| ꦌ
| ꦆ
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|-
! p
| ꦥ
| ꦥꦼ
| ꦥꦺꦴ
| ꦥꦸ
| ꦥꦺ
| ꦥꦶ
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|-
! p'
| ꦦ
| ꦦꦼ
| ꦦꦺꦴ
| ꦦꦸ
| ꦦꦺ
| ꦦꦶ
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|-
! b
| ꦧ
| ꦧꦼ
| ꦧꦺꦴ
| ꦧꦸ
| ꦧꦺ
| ꦧꦶ
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|-
! t
| ꦠ
| ꦠꦼ
| ꦠꦺꦴ
| ꦠꦸ
| ꦠꦺ
| ꦠꦶ
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|-
! t'
| ꦡ
| ꦡꦼ
| ꦡꦺꦴ
| ꦡꦸ
| ꦡꦺ
| ꦡꦶ
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|-
! d
| ꦢ
| ꦢꦼ
| ꦢꦺꦴ
| ꦢꦸ
| ꦢꦺ
| ꦢꦶ
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|-
! k
| ꦏ
| ꦏꦼ
| ꦏꦺꦴ
| ꦏꦸ
| ꦏꦺ
| ꦏꦶ
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|-
! k'
| ꦑ
| ꦑꦼ
| ꦑꦺꦴ
| ꦑꦸ
| ꦑꦺ
| ꦑꦶ
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|-
! g
| ꦒ
| ꦒꦼ
| ꦒꦺꦴ
| ꦒꦸ
| ꦒꦺ
| ꦒꦶ
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|-
! c
| ꦕ
| ꦕꦼ
| ꦕꦺꦴ
| ꦕꦸ
| ꦕꦺ
| ꦕꦶ
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|-
! c'
| ꦖ
| ꦖꦼ
| ꦖꦺꦴ
| ꦖꦸ
| ꦖꦺ
| ꦖꦶ
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|-
! zh
| ꦗ
| ꦗꦼ
| ꦗꦺꦴ
| ꦗꦸ
| ꦗꦺ
| ꦗꦶ
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|-
! s
| ꦱ
| ꦱꦼ
| ꦱꦺꦴ
| ꦱꦸ
| ꦱꦺ
| ꦱꦶ
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|-
! z
| ꦯ
| ꦯꦼ
| ꦯꦺꦴ
| ꦯꦸ
| ꦯꦺ
| ꦯꦶ
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|-
! kh
| ꦲ
| ꦲꦼ
| ꦲꦺꦴ
| ꦲꦸ
| ꦲꦺ
| ꦲꦶ
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|-
! gh
| ꦓ
| ꦓꦼ
| ꦓꦺꦴ
| ꦓꦸ
| ꦓꦺ
| ꦓꦶ
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|-
! m
| ꦩ
| ꦩꦼ
| ꦩꦺꦴ
| ꦩꦸ
| ꦩꦺ
| ꦩꦶ
| ꦩ꧀
|-
! n
| ꦤ
| ꦤꦼ
| ꦤꦺꦴ
| ꦤꦸ
| ꦤꦺ
| ꦤꦶ
| ꦤ꧀
|-
! l
| ꦭ
| ꦭꦼ
| ꦭꦺꦴ
| ꦭꦸ
| ꦭꦺ
| ꦭꦶ
| ꦭ꧀
|-
! j
| ꦪ
| ꦪꦼ
| ꦪꦺꦴ
| ꦪꦸ
| ꦪꦺ
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| ꦪ꧀
|-
! w
| ꦮ
| ꦮꦼ
| ꦮꦺꦴ
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
| ꦮꦺ
| ꦮꦶ
| ꦮ꧀
|-
! r
| ꦫ
| ꦫꦼ
| ꦫꦺꦴ
| ꦫꦸ
| ꦫꦺ
| ꦫꦶ
| style="background:#F0F0F0" |
|-
|}
=Example=
{{wp|Lord's Prayer|Lord's prayer}}:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! English
! Tayamo (Cyrillic)
! Tayamo (Latin)
! Tayamo (Tayamese)
|-
| Our Father in heaven,
| Ба коныцыно ўахацыда'та,
| Ba konycyno wahacyda'ta,
|
|-
| hallowed be your name.
| ая ры данасы катама'та удано.
| aya ry danasy katama'ta udano.
|
|-
| Your kingdom come.
| Ая то одора'та удано.
| Aya to odora'ta udano.
|
|-
| Your will be done,
| Тала'та удацы я ры жакесы,
| Tala'ta udacy ya ty zakesy,
|
|-
| on earth as it is in heaven.
| гидада'та ларе ры ўахацыда'та.
| gidada'ta lare ry wahacyda'ta.
|
|-
| Give us today our daily bread
| Хонсы'та коныцыно п'ита сыйкыцу дахонда
| Hansy'ta konycyno p'ita syikycu dahonda
|
|-
| and forgive us our debts,
| га жанай даг'а коныцыно,
| ga zanai dagha konycyno,
|
|-
| as we forgive our debtors.
| ларе коныцы зананхы даг'ажыцы коныцыно.
| lare konycy zananhy daghaxycy konycyno.
|
|-
| And do not bring us into temptation,
| Га реталкыци сыкусымада,
| Ga retalkyci sykusymada,
|
|-
| but rescue us from the evil one.
| а к'аўайкыци кара татарысы'та.
| a k'awaikyci kara tatarysy'ta.
|
|-
|-
|}
|}

