Acrean Center for Aerospace Research: Difference between revisions
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{{Infobox space agency | {{Infobox space agency | ||
| name = Acrean Center for Aerospace Research | | name = Acrean Center for Aerospace Research | ||
| native_name = '' | | native_name = ''Nordriges Rymdforskningscentrum'' | ||
| seal = | | seal = ARCLogo3.png | ||
| seal_size = 350px | | seal_size = 350px | ||
| seal_cap = | | seal_cap = | ||
| Line 10: | Line 10: | ||
| acronym = '''ARC''' | | acronym = '''ARC''' | ||
| owner = | | owner = | ||
| established = | | established = 1948 | ||
| headquarters = | | headquarters = Rena, Götland, {{flagicon|Acrea}} [[Acrea]] | ||
| employees = | | employees = | ||
| spaceport = | | spaceport = Norden Space Centre, Île-d'Cardinaux, Marseillan Islands | ||
| motto = | | motto = | ||
| administrator = [[Jos Vahlen]] | | administrator = [[Jos Vahlen]] | ||
| budget = ₤25.4 billion | | budget = ₤25.4 billion | ||
| language = German <br> | | language = Nordic <br> German <br> French | ||
| URL = | | URL = | ||
}} | }} | ||
The '''Acrean Center for Aerospace Research''' ('''ARC''') is an agency of the Acrean government responsible for maintaining the Acrean space programme | The '''Acrean Center for Aerospace Research''' ('''ARC''') is an agency of the Acrean government responsible for conducting space and aeronautical research, and maintaining the Acrean space programme. It is a successor to the Acrean Aeronautical Research Board created in 1921. Although originally conceived and operated as a purely civilian agency, extensive cooperation with the [[Acrean Armed Forces|military]] has led to it having a substantial component of military personnel and researchers. | ||
ARC's programmes included manned spaceflight, unmanned exploration missions, advanced aircraft research, unmanned aircraft testing, satellite launch and maintenance, spacecraft and launch vehicle engineering, and communications. Since 2010, key programmes for the agency have been the development of reusable launch vehicles of various payload capabilities, construction of a satellite internet network, and upgrades to Acrea's existing navigation and telecommunications satellite constellations including CGNS, the global satellite navigation system launched by Acrea in the late 1970s and early 1980s. | ARC's programmes included manned spaceflight, unmanned exploration missions, advanced aircraft research, unmanned aircraft testing, satellite launch and maintenance, spacecraft and launch vehicle engineering, and communications. Since 2010, key programmes for the agency have been the development of reusable launch vehicles of various payload capabilities, construction of a satellite internet network, and upgrades to Acrea's existing navigation and telecommunications satellite constellations including CGNS, the global satellite navigation system launched by Acrea in the late 1970s and early 1980s. | ||
==History== | ==History== | ||
Acrea emerged from the era of the [[Siduri War|Great]] [[Great Eracuran War|Wars]] as a leader in the field of aeronautics. Important milestones included the development of practical jet propulsion, first introducted operationally on the [[Aestrup EF-62]], and the development of long-range ballistic missiles. The postwar administration of Chancellor [[Mikael Syrén]] sought to maintain this technological edge both as a matter of national security and national pride, and established ARC in 1948. It absorbed the existing Aeronautic Development Institute, responsible for military aircraft testing and development that was first created in 1915, as well as all of ADI's facilities and employees. ARC's rocketry development culminated in a project to launch Acrea's first artificial satellite into orbit beginning in 1954; this goal was achieved in October 1957 with the launch of the ''Polstjärnan-1'' radio-broadcasting satellite into orbit. | |||
The successful launching ''Polstjärnan-1'' was followed by a second test of ''Polstjärnan-2'' in December 1957. With this goal completed, ARC's objectives turned to the next step of putting a human into orbit. It's budget was significantly increased in 1958, and ARC began its first tests in preparation for human spaceflight the same year. ARC utilised primates as its means of testing, as it had used them over the prior decade on very high-altitude flight testing aboard both modified ballistic missiles and purpose-built rockets with varying degrees of success. The first successful orbiting mission was conducted by a chimpanzee named Karl in October 1958, who suffered only minor injuries as a result of a rough landing. Karl and successive primates paved the way for the first successful human spaceflight conducted by Acrea in June 1961. | |||
==Mission== | ==Mission== | ||
==Activities and Programmes== | ==Activities and Programmes== | ||
| Line 34: | Line 38: | ||
[[File:ESRI.jpg|thumb|left|250px|An ESR I launch in 2018.]] | [[File:ESRI.jpg|thumb|left|250px|An ESR I launch in 2018.]] | ||