Latest revision as of 16:44, 6 March 2022

Phonology

Consonants

Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar
Plosive/
Affricate 		voiced b d d͡z̻ ɡ
voiceless p t t͡s̻ k
ejective pʼ tʼ t͡s̻ʼ kʼ
Fricative voiced z̻ ʁ̟
voiceless s̻ x
Nasal m n
Approximant ʋ~w j
Rhotic ɾ


Vowels

Front Central back
Close i ɨ u
Mid ɛ o
Open a

Writing System

Order 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32
Latin upper case A B C C' D E F G Gh H I J K K' L M N O P P' Q R S T T' U V W X Y Z Zh
Latin lower case a b c c' d e f g gh h i j k k' l m n o p p' q r s t t' u v w x y z zh
Cyrillic upper case А Б Ц Ц' Д Е Ф Г Г' Х И Ж К К' Л М Н О П П' К Р С Т Т' У В Ў Кс Ы Ж З
Cyrillic lower case а б ц ц' д е ф г г' х и ж к к' л м н о п п' к р с т т' у в ў кс ы ж з
IPA sound a b t͡s̻ t͡s̻ʼ d ɛ f* ɡ ʁ̟ x i z̻ k kʼ l* m n o p pʼ k ɾ s̻ t tʼ u ʋ~w ks ɨ z̻ d͡z̻

Grammar

Syntax

Tayamo is an SVO language, however the word order is generally free due to noun declensions, when the personal pronouns are used as clitics and not stressed, the word order becomes SOV, with pronouns it's only SVO when the Object is stressed.

Nouns

Case and Number

There are two numbers in Tayamo, singular and plural, historically it had a paucal number that fell out of use during middle Tayamo. Tayamo has 6 noun cases:

Case Signular
Affix Example Question
Nominative к'а (rock), зан (bear) мо (what), мы (who)
Dative -ў/у к'аў (to a rock), зану (to a bear) моў (to what), мыў (to who)
Genetive -но к'ано (of a rock), занно (of a bear) моно (of what), мыно (whose)
Accusitive -й/и к'ай (rock), зани (bear) мой (what), мый (who)
Instrumental -г'а к'аг'а (with a rock), занг'а (with a bear) мог'а (with what), мыг'а (with who)
Locative -да к'ада (on a rock), занда (on a bear) мода (where), мыда (at who)
Case Plural
Affix Example Question
Nominative -(а)цы к'ацы (rocks), занцы (bears) моцы (what), мыцы (who)
Dative -(а)цу к'ацу (to rocks), занцу (to bears) моцу (to what), мыцу (whose)
Genetive -(а)цын к'ацын (оf rocks), занцын (оf bears) моцын (оf what), мыцын (оf who)
Accusitive -(а)ци к'аци (rocks), занци (bears) моци (what), мыци (who)
Instrumental -(а)цыг'а к'ацыг'а (with rocks), занцыг'а (with bears) моцыг'а (with what), мыцыг'а (with who)
Locative -(a)цыда к'ацыда (on rocks), занцыда (on bears) моцыда (where), мыцыда (at who)

The definite article

Due to Thuado-Thrismaran influence, during the period of Middle Tayamo a definite article developed in the form of the та(н) particle, which is placed infront of a word (та мак'о, тан итары). Some more conservative dialects don't use the Definite article, but it's a part of the Standard language.

In Modern Tayamo, the particle has moved into a suffix:

syllable type suffix example
open /a, ɨ̞/
closed* /j, w/ 		-'та кана'та (the song)
мары'та (the horse)
open /ɛ, i, o, u/ -'то хоне'то (the friend)
токо'то (the town)
closed -'а там'а (the fish)
ўен'а (the bell)
  • Note: an apostrohpe is added before the article to help distinguish words.

Prnouns

One thing that as brought into Tayamo from the Aschari language is the polite/formal pronouns, which did not exist in the language before Aschari influence, however it is very simple when comapared to Aschari, only having 2 levels of politeness, being polite/formal and impolite/informal.

Number and Person Nominative Accusitive
(Direct object) 		Dative
(Indirect object) 		Genitive Instrumental Locative
stressed clitic stressed clitic
Singular First Коны Кони -ки Кону -ку Коно Ког'а Кода
Second Formal Уда Уди -ди Уду -ду Удано Удаг'а Удада
Imformal Да Ди Ду Дано Даг'а Дада
Third То Той -ти Тоў -ту Тоно Тог'а Тода
Plural First Коныцы Коци -кыци Коцу -кыцу Коцыно Коцыг'а Коцыда
Second Formal Удацы Удаци -дыци Удацу -дыцу Удацыно Удацыг'а Удацыда
Imformal Дацы Даци Дацу Дацыно Дацыг'а Дацыда
Third Тоцы Тоци -тыци Тоцу -тыцу Тоцыно Тоцыг'а Тоцыда

The clitic suffixes are used to form Polypersonal verbs.

Adjectives and Adverbs

Comparison forms of Adjectives and Adverbs:

  • Positive - Bassic form of the word: big - ян
  • Negative - Negation of the word: unbig* - ре-ян
  • Comparitive - Form for comparison relative to something: bigger - п'а-ян
  • Superlative - Form showing absolute relative to a group: biggest - не-ян

Verbs

Tense, Aspect, Mood

The language allows pro drop, where the pronoun can be dropped from the sentance becouse it is inflicted by the verb conjugation, the pronoun can be added for the purpose to add stress to the one doing the action.

Number &
Person 		Indicative Imperative
Past imperfect Past/Present
perfect 		Present Future Past Future
Singular First катат'а
дамт'а 		катаюно
дамюно 		катано
дамын 		я катано
я дамно 		ят'а катано
ят'а дамно
Second катак'а
дамк'а 		катаюўа
дамюўа 		катаўа
дамўа 		я катаўа
я дамўа 		яц'а катаўа
яц'а дамўа 		катай
дами
Third катаю
дамю 		ката
дам 		я ката
я дам 		яц'а ката
яц'а дам
Plural First катат'ахы
дамт'ахы 		катаюнохы
дамюнохы 		катанохы
дамынохы 		я катанохы
я дамнохы 		ят'а катанохы
ят'а дамнохы
Second катак'ахы
дамк'ахы 		катаюўхы
дамюўхы 		катаўхы
дамўхы 		я катаўхы
я дамўхы 		яц'а катаўхы
яц'а дамўхы 		катацый
дамхый
Third катаюхы
дамюхы 		катахы
дамхы 		я катахы
я дамхы 		яц'а катахы
яц'а дамхы
ката - say, tell
дам - drink
Imperfective verb Perfective verb Meaning
арино юарино i read
аесено юйаесено i nuy
сайно юсайно i write


Verbs can be negated with the ре- suffix:

тоўа (you give) → ретоўа (you don't give).

Copula

The word order for the copula verb in standart Tayamo is SOV, due to the language being pro drop, if the pronoun isn's stressed it can be dropped, it acts as a suffix to the object, if the copua is stressed it's put infront of the word. In the western dialects the copula can be left out unless it's stressed, instead using the pronouns.

Number &
Person 		Past Resultative
participle 		Present Future Aorist Imperative
Singular First -дет'а -деюно -дено -ядено -деруно
Second -дец'а -деюўа -деўа -ядеўа -деруўа -дей
Third -дею -де -яде -деру
Plural First -дет'ахы -деюнохы -денохы -яденохы -дерунохы
Second -дец'ахы -деюўахы -деўахы -ядеўахы -деруўахы -дехый
Third -деюхы -дехы -ядехы -дерухы
I'm (a) tayamo Т'аямодено
I am (a) tayamo Коны т'аямодено
I am (a) tayamo Коны дено т'аямо

Questions

particle: йо

Derivation

Affix Used to create: Example(s)
-жы agents from verbs/nouns сай (to write) → сайжы (writer)
-е verbs from nouns п'ана (fire) → п'анае (to burn)
-ма nouns from verbs ма (see) → мама (vision)
-сыте collective nouns еякы (boat) → еякысыте (fleet)
-сы adjectives жана (forgive) → жанасы (forgiving)
-ки adverbs бежы (fast) → бежыки (fastly)
-сырег'а adjectives indicating the lack of something т'аў (home) → т'аўсырег'а (homeless)
-ма nouns from adjectives пой (cute) → пойма (cute thing)
-ной diminutives of nouns маке (dog) → макеной (doggie)
-дай augmentatives of nouns еякы (boat) → еякыдай (ship)
-ра locations ахе (to fly) → ахера (airport)
-мо inhabitants токо (town) → токомо (citizen, resident)
-пе decendents (names and nicknames) руян (rain) → руянпе (of (the) rain*)
-то relative саймо (why) → саймото (becouse)
мы (who) → мыто (whoever)

Numerals

Tayamo is a Decimal (Base-10) language. There are two ways to form numerals in Tayamo, the Old way, which is how numbers were build in the original Tayamo language, the second, New way, which came from the Thuado-Thrismaran ways, it exists due to their influence on the language. In Modern Tayamo the Old way is used mainly with smaller numbers like 1-99, and in literary scenarios, while the New way is used with large numbers like the hunderds, thousands and millions and in colloquial situations.