Since 2008, ARC has been extensively involved in the development of a new fleet of partially reusable heavy launch vehicles to support future projects by reducing the cost of launching satellites, spacecraft, and components into orbit. First announced in 2003, the project has resulted in the ESR line of launch vehicles which saw their first launch in 2009 and the first successful demonstrations of first-stage recovery in 2014. Regular operation of the rockets began in 2016 with the ESR I launch vehicle, with the larger ESR II capable of launching nearly three times the payload becoming operational in 2019. | Since 2008, ARC has been extensively involved in the development of a new fleet of partially reusable heavy launch vehicles to support future projects by reducing the cost of launching satellites, spacecraft, and components into orbit. First announced in 2003, the project has resulted in the ESR line of launch vehicles which saw their first launch in 2009 and the first successful demonstrations of first-stage recovery in 2014. Regular operation of the rockets began in 2016 with the ESR I launch vehicle, with the larger ESR II capable of launching nearly three times the payload becoming operational in 2019. | ||
The introduction and further development of the ESR programme is estimated to achieve its goal of drastically reducing the cost of launching payloads into orbit, and would allow ARC to both increase its efforts to construct new satellite constellations, orbital platforms, and the like, as well as offer to allow partnering space agencies and commercial firms to contract the use of their launch vehicles at reduced cost compared to their own payload delivery options. | |||
[[File:ESRII.png|thumb|right|250px|The inaugural operational flight of the ESR II in 2020.]] | [[File:ESRII.png|thumb|right|250px|The inaugural operational flight of the ESR II in 2020.]] | ||
===NAVI=== | ===NAVI=== | ||
[[File: | [[File:MjolnirMk1.jpg|thumb|left|250px|An Acrean soldier equipped with ISMS connected to NAVI in December 2021.]] | ||
In 2015, ARC began development of a satellite internet network called NAVI in cooperation with several private Acrean telecommunications and tech firms. The intention behind the project was, as stated, for two goals- the first was to allow global satellite internet access to public services and the military, while the second was envisioned as allowing Acrean firms to leverage the network to provide new services to consumers. The system would allow for relatively high-speed, high-bandwidth internet connectivity globally, especially in rough, rural, or wild terrain where there is poor or no internet access available. The system is capable of operating on individual devices in conjunction with ground transceivers, as well as being accessed by relatively compact terminals, with signals able to be received from antennae mounted nearly anywhere with open sky including on moving vehicles. While negotiations for its use as a commercial system are ongoing, with some beta testing ongoing with firms for its appeal to consumers, the system is considered to be highly desirable for emergency services and the military. Since the launch of the first satellites in 2018, the system has seen substantial use by Acrean | In 2015, ARC began development of a satellite internet network called NAVI in cooperation with several private Acrean telecommunications and tech firms. The intention behind the project was, as stated, for two goals- the first was to allow global satellite internet access to public services and the military, while the second was envisioned as allowing Acrean firms to leverage the network to provide new services to consumers. The system would allow for relatively high-speed, high-bandwidth internet connectivity globally, especially in rough, rural, or wild terrain where there is poor or no internet access available. The system is capable of operating on individual devices in conjunction with ground transceivers, as well as being accessed by relatively compact terminals, with signals able to be received from antennae mounted nearly anywhere with open sky including on moving vehicles. While negotiations for its use as a commercial system are ongoing, with some beta testing ongoing with firms for its appeal to consumers, the system is considered to be highly desirable for emergency services and the military. Since the launch of the first satellites in 2018, the system has seen substantial use by Acrean emergency services and authorities operation in rough terrain such as wildlife rangers and search-and-rescue teams. NAVI has begun the process of being integrated into the Acrean military's battlefield management system and the Integrated Battlefield Awareness System (ISMS) after successful tests with all three branches in 2020. | ||
[[Category:Acrea]] | |||
Latest revision as of 16:28, 5 August 2022
Nordriges Rymdforskningscentrum | |
 | |
| Abbreviation | ARC |
|---|---|
| Formation | 1948 |
| Headquarters | Rena, Götland,  Acrea |
Official language | Nordic German French |
Administrator | Jos Vahlen |
| Norden Space Centre, Île-d'Cardinaux, Marseillan Islands | |
Budget | ₤25.4 billion |
The Acrean Center for Aerospace Research (ARC) is an agency of the Acrean government responsible for conducting space and aeronautical research, and maintaining the Acrean space programme. It is a successor to the Acrean Aeronautical Research Board created in 1921. Although originally conceived and operated as a purely civilian agency, extensive cooperation with the military has led to it having a substantial component of military personnel and researchers.