In the Old way, numbers are build agglutinatively: 6 - 1-on-5, 11 - 1-on-10, 20 - 2_10, 21 - 1-on-2_10 and so on. While in the new way, numbers above 20 are build with the conjunctioн га (and): 21 - 20-and-1, 31 - 30-and-1, 101 - 100-and-1, 121 - 100-20-and-1, and so on.


Cardinal numbers

All cardinal numerals end in the cardinal suffix -цы, this is a particle left over from the original Tayamo language, the suffix has disapeared in the western dialects.

List of Tayamo cardinal numbers:

№ Old way New way № Old way New way № Old way New way № Old way New way
0 нулыцы 21 тиминедацы мине-га-тицы 600 тикадапайцы
1 тицы 11 тинедацы 26 тикадаминедацы мине-га-тикадацы 1 000 цанцы
2 мицы 12 минедацы 30 ренецы 1 001 тицандацы цан-га-тицы
3 рецы 13 ренедацы 40 юнецы 2 000 мицанцы
4 юцы 14 юнедацы 50 канецы 6 000 тикадацанцы
5 кацы 15 канедацы 60 тикаданецы 10 000 ўанцы
6 тикадацы 16 тикаданедацы 100 пайцы 10 001 тиўандацы ўан-га-тицы
7 микадацы 17 микаданедацы 101 типайдацы пай-га-тицы 20 000 миўанцы
8 рекадацы 18 рекаданедацы 110 непайдацы пай-га-нецы 60 000 тикадаўанцы
9 юкадацы 19 юкаданедацы 111 тинедапайдацы пай-га-тинедацы 1 000 000
(100x10 000) 		пайўанцы
10 (не)нецы 20 минецы 200 нипайцы

Ordinal numbers

In Tayamo the circumfix г'а-...-и/й produces ordinal numbers, the cardinal suffix -цы is dropped.

List of Tayamo ordinal numbers:

№ Old way New way № Old way New way № Old way New way № Old way New way
1st г'атий 11th г'атинедай 21st г'атиминедай г'амине-га-тий 1 001st г'атицандай г'ацан-га-тий
2nd г'амий 12th г'аминедай 26th г'атикадаминедай г'амине-га-тикадай 2 000th г'амицани
3d г'арей 13th г'аренедай 60th г'атикаданей 6 000th г'атикадацани
4th г'аюй 14th г'аюнедай 100th г'апайи 10 000th г'аўани
5th г'акай 15th г'аканедай 101st г'атипайдай г'апай-га-тий 10 0001st г'атиўандай г'аўан-га-тий
6th г'атикадай 16th г'атикаданедай 110th г'анепайдай г'апай-га-ней 20 000th г'амиўани
7th г'амикадай 17th г'амикаданедай 111th г'атинедапайдай г'апай-га-тинедай 60 000th г'атикадаўани
8th г'арекадай 18th г'арекаданедай 200th г'амипайи 1 000 000th
(100x10 000th) 		г'апайўани
9th г'аюкадай 19th г'аюкаданедай 600th г'атикадапайи
10th г'аней 20th г'аминей 1 000th г'ацани

Fractional numbers

In Tayamo the prefix ра- produces ordinal numbers, the cardinal suffix -цы is dropped.

List of Tayamo Fractional numbers:

№ Old way New way № Old way New way № Old way New way № Old way New way
Whole тира 1/11 ратинеда 1/21 ратиминеда рамине-га-ти 1/1 001 ратицанда рацан-га-ти
Half апо 1/12 раминеда 1/26 ратикадаминеда рамине-га-тикада 1/2 000 рамицан
1/3 раре 1/13 раренеда 1/60 ратикадане 1/6 000 ратикадацан
1/4 раю 1/14 раюнеда 1/100 рапай 1/10 000 раўан
1/5 рака 1/15 раканеда 1/101 ратипайда рапай-га-ти 1/10 0001 ратиўанда раўан-га-ти
1/6 ратикада 1/16 ратикаданеда 1/110 ранепайда рапай-га-не 1/20 000 рамиўан
1/7 рамикада 1/17 рамикаданеда 1/111 ратинедапайда рапай-га-тинеда 1/60 000 ратикадаўан
1/8 рарекада 1/18 рарекаданеда 1/200 рамипай 1/1 000 000
(100x10 000) 		рапайўан
1/9 раюкада 1/19 раюкаданеда 1/600 ратикадапай
1/10 ране 1/20 рамине 1/1 000 рацан

end

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