ARC's programmes included manned spaceflight, unmanned exploration missions, advanced aircraft research, unmanned aircraft testing, satellite launch and maintenance, spacecraft and launch vehicle engineering, and communications. Since 2010, key programmes for the agency have been the development of reusable launch vehicles of various payload capabilities, construction of a satellite internet network, and upgrades to Acrea's existing navigation and telecommunications satellite constellations including CGNS, the global satellite navigation system launched by Acrea in the late 1970s and early 1980s.
History
Acrea emerged from the era of the Great Wars as a leader in the field of aeronautics. Important milestones included the development of practical jet propulsion, first introducted operationally on the Aestrup EF-62, and the development of long-range ballistic missiles. The postwar administration of Chancellor Mikael Syrén sought to maintain this technological edge both as a matter of national security and national pride, and established ARC in 1948. It absorbed the existing Aeronautic Development Institute, responsible for military aircraft testing and development that was first created in 1915, as well as all of ADI's facilities and employees. ARC's rocketry development culminated in a project to launch Acrea's first artificial satellite into orbit beginning in 1954; this goal was achieved in October 1957 with the launch of the Polstjärnan-1 radio-broadcasting satellite into orbit.
The successful launching Polstjärnan-1 was followed by a second test of Polstjärnan-2 in December 1957. With this goal completed, ARC's objectives turned to the next step of putting a human into orbit. It's budget was significantly increased in 1958, and ARC began its first tests in preparation for human spaceflight the same year. ARC utilised primates as its means of testing, as it had used them over the prior decade on very high-altitude flight testing aboard both modified ballistic missiles and purpose-built rockets with varying degrees of success. The first successful orbiting mission was conducted by a chimpanzee named Karl in October 1958, who suffered only minor injuries as a result of a rough landing. Karl and successive primates paved the way for the first successful human spaceflight conducted by Acrea in June 1961.
Mission
Activities and Programmes
CGNS
Since the late 1970s ARC has been responsible for the maintenance and upgrading of CGNS, the global satellite navigation system launched by Acrea in the late 1970s to provide accurate, encrypted positioning data for the Acrean military. The system was opened to civilian and foreign use in the late 1980s with reduced accuracy and the ability for the Acrean government to selectively deny access to or degrade the service, but is widely available to be used by any device which possesses a CGNS receiver without the need to transmit data to the satellite network. Although ARC participated in the construction and maintenance of the system since its inception, it shared responsibility alongside the Acrean Air Force until sole responsibility was given to ARC in 1998. Since then, ARC has devoted substantial effort and resources into continuously upgrading the network for both Acrean military and commercial use and achieving a reported accuracy of 1 cm for military receivers in 2020, with commercial receivers capable of 30cm in modern devices.
ESR Launch Vehicle Fleet
Since 2008, ARC has been extensively involved in the development of a new fleet of partially reusable heavy launch vehicles to support future projects by reducing the cost of launching satellites, spacecraft, and components into orbit. First announced in 2003, the project has resulted in the ESR line of launch vehicles which saw their first launch in 2009 and the first successful demonstrations of first-stage recovery in 2014. Regular operation of the rockets began in 2016 with the ESR I launch vehicle, with the larger ESR II capable of launching nearly three times the payload becoming operational in 2019.
The introduction and further development of the ESR programme is estimated to achieve its goal of drastically reducing the cost of launching payloads into orbit, and would allow ARC to both increase its efforts to construct new satellite constellations, orbital platforms, and the like, as well as offer to allow partnering space agencies and commercial firms to contract the use of their launch vehicles at reduced cost compared to their own payload delivery options.
NAVI
In 2015, ARC began development of a satellite internet network called NAVI in cooperation with several private Acrean telecommunications and tech firms. The intention behind the project was, as stated, for two goals- the first was to allow global satellite internet access to public services and the military, while the second was envisioned as allowing Acrean firms to leverage the network to provide new services to consumers. The system would allow for relatively high-speed, high-bandwidth internet connectivity globally, especially in rough, rural, or wild terrain where there is poor or no internet access available. The system is capable of operating on individual devices in conjunction with ground transceivers, as well as being accessed by relatively compact terminals, with signals able to be received from antennae mounted nearly anywhere with open sky including on moving vehicles. While negotiations for its use as a commercial system are ongoing, with some beta testing ongoing with firms for its appeal to consumers, the system is considered to be highly desirable for emergency services and the military. Since the launch of the first satellites in 2018, the system has seen substantial use by Acrean emergency services and authorities operation in rough terrain such as wildlife rangers and search-and-rescue teams. NAVI has begun the process of being integrated into the Acrean military's battlefield management system and the Integrated Battlefield Awareness System (ISMS) after successful tests with all three branches in 2020